68 N.J. Eq. 632 | N.J. | 1905
The opinion of the court was delivered by
The appeal in this case is from a decree advised by Vice-Chancellor Pitney upon a bill of review filed by Adele Louise Watkinson, the respondent, against Howard E. Watkinson. The bill was filed to review and set aside a decree of divorce obtained by the said Howard E. Watkinson in the court of chancery of this state on December 11th, 1896, and actually filed on December 17th following. The ground of the decree was adultery.
The record in this case shows that on November 5th, 1900, nearly four years after the signing of the above decree, the defendant in said cause, and the respondent here, filed a petition in the court of chancery, which was entitled a petition of defendant to open decree, to which was annexed the affidavit of the defendant that the said petition was true in all respects, and on the 28th of November, 1900, she exhibited a bill of review, praying that the decree of divorce, for the reasons in said bill set forth, be set aside and declared to be fraudulent and void.
The object of a bill of review, or a bill in the nature of a bill of review, is to procure the reversal, alteration or explanation of a decree in a former suit. 2 Dan. Ch. Pr. 1576. If the decree has been signed and enrolled, the practice is to file a bill of review; if not, a bill in the nature of a bill of review. As stated by Judge Story, in Dexter v. Arnold, 5 Mas. 310, “the distinction between a bill of review and a bill in the nature of a bill of review, though important in England, is not felt in the practice of the courts of the United States, and perhaps rarely in any of the state courts of equity in the union. I take it to be clear that in the courts of the United States all decrees, as well as judgments, are matters of record, and are deemed to be enrolled as of the term in which they are passed. So that the appropriate remedy is by a bill of review.” See, also, Wiser v. Blachly, 2
It seems to be the settled practice in equity, when it is sought to reverse a decree signed and enrolled upon the discovery of some new matter, to first obtain the leave of the court to the filing of the bill, and tire usual practice is to make the application by petition, supported by affidavit that the evidence is not only new, but could not have been discovered by reasonable diligence before Hie hearing, and, as said by Daniels, the court must be satisfied that the new matter has come to the knowledge of the applicant and his agents for the first time since the period at which he could have made use of it in the suit, and that it could not with reasonable diligence have been discovered sooner, and that it is of such a character that if - brought forward in the suit it would have altered the judgment. 2 Dan. Ch. Pr. 1563; Wilkinson v. Parish, 3 Paige 653.
Presumably, leave was given to the filing of the present bill of review, although the fact of the granting of such leave does not appear in the record before us, nor is the fact of such leave having been granted set out in the bill, as it should be, where new matter is alleged upon which it is sought to impeach the decree. Mitf. Pl. 106.
At that time the posture of .affairs was this: The appellant had filed his bill for divorce against the respondent upon the ground of adultery, .on June 13th, 1896. An order of publication against her as an absent defendant was made returnable August 31st, 1896, and an affidavit made and filed by the solicitor of the appellee that he had personally delivered a copy of the usual printed notice in cases of divorce to the respondent on the 9th day of July, 1896, at her place of abode in the city of New York. She did not appear to the -suit and an order of reference was made to James S. Aitkin, special master, and the hearing came on before him in October of Hie last-named year, and on
The depositions thus taken before the master showed that the complainant was then a resident of the city of Trenton, in this state, and that he had lived there for fifteen years then last past. The crime of adultery charged in the bill was proved satisfactorily to the master and he reported in favor of a divorce,' which was granted. The petition before mentioned as having been filed to open the decree, or if it may be considered, for leave to file a bill of review, alleges that the petitioner first positively heard that a decree of divorce had been granted to her husband during the year 1900. She further alleges that she and her husband removed to New York-City in November, 1895, and lived there together until August, 1896, at which time he secured certain letters, was indignant at the contents thereof and blamed the petitioner therefor and left her; that in August or September, 1896, the petitioner signed some papers which she understood to be in an action of divorce, but as she was without means or any friends or advisers, and her health broken down and her condition and mind was such that she was unable to even consider or think of the matter; that subsequently, in September or October, 1896, her husband returned to New York and cohabited with her pending the action brought for divorce, and informed petitioner that no suit was pending and in other ways imposed upon the petitioner and the court.
The bill of review filed in November of 1900 admits that the complainant therein, in July or August, 1896, was informed of the institution of a divorce suit against her by her husband, and charges that subsequently he returned to her, assured her that he had abandoned his suit for divorce and cohabited with her, and that notwithstanding that he was living with her as husband and wife, and assuring her that he had abandoned said divorce proceedings, he was in fact prosecuting the same, and in fact, in December, 1896, obtained a decree of -divorce against the complainant, and that she did not defend said cause because she believed that the same had been abandoned; that said defendant
The answer of the defendant denies specifically the allegations of the said bill of review that he had condoned the offence of 'the complainant or had assured her that he had abandoned the suit for divorce; he further denies the allegation that the divorce proceedings were a fraud upon the court or the complainant, and that he was, at tire time of tire filing of his bill for divorce, or at any other time, a resident of the State of New York.
After the hearing of witnesses the vice-chancellor advised a decree in favor of the respondent upon the ground that the complainant had no domicile or residence in the State of New Jersey at the time of the filing of the bill which resulted in the decree attacked, or during the pendency of that suit, and that the adultery on the part of tire wife, upon which tire decree therein was based, had been thoroughly condoned by the husband, and that the allegation of condonation pending that suit and before the decree therein was sustained by the weight of the evidence, and that the complainant’s delay in asserting her right had not been such as to bar her from relief.
In his opinion tire learned vice-chancellor sets out at some length what, to use his own language, is termed a statement of the undisputed facts of the case, and adds that it would seem that the husband, the appellant here, had no residence or domicile in New Jersey at the time he was carrying on his suit here for divorce. If this could be considered an undisputed fact, or even a fair deduction from the proven facts in this case, it would decide this cause, for it would have to be admitted that he committed thereby a fraud upon the court, but in my opinion the testimony does not by any means establish this as a fact. The testimony of the appellant before the master in this suit for divorce, on October 9th, 1896, disclosed that he then resided in Trenton, New Jersey, and that he had lived in Trenton for
It seems unnecessary to point out how abso-lutety the facts in the case under consideration are at variance with those in the case cited, the intent in that case of the husband to- change his domicile being apparent from his own testimony, while here there is no evidence whatever to- warrant the belief or to enable a court to find that the appellant intended to change his domicile.
The doctrine laid down by the courts of the United States is that a domicile having been once acquired, continues until a new one is actually acquired animo et facto, 10 Am. & Eng. Encycl. L. 15; Cadwalader v. Howell, 18 N. J. Law (3 Harr.) 138; Clark ads. Likens, 26 N. J. Law (2 Dutch.) 207.
I am unable to agree with the conclusion reached below that, as alleged in the bill of review, at the time of beginning his suit for divorce the appellant was a resident of the State of New York, and therefore am of opinion that there was no fraud practiced on the court of chancery by the appellant in swearing that he was a resident of the State of New Jersey.
The second ground upon which below was based the right of the respondent to relief is because, as stated in the opinion, after the adultery charged in the bill and after the commencement of the husband’s suit and the service upon the wife of process, and before decree, the husband returned to the wife and cohabited with her, and led her to believe that he had abandoned the suit.
Condonation, standing alone, would not have justified the granting leave to file a bill of review, for how can that be considered new matter which could have been produced and used by tire respondent at the time when the decree was made. Every allegation relating thereto, if true, was known to the respondent during the pendency of the divorce suit and before the entering of the decree, and if intended to be interposed as a defence should have been pleaded and proved in that suit. It is too late if it is first made known in an application for a bill of review, for, as was well said by Lord-Chancellor Talbot, in Taylor
Now, after the lapse of four years from the entering of the final decree of divorce, and years after the taking from her of the child, pursuant to the terms of said decree, she comes before the court of chancery charging that she was deceived by her husband as to the abandonment of the suit for divorce; that during the pendency of that suit he condoned her guilt, and, further, that she never knew of the granting of the final decree of divorce until after her time for fairing an appeal had expired. No extended review of the testimony is, it seems to me, necessary in the matter of the alleged deception on the part of the appellant as to the abandonment of the divorce proceedings, for the extent to which the respondent goes in her testimony is that she supposed from appellant’s conduct he had abandoned the proceedings ; but there is no pretence whatever that the appellant ever told her that he had done so, and in fact she testifies distinctly that she never had any conversation with him relating to the suit for divorce pending the suit. The testimony of the appellant is that he never visited his wife during the pendency of the proceedings, and never saw her save when he visited the boy, who was then living with her. The charge that the respondent had been led to believe that the appellant had abandoned his suit for divorce is not sustained in fact; this being so, the charge of fraud falls and no ground can exist for the consideration of the alleged condonation, which, as before stated, could not be held to be new matter' warranting the giving leave to file a bill of review, but was a personal defence of the respondent, which she could set up as a defence or waive, as she saw fit.
This brings us to the consideration, of the respondent’s alleged denial of knowledge of the existence of the granting of the decree of divorce until shortly before the time she filed the petition for a bill of review. An examination of her petition discloses that upon that very vital part of the respondent’s case the allegation in the petition is that
*640 “your petitioner first heard positively that a divorce had been granted to her husband, Howard Watkinson, for infidelity on the part of your petitioner, through William D. Tyndall, an attorney and counsellor-at-law, of New York and New Jersey, who examined your petitioner in supplemental proceedings during the year 1901.”
Again, the averment in her bill of review is
“and your oratrix having but recently discovered the fraud practiced upon her, and having only recently learned that a decree of divorce had been granted in said cause, so as aforesaid instituted by her said husband, she expressly charges said decree, so fraudulently obtained as hereinbefore mentioned, ought to be set aside,” &c.
The evident intent of the above allegation was to excuse the laches of the petitioner, the respondent here. An examination of her testimony on this point is interesting. When examined in this cause de bene esse, on June 30th, 1903, before Samuel C. Mount, one of the masters in chancery, she was asked and replied:
“Q. Did you know that he had obtained the decree of divorce at that time? [Summer of 1897.]
“A. He said that he had.
“Q. When did he say that?
“A. Well, he told me that when 1 first saw him after he left home in November. The next time I saw him he said he had the divorce. When it was granted I don’t know; he didn’t say when he got it.”
Now, in the testimony before the'vice-chancellor, in referring to the summer of 1897, she was asked and said:
“Q. (By the court.) I understand you to say he came to your father’s house and stayed a week the next summer [1897]. He asked you when was the last time he had sexual intercourse ?
“A. The last time was in the summer of 1897, at home.
“Mr. Tyndall — That was after the decree.
“The Court — After the decree, if she was willing to accept him as a concubine would a stranger—
“A. I didn’t know the divorce was granted.
“Q. (By the court.) He never told you the divorce was granted?
“A. He never told me, and' I never knew it any way, to be positive of it.
“Mr. Backes- — Did I understand the witness to say she didn’t know, and he never told her?
“A. He never told me, no, that the divorce had been granted; nobody ever told me.”
No attempt was made to reconcile these statements of the respondent, and in my opinion the respondent has failed to sustain the allegation of the petition and bill that she had only learned of the granting of the divorce in the year 1900, and she has no standing to urge it as new 'matter, then only brought to her knowledge, to enable her to file a bill of review.
The respondent having failed to make out a case either on the question of residence or of condonation and fraud, we are brought to the consideration of the very serious and important question of whether her laches and delay in petitioning for the filing of a bill of review has barred her right to the relief prayed for. The record in this case shows that the petition for leave to file a bill of review was not filed until nearly four years after the entering of the final decree in the suit for divorce, and the question to be determined is whether the laches and delay of the respondent in asserting her rights is a bar to this suit.
The rule in the English courts is that when twenty years have elapsed from the time of pronouncing a decree which has been signed and enrolled, a bill of review cannot be brought unless the plaintiff was under disability. 2 Dan. Ch. Pr. 1580; Mitf. Pl. 105; Lytton v. Lytton, 4 Bro. Ch. C. 441; Deloraine v. Brown, 3 Bro. Ch. C. 633.
And in the supreme court of the United States; in the case of Thomas v. Harris's Heirs, 10 Wheat. 146, Justice Washington, in commenting upon the question of the limitation of the light to file a bill of review, said: “It must be admitted that bills of review are not strictly within any act of limitations prescribed by congress, but it is unquestionable that courts of equity, acting upon the principle that laches and neglect ought to be discountenanced, and that in cases of stale demands its aid ought not to be afforded, have always interposed some limitation to suits brought in those courts.” And this case explicitly declares the rule,
There is, however, one exception to the general rule in England, as noticed by Mitford, and that is the discretionary power of the court in the case of newly-discovered evidence, and this exception Judge Washington recognizes in Thomas v. Harvie, supra, saying: “Whether a bill of review, founded upon matter discovered since the decree, is in like manner barred by the lapse of five years after such decree, is a question which need not be decided in the present case, since we are all of opinion that it is in the discretion of the court to grant leave to file a bill of review for that cause.”
My examination of the authorities leads me to the conclusion that the law as above laid down in the supreme court of the United States has been almost uniformly followed in this country.
The time of appeal having expired when this application for leave to file the bill of review was made, the petitioner was barred unless her case could be brought strictly within the exception of newly-discovered evidence, or of some special equity that would give the court the discretionary- power to make the order.
The question of fraud being eliminated from the case, there is left only one matter which could in legal contemplation have been urged either as a newly-discovered fact or as a ground of special equity upon which to rest an application for a bill of review, viz., the ignorance of the petitioner of the existence of a decree of divorce until after the time for appeal had expired. But it has already been- shown that this has no foundation in fact, for the petitioner, in her own testimony, admits and swears to her knowledge of the final decree in the divorce suit within a year after the entry of the same.
There is, however, another consideration why the laches of the respondent should not be overlooked, and that is, that on the strength of the decree in the court of chancery the appellant has married again, so that other rights have now intervened, and an entirely innocent party will suffer should the decree be revoked.
I am clearly of the opinion that .the earlier decision of the court of chancery that the appellant had a legal domicile and residence in this state when he filed his bill for divorce has not been successfully impeached; that there was no condonation on his part of the adultery of his wife that she is now entitled to set up, and that the delay of the respondent in asserting her rights bars her from the relief prayed for by her.
The decree below should be reversed and the bill of review dismissed.