OPINION
Of the multiple legal theories on which Plaintiff Robert Waterhouse sued Defendants R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company and Brown & Williams Tobacco Corporation for injuries sustained while smoking, only two remain — pre-1969 failure to warn sounding in negligence and the same failure to warn sounding in strict liability. 1 Defendants now move for summary judgment with respect to those counts. Having considered the pleadings and оral argument of counsel, the Court will GRANT Defendants’ motion.
I.
Waterhouse began smoking in approximately 1947 at age 17 and continued to smoke until 1984, some 37 years thereafter. He smoked Lucky Strikes (made by Brown & Williamson) until the mid-1950s, Pall Mali’s (also made by Brown & Williamson) until the, early 1960s, and Winston’s (made by Reynolds) until December 1984, when he quit smoking altogether. Beginning as early as high school in the late 1940s, and continuously during the period he was a smoker, Waterhouse was urged by family, friends and physicians to give up the habit for health reasons. In the latter part of 1984, one year after he had ceased smoking, several doctors diagnosed him as having chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In 1999 he was diagnosed with squamous cell lung cancer and had surgery to remove the cancer. He has received regular tеsting and x-rays since then to check for reoccurrence of the cancer.
II.
Defendants argue that they are entitled to summary judgment for two reasons: First, because the health risks of smoking, including lung cancer, have been commonly known throughout Waterhouse’s lifetime *434 (a datum which must be proved by competent expert testimony, which Defendants say they have produced but which they sаy Waterhouse has not); second, because Wa-terhouse cannot show that Defendants’ alleged failure to warn of the danger of smoking prior to 1969 proximately caused his injuries.
Waterhouse replies:
Defendants can only establish the defense of common knowledge by demonstrating that the ordinary consumer knew of the specific hazard which causes a plaintiffs injury, which they have not done. Further, either expert testimony is not necessary to establish common knowledge or Waterhouse’s expert, Dr. Allan Fein-gold, is competent to opine on the issue and he says most smokers did not have a real understanding of the risks of smoking in the relevant time period. Finally, as to causation, a genuine issue of material fact exists on the basis of Waterhouse’s own testimony that he would not have started smoking if he hаd known that cigarette smoking could cause lung cancer.
III.
Summary judgment is appropriate if “there is no genuine issue as to any material fact.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). The court does not weigh the evidence, but determines only if there is a genuine issue for trial.
Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477
U.S. 242, 249,
Evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.
Perini Corp. v. Perini Constr., Inc.,
IV.
Of all the cases the parties ask the Court to consider, one stands out above all others and guides the Court’s decision in the present case,
Estate of White v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co.,
Plaintiffs’ decedent in White had begun to smoke in 1952 at age 16, starting in the 1960s with Kools (made by Brown & Williamson) and in 1978 switching to Winston’s (made by Reynolds). He moved to Maryland as a young adult, where he lived most of his smoking life. In 1984 he quit smoking and in 1995 he was diagnosed with-cancer. In 1996 he died.
*435 His personal representative and survivor eventually sued R.J. Reynolds and Brown & Williаmson, for, among other things, failure to warn negligence and failure to warn strict liability. Their “expert,” coincidentally, was Dr. Allan Feingold, “a medical doctor with specialties in internal medicine and pulmonary medicine.” Id. at 427.
Judge Smalkin analyzed the failure to warn claims in negligence and strict liability as substantially equivalent since, as to negligence claims, there is no duty to warn of obvious dangers, citing
Mazda Motor of America v. Rogowski,
Judge Smalkin reviewed the record evidence before him. Plaintiffs’' expert, J. Frederick Fausz, Ph.d., a tenured professor of American History at the University -of Missouri,' “concluded that public aware.ness of the dangers of smoking (including its addiсtive nature) was so widespread since the 1950s that ‘a thoughtful and prudent person would have had to consciously ignore prominent warnings in deciding to begin smoking cigarettes.’ ”
Id.
at 432,
On the other hand, “Dr. Feingold’s opinion that smokers in the 1940s-1960s ‘did not have a real understanding of the risks of smoking’ [was] insufficient to create a dispute on the issue of what the ordinary consumer would have contеmplated about the dangers of smoking. A scientific understanding is not what is called for in this context.” Id. at 433. 4
*436 Judge Smalkin thus concluded that no reasonable juror could decide other than “that the dangers of cigarettes, including the danger of addiction, have been contemplated by the ordinary consumer ‘with the ordinary knowledge common to the community’ since the 1950s, both generally and in Mr. White’s community.” Id. аt 433. He expressly rejected plaintiffs’ suggestion “that the ... § 402A consumer expectation that requires the common knowledge of the community be specific as to the danger of developing lung cancer, especially where, as here, the evidence shows that the ordinary consumer would have known that cigarettes could cause a fatal disease, though not necessarily the fatаl disease involved.” Id. (Emphasis supplied).
Against the framework of White, the Court assesses the present case.
Defendants have submitted extensive historical evidence and analysis of the state of common knowledge with respect to smoking hazards over the period 1947 to 1969, relying principally on the affidavit of Dr. Norell Ph.D., a tenured professor at the University of Tennessee specializing in twentieth century American history. Dr. Norell has analyzed the question by applying reliablе professional methods used in conducting historical research in general. He examined a wide array of historical scholarship and primary sources of public knowledge about the effects of tobacco use, including the New York Times and other national newspapers, as well as regional and local newspapers, including the Baltimore Sun, Norfolk Virginian-Pilot, Washington Post, and Washington Star. He examined popular magazines, gоvernment documents, manuscript collections, scholarly histories, state and federal laws regarding tobacco and cigarette smoking, curriculum guides and school text books approved for use in various states (including Maryland), religious publications, polling and survey data, movies, television programs, and other forms of popular culture. 5 He attached over sixty newspaper clippings describing the link between smoking and lung cancer in the 1950s and 1960s.
Synthesizing these materials, Dr. Norell concludes that Americans throughout the twentieth century received a tremendous amount of information about the health risks of smoking. He therefore opines that between 1947 and 1969 there was widespread common knowledge among ordinary people that cigarette smoking сould cause serious life-threatening diseases.
In marked contrast, Waterhouse has offered the affidavit of Dr. Feingold, who opines, as he did in
White,
that “most smokers did not have a real understanding of the risk of cigarette smoking [in the 1940s through the 1960s].” Dr. Feingold, however, reaches his conclusion without establishing what his mode of historical analysis is or whether that mode is generally considered reliable or acceptable. Indeed, Dr. Feingold has failed to demon
*437
strate his competence to offer an opinion in the matter. By his own admission, he has no education or experience in polling, surveying, or otherwise assembling data upon which historians or other experts base opinions regarding public awareness.
See
Fed.R.Evid. 702;
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,
It is clear to the Court that the present case is little morе than a replay of White. Against “overwhelming” evidence of common knowledge from an expert whose credentials, principles, and methodology are— if not impeccable — at least unchallenged, Waterhouse has produced the same “expert” to render the identical opinion that Judge Smalkin rejected as insufficient. 6 The same attempt to frame the cоmmon knowledge element to require knowledge of specific hazards, which was rejected in White, is exhumed here.
Waterhouse, to be sure, tries a new tack, arguing that expert testimony is actually not required on the issue of common knowledge, that documentary evidence bearing on the issue, such as the polls he has offered, should suffice. The problem, however, as Defendants point out, was аrticulated by the First Circuit in
Cruz Vargas v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co.,
[t]he ‘common knowledge’ defense is assessed objectively, and, despite the nomenclature, it is a technical question involving methods, financing, and sources of research beyond the competence of lay determination, at least when pertaining to history forty or fifty years removed from the time of trial.”
The Court holds that expert testimony is required with respect to the state of common knowledge of smoking hazards during the smoking career of a plaintiff and that that testimony must be rendered by competent experts. Waterhouse has not met that requirement here.
Step by step, then, the Court reaches the same conclusion Judge Smalkin reached in White. The record evidence leads to but one conclusion as a matter of law. Throughout Waterhouse’s smoking career the dangers of smoking were so “obvious,” the risks so “generally known,” that no failure to warn claim can lie in negligence or strict liability. This alone supports summary judgment in Defendants’ favor.
But there is also the matter of causation, a separate stumbling block which Water-house is unable to surmount.
Y.
Defendants also say that Water-house cannot prove that the absence of an adequate warning proximately caused his injuriés, which is necessary for both his negligence and strict liability claims. He relies on his own testimony that he would not have started smoking “[i]f I had known that cigarette smoking could cause lung cancer.”
Defendants are correct that Waterhouse is obliged to demonstrate a causal connection between Defendаnts’ failure to warn and his consequent injuries.
See Eagle-Picher Indus., Inc. v. Balbos,
In some jurisdictions, Maryland included, there is a presumption in strict liability cases that a plaintiff would have read and heeded аn adequate warning if it had been given.
See e.g. Eagle-Picher,
Aрart from his late-conceived affidavit that he would not have begun smoking had he been warned of the risk of lung cancer, Waterhouse has admitted on multiple occasions throughout discovery to a very extensive awareness of the’health hazards of smoking. As a teenager he was warned by adults that smoking would stunt his growth. From his childhood, pastors at his churches spoke against smoking. In high schoоl, his athletic coach told him and his teammates not to smoke because it would take away their wind. While in the Army, and as a civilian employed at military bas-esj doctors told him to quit smoking to stay healthy. His wife constantly com.plained about his smoking, not only because the smoke annoyed her, but because she insisted it was not good for his health. His children urged him to stop. So did his friends. Concern for his heаlth was always the principal reason for these implor-ings.
Waterhouse admits he was also aware of the health hazards of smoking as a result references in the media and popular culture. He remembers the 1947 hit tune “Smoke! Smoke! Smoke!” (That Cigarette) and its tag line “till you smoke yourself to death.” He knew “cancer sticks” referred to cigarettes. He watched the news on tеlevision and read the print media about smoking hazards, including references to the Surgeon General’s report. He knew of the warning labels that first appeared on cigarette packages in 1966, which read “CAUTION: -CIGARETTE SMOKING MAY BE HAZARDOUS TO YOUR HEALTH.” His doctors repeatedly warned him about the health risks of smoking and in the 1980s told him his chronic bronchitis was caused by his smoking. He only stopped in 1984 after his son, a physician, showed him phоtographs of lungs damaged by smoking.
Through it all, Waterhouse’s attitude was typified by what he told his wife when she urged him to quit smoking: “Well, I’ll smoke, you know what I mean. I like to smoke.” ■ More significantly, his statement on deposition that he “probably would have continued smoking” regardless of what Defendants might have .said about cigarettes in their advertising incontrovertibly breaks the chain of causation.
Waterhouse’s affidаvit in response to Defendants’ motion for summary judgment does not alter the terrain. A party cannot generate a genuine issue of material fact by making statements in an affidavit that directly contradict his sworn deposition testimony given in the case.
See e.g. Rohrbough v. Wyeth Lab., Inc.,
*439 In sum, no reasonable juror could find a causal connection between Defendants’ alleged failure to warn of the hazards of smoking аnd the regrettable injuries Wa-terhouse has sustained.
YI.
For these reasons, the Court will GRANT Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment.
A separate Order will ISSUE.
FINAL ORDER OF JUDGMENT
Upon consideration of Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment [Paper No. 48], Plaintiffs Answer to Defendants’ Summary Judgment [Paper No. 53], and Defendants’ Reply [Paper No. 58], oral argument having been held thereon, it is for the reasons set forth in the accompanying Opinion, this 24 day of March, 2005
ORDERED:
1) Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment [Paper No. 48] is GRANTED;
2) Final judgment is ENTERED in favor of Defendants and against Plaintiff; and
3) The Clerk of the Court is directed to CLOSE the case.
Notes
. The Court's discussion of the majority of the counts no longer in play appears in
Waterhouse v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co.,
. The Court acknowledges that courts hаve taken different approaches to the issues the parties dispute here. The Court, however, finds it unnecessary to discuss the relative strengths and weaknesses of these cases. In addition to being analytically sound, Judge Smalkin's opinion in White has been the de-dared law of the district for some 5 years. The Court is not inclined to introduce a contrary opinion at this advanced stage.
. Section 402A of the Restatement (2d) imposes strict liability upon a seller for physical harm caused by a product "in a defective condition unreasonably dangerous to the user.” Plaintiffs in
White
alleged
inter alia
that defendants’ cigarettes were "defective and dangerous” because they caused such serious disease as lung cancer, were highly addictive, failed to perform as safely as an ordinary consumer would expect, and failed to contain sufficient warnings,
White,
Defendants in the present case argue from this that their cigarettes are "not defective and unreasonably dangerous.” The Court will assume, for present purposes, that cigarettes are "defective and unreasonably dangerous.” The critical issues are whether adequate warnings were given and, if not, whether the absence of such warnings proximately caused Waterhouse's injuries.
. While there is no longer a defective-design claim in the present case, it is also noted that Judge Smalkin rejected Dr. Feingold's opinion that it was feasible for the industry to greatly reduce or remove nicotine from cigarettes "because, again, he is not qualified to testify on how to design a safer, commercially feasible сigarette, being a subject beyond his expertise in internal medicine and pulmonary medicine. And, though he has plenty of experience treating patients who smoked, this alone is insufficient to enable him to offer proof of an alternative cigarette design that works.” Id. at 433-34.
. Among other things, Dr. Norell cites a July 1954 Gallup Poll in which almost ninety (90) percent of respondents answered ''Yes” to the quеstion, ''Have you heard or read anything recently to the effect that cigarette smoking may be a cause of Cancer of the Lung?” He also relates that in 1954 the Baltimore Sun reported that the Baltimore City Council had appointed a committee to investigate the connection between smoking and lung cancer and later that year ran a story about an American Cancer Society report under the headline, "New Data Link'Cancer, Heart Ills to Smoking.” He points to the 1955 CBS New’s program "See It Now” which ran a two-part series that examined the possible connection between smoking and lung cancer. He refers to a Stars & Stripes article on lung cancer that appeared in 1948. Further, he suggests that "Smoke, Smoke, Smoke That Cigarette,” a popular 1947 hit song, was indiсative of what consumers in fact contemplated about the dangers of cigarettes, i.e. that "[y]ou smoke yourself to death.”
. "It is plain that the affidavit is a boilerplate affidavit, prepared with the purpose of submitting it in any cigarette case that may arise by simply changing the case name at the bottom of each page, with the hope that it will create a dispute of material fact on some issue.”
White,