31 Mont. 513 | Mont. | 1905
prepared the opinion for the court.
Appeal by defendant from a judgment and an order overruling its motion for a new trial.
Plaintiffs claim to be the owners of certain agricultural lands situated on Deer Lodge river below defendant’s concentrating, smelting and reduction plant, and allege that defendant has polluted the water of Silver Bow creek, a tributary of Deer Lodge river, by the operation of its plant, to such an extent as to render such waters unfit for irrigation or domestic use; that the refuse and deleterious substances deposited in the stream by defendant have accumulated on their land and injured their crops, and have rendered the soil unproductive and sterile, per
Defendant, by answer, denies most of the allegations in the complaint; admits that defendant for a period of over five years has operated a concentrating, smelting and reduction plant at a point upon one of the tributaries of the stream above plaintiff’s land; admits that since the year 1897 defendant has so operated said plant, and that the waters flowing therefrom “have been impregnated with and have carried away tailings and other substances, and refuse matter produced in and resulting from such smelting operations, and that such tailings and other refuse matter have been carried by the said waters and deposited along the course of said stream and of Deer Lodge river, into which said Silver Bow creek flows, and upon the banks thereof wherever said waters have been accustomed to flow”; and alleges that it is lawful for it so to do. As an affirmative defense, defendant sets forth the prescriptive right to commit the acts above stated. It then pleads Section 29, Code of Civil Procedure of 1887, Sections 484 and 524, Code of Civil Procedure of Montana, Subdivision 1, Section 513, Code of Civil Procedure, as amended by House Bill 75, Session Laws 1901, page 157, as defense by way of the statutes of limitation. The plaintiffs, by replication, deny all the affirmative allegations of new matter contained in the answer.
1. Under the facts disclosed by the record it is apparent that the nuisance complained of as causing the injury for which damages are sought arose from individual acts of different mining and reduction companies operating mines and plants in the city of Butte, whereby they have discharged deleterious and poisonous matter into the waters of Silver Bow creek, a tributary of Deer Lodge river; that the nuisance was merely incidental to and the result of such acts; and that the injury was
Under the following authorities the defendant was liable to plaintiffs for whatever damage it caused by its own wrongful acts, and none other: Chipman v. Palmer, 77 N. Y. 51, 33 Am Rep. 566; Harley v. Merrill Brick Co., 83 Iowa, 73, 48 N. W. 1000; Sellick v. Hall, 47 Conn. 260; Loughran v. City of Des Moines, 72 Iowa, 382, 34 N. W. 172; Martinowsky v. City of Hannibal, 35 Mo. App. 70; Little Schuylkill Nav. Co. v. Richards' Adm'r, 57 Pa. 142, 98 Am. Dec. 209; Miller v. Highland Ditch Co., 87 Cal. 430, 25 Pac. 550, 22 Am. St. Rep. 254; Brown v. McAllister, 39 Cal. 573; Westgate v. Carr, 43 Ill. 450; Partenheimer v. Van Order, 20 Barb. 479; Lull v. Fox & Wis. Imp. Co., 19 Wis. 100; Brennan v. Corsicana Cotton-Oil Co., (Tex. Civ. App.) 44 S. W. 588; Van Steenburgh v. Tobias, 17 Wend. 562, 31 Am. Dec. 310; Auchmuty v. Ham, 1 Denio, 495; Keyes v. L. Y. G. W. & W. Co., 53 Cal. 724; Sloggy v. Dilworth, 38 Minn. 179, 36 N. W. 451, 8 Am. St. Rep. 656.
Defendant could not be held to respond in damages for the entire injury occasioned to plaintiffs by the nuisance complained of, because confessedly it only contributed to this injury. The full damage, therefore, must be apportioned among all the wrongdoers. The mere fact that it is difficult to determine vffiat part of the damage was occasioned by acts of the defendant is no objection to the relief asked. (Chipman v. Palmer, 77 N. Y. 51, 33 Am. Rep. 566; Harley v. Merrill Brick Co., 83 Iowa, 73, 48 N. W. 1000; Sellick v. Hall, 47 Conn. 260; Lull v. Improvement Co., 19 Wis. 101.) The Supreme Court of Connecticut, in Sellick v. Hall, supra, uses the following very pertinent language: “It may be very difficult for a jury to determine just how much damage the defendant is liable for and how much should be left for the city to answer for; but this is no more difficult of ascertainment than many questions which juries are called upon to decide. They must use their best judgment, and make their result, if not an abso
Like all other case for the recovery of damages in actions upon torts, a jury must be trusted to arrive at a fair estimate of the damages after a full consideration of all the evidence which may be introduced upon the subject. However, competent-evidence must be produced of all facts necessary to a recovery, upon which the jury can base a reasonably reliable conclusion; nothing can be left to mere conjecture.
2. In this case the injury to plaintiffs’ land is alleged to be permanent; that its value is absolutely destroyed for agricultural purposes by the deposit of refuse and poisonous matter on the surface. Plaintiffs sought to recover as their damages for this injury the difference between the value of the land prior to the injury and its value after the injury. The court coincided with this view, and so instructed the jury, and we have no doubt but that this rule of damages for the permanent injury to the land was correct. (Sweeny v. Montana Central Ry., 19 Mont. 163, 47 Pac. 791; Jeffersonville, etc. R. R. Co. v. Esterle, 13 Bush. 667; Kemper v. City of Louisville, 14 Bush. 87; Babb v. Curators University of Missouri, 40 Mo. App. 173.)
Plaintiffs also allege damage caused by pollution of the water to such an extent as to render it unfit for domestic use and watering stock, but introduce no evidence of such damage. Plaintiffs thereby waived recovery upon such allegation.
They also claim damage for injury to their crops for various years; they introduced proof thereon, and the court instructed the jury with reference thereto. The verdict was a general one for $3,000 damages, and rendered by the jury under instructions of the court allowing a recovery for permanent injury
Generally, the recovery of damages for a total and permanent injury to land includes all injuries — past, present and future. It practically amounts to an allowance to take the land upon which the nuisance has been committed for those purposes upon payment of a reasonable compensation therefor, and the amount fixed as damages by the jury and court will be treated as such reasonable compensation. Put in this case the permanent and total injury to the land for agricultural purposes did not immediately result from the nuisance itself, but several years elapsed before such injury was completed. Therefore, .until the land was thus totally and permanently injured, plaintiffs would be entitled to recover damages for the yearly injury to their crops caused by the continuing nuisance.
When the land was totally and permanently injured for agricultural purposes, under the above authorities, no damages could be allowed for injury to the crops ensuing thereafter. Plaintiff thereby becomes compensated for everything which he could produce by the use of the land. In order, however, to allow plaintiffs to recover for injury to the crops and the permanent injury to the same land, the complaint and proof should show distinctly and unequivocally the date when the permanent injury to the land took place, and the annual injury to crops prior to that date. It may be that different portions of the land became permanently injured at different dates. This should also appear.
Put, again, the evidence discloses that plaintiffs claim to own 240 acres of land, and shows that only 10 acres were so totally and permanently injured. There is neither allegation nor proof as to whether the remaining 110 acres are susceptible of raising crops, or whether, if so, any crops thereon had ever been injured. Plaintiffs might recover for such total and permanent injury to the 10 acres, and also for injuries to crops on the remainder, but would be compelled to allege the proper facts in that regard to warrant a recovery.
3. It is further disclosed by the record that plaintiffs procured a conAreyance of this property from the Northern Pacific Railroad Company, acknoAvledged on the 26th day of January, 1900. Plaintiffs, therefore, could not recOA^er for any injury arising from a destniction of the crop, by reason of the nuisance complained of, prior to that date, unless they introduced evidence shoAAÚng that they Avere in possession of the property or entitled to such possession, and AArere entitled to recoA'er for injuries to such possession.
4. Again, the record discloses that the defendant became the purchaser of the smelting and reduction plant, through the operation of Avliich the nuisance complained of occurred, in 1897. It is clear that the defendant could not be held liable in this or any other action for damages caused by the operation of such plant by its predecessors in interest. If such damage arose, plaintiffs or their predecessors in interest Avere entitled to recover against the predecessors in interest of this defendant for saicIi damage prior to the date Avlion defendant became the purchaser and Arent into possession and operation of the property. Therefore, under any theory, plaintiffs could not recover damages against this defendant Avliich Avere the result of acts committed prior to the day it became OAvner of the plant.
These conditions seemingly raise the very perplexing questions as to when a non-exj)ert witness may give his opinion, upon which the authorities are numerous and very much at war with each other. In the first place, we are of the opinion that these questions, in so far as the effect of the water on the land' and crops was concerned, did not call for the opinions, inferences or conclusions of the witnesses from the facts, but for tangible, visible facts themselves, which resulted from a combination of other existing facts. If tlie waters destroyed the crops or the lands, or ruined the land for agricultural purposes, such effect, when disclosed, would be a fact within the knowledge of all witnesses who observed it.
In considering the testimony of witnesses at to the amount of plaintiff’s injury because of the nuisance, however, vre enter the domain of opinions, inferences and conclusions of witnesses.
6. One of the plaintiffs, while on the witness stand, produced a sample of water taken from Deer Lodge river above their ranch, which was received in evidence. Counsel for defendant asked of this witness the following question on cross-
7. Again, one of the plaintiffs, while a witness, was allowed to give in evidence some of the contents of a written contract between plaintiffs and the Northern Pacific Railroad Company for the purchase of the land in question, without properly accounting for the absence of the contract. This was erroneous under former decisions of this court, but on another trial like error may be avoided, and further reference does not seem necessary.
8. Another important question upon which error is assigned must be considered. The evidence discloses that defendant became the purchaser of the reduction plant, the use of which is alleged to have contributed to the nuisance in question, in 1897. Counsel for appellant contend that defendant cannot be held liable to pay damages for a continuance of this nuisance, without allegation and proof of notice to defendant of the existence of the nuisance, and of the damage accruing therefrom. There is no doubt but this is a correct statement of the common-law rule as it has existed since the Pendruddock Case, decided in Lord Coke’s time. It has been adopted and followed with great uniformity by the courts of this country, and, were it not for Section'4554 of our Civil Code, we should not hesitate to indorse and follow it. This section reads as follows: “Every successive owner of property, who neglects to abate a continuing nuisance upon, or, in the use of, such property, created by a former owner, is liable therefor, in the same manner as the one who first created it.” Counsel for appellant cite this section, and then say, “This provision of the Code has been interpreted in Grigsby v. Clear Lake Water Co., 40 Cal. 396,” and then quote from the opinion in that case language which sustains the principle for which they contend.
The enactment of Section 3483 of the California Code may haAre been induced by the rendition of the decision above referred to; at all events, in our judgment it is directly contrary to the principle announced in the decision, and makes the successor to title to property who does not abate a continuing nuisance in the use of such property, Avhich has been created by a former oAvner of the property, liable therefor in the same manner as the OAvner avIio first created it. ITere it may be gathered from the pleadings and eAddence that the nuisance complained of Avas created by defendant’s predecessors in interest by the use of the property. There is no. showing that defendant abated or sought to abate it, but, on the contrary, it appears conclusiA^ely that it continued the nuisance. Therefore the question of the necessity of notice to it, as claimed by the counsel, must be determined by the laAV as applicable to its predecessors in interest, and, if the laAV does not require notice to them, none was necessary to this defendant, under the plain provisions of Section 4554, supra. AYe find no cases holding that the creator of a nuisance need, be given notice of its existence before suit is brought against him, and AA7e belieAre none exists. Every man is charged Avith the knoAvledge of the results of his own acts, and eArery one must so use his oavii property as not to injure his neighbor’s.
Defendant pleads Section 29, Code of Civil Procedure, 1887, and Sections 484, 524 and 513 (as amended), Code of Civil
AYe advise that the judgment and order appealed from be reversed.
Pur Curiam. — For the reasons stated in the foregoing opinion, the judgment and order are reversed, and the cause is remanded.