24 Colo. 322 | Colo. | 1897
Lead Opinion
delivered the opinion of the court.
This controversy between the appellant corporation (plaintiff below) and appellees (defendants below) The Larimer and Weld Irrigation Company and The Windsor Reservoir and Canal Company, consists of two branches. The first relates to the extent of the priority of the canal owned by the appellee irrigation company over the ditch owned by the appellant; the second concerns the seniority of rival reservoir appropriations owned by the appellant and the appellee reservoir company.
The appellant is the owner of the Larimer county ditch and of reservoirs known as Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ; the appellee irrigation company of the Larimer and Weld canal and the appellee reservoir company of the Windsor reservoir. In proceedings duly instituted under our statutes, framed for the purpose of establishing the priority of rights to the
It is conceded as a matter of fact, and it so appears from the decree, that the priority of the canal of the appellee irrigation company is superior to that of the ditch of the appellant company; and in so far as the controversy with respect to them is concerned, the contention of appellant is that such priority is only to the extent of 560 cubic feet per second of time, while the position assumed by appellee is that such priority is to the extent of 720 cubic feet per second of time.
All of the reservoirs were constructed subsequent to the decrees mentioned; hence the controversy as to them is not affected by any prior judicial decree, but must be determined entirely from the evidence introduced before the trial court. The avowed object of the action is to obtain a judicial determination of the respective rights of the corporation litigants to divert water from the Cache la Poudre river, both for irrigation and for storage in reservoirs.
The second branch of the case we proceed first to dispose of. The evidence was submitted to the trial court without a jury; and findings of fact made that reservoirs Nos. 2, 3 and 4 of the plaintiff, to a specified capacity, were prior in right to the reservoir of the defendant; and that, as between the plaintiff’s reservoirs known as Nos. 1 and 5, or respectively as “Rocky Ridge” and “Long Pond” reservoirs, and that of the defendant reservoir company, the priority was awarded to the latter.
It is practically conceded that the work of construction of the Windsor reservoir (that of the defendant) was begun in July, 1890, and substantially completed in May, 1893. Work upon the Long Pond and the Rocky Ridge reservoirs of the
The proper solution of the respective rights of the litigating parties with respect to these reservoirs depends very largely upon the fact whether reasonable diligence was used by the defendant in prosecuting work. It would serve no useful purpose to detail the evidence upon this disputed point, and we content ourselves with the statement that, after a careful examination of the entire evidence, we are satisfied that the finding of the trial court was correct, and that, in the circumstances disclosed by the record, considering the magnitude and cost of the work, and the obstacles put in its way, the defendant reservoir company was diligent in the prosecution of such construction, and that its priority should, by relation, date from the beginning, and not from the completion, of the work. From this it follows as a matter of law that the priority was properly awarded by the district court to the defendant company as between these three reservoirs in question.
By the decree of 1882 there was awarded to the Larimer and Weld irrigation canal five several priorities, the first by original construction, and the other four by successive enlargements. The decree, after specifying the several amounts to which the canal was entitled by construction and the first three enlargements, proceeds as follows with respect to the fourth:
“ And further, as to said appropriation by fourth enlargement—priority No. 79—in said findings and herein above mentioned, it having been found in manner and form aforesaid that said fourth enlargement of said ditch No. 9 has been, in fact, made, commencing on the month of September, A. D. 1878, by means of which said ditch is actually enlarged to a carrying capacity of 43,200 cubic feet of water per minute of time (i. e., 720 cubic feet per second), the same having been made at great expense and in good faith, for use for said purpose of irrigation, without the fact that actual
From the findings of fact, as well as by the express language of the decree, it will be seen that the fourth enlargement had actually been made at the time the decree was rendered, though the increased supply of water thus secured had not been applied to a recognized use. An opportunity and a right, however, were given to the owner of the canal, or other interested party, within a reasonable time, by proper application, to present proof of, or disprove, the actual application of the enlarged supply of water to a beneficial use, when the original decree would be supplemented and perfected to comply with the facts. Based upon this express order of the court, and in virtue of the irrigation statutes so providing, such application for further proceedings was made, and thereupon an order of the court was entered in March, 1883, for the further hearing of evidence; and on the 11, of April, 1884,- a supplemental decree of the district court was entered, the portions of which that are material to the present discussion are as follows:
“ It is * * * decreed that everything in this decree shall be subject to the provisions of the original decree in said matter, as to everything that is and as to everything that is not decided in this decree.”
The taking of the additional evidence in this further pro
“No. Nine.
“ Larimer and Weld Irrigation Canal.
“ That the work referred to in the original decree, on the' completion of which said ditch should be entitled to priority No. 79 in said decree, has been completed, and that, by reason thereof, said ditch is now entitled to priority No. 88 of the new'numbering, dating in the month of September, 1878, and that the present dimensions of said ditch are 28 feet in width on the bottom with a berme 5 feet wide on each side so as to carry a flow of 5 feet in depth in’ all, and so built as to have a section area of 180 feet, with a grade of 2 and 4/10 feet per mile, and that there be allowed to flow in said ditch on all of its priorities so much water as it will carry with the dimensions above given, computed at 720 cubic feet of water per second of time.”
The contention of the appellant is that the capacity of the Larimer and Weld canal, as determined by the original decree, was not supported by the evidence, and so far as the decree referred to the last enlargement, when construed in connection with the irrigation statutes, was merely interlocutory and conditional, and left the whole subject of the amount of the appropriation and every matter pertaining thereto, open, unsettled, contingent and uncertain.
It is further claimed that section 2403 of Mills’ Annotated Statutes (which is the law governing this matter) does not empower the court to determine the carrying capacity of a ditch or an enlargement, unless an appropriation of the water had then been actually made, and that such ascertainment in the original decree, therefore, is of no effect. It is further contended that the decree of 1882, if the carrying capacity of the canal was properly determined, merged in, and was superseded by, the second decree of 1884. Therefore, it is said,
Upon the other hand, the contention of the appellees is that the two degrees supplement each other, and together constitute the measure of the rights of the parties ; and that thereby the defendant irrigation company has a priority over the plaintiff of 720 cubic feet of water per second of time, and that no subsequent enlargements have been made.
Under the theory of the plaintiff, a large volume of evidence was introduced, including all of the evidence that was submitted to the refereés prior to the adjudication of 1882 and which was before the district court as the basis for the first decree, and testimony of witnesses first taken upon the trial of the case, for the purpose of showing, among other things, that the original evidence did not warrant so large a quantity of water as the decrees specified; and that a ditch of the physical dimensions described in the decree could not carry 720 cubic feet of water per second of time. Much evidence was directed to the point that by reason of enlargements of the ditch made at various times since the entry of the second decree, the capacity of the canal had so been increased- as to permit its owner to obtain more water than originally the canal would carry.
Whatever be the declared object of the appellant in this suit, it is manifest that it can be attained only by treating this action as one for the review of the decrees, in evidence, for mere error of the trial court, long after appellant’s statutory time for a review in the district court, and an appeal to this court, has expired;—unless we place upon the decrees the construction which appellant asks. But its contention, in this respect, is altogether untenable-.
By its express terms the decree of April, 1884, was in*
By a somewhat ingenious argument counsel for appellant insist that the ascertainment of the carrying capacity of this ditch, as expressed in the decree, is not res judicata, and is of less dignity and importance than is the determined physical dimensions; and that it must yield to such other ascertainment of superior rank concerning physical dimensions. It is said to be a mere matter of computation from these other data, and that, under the latest approved formula for ascertaining the carrying capacity of water in ditches and canals, the computation, as originally made by the court, was erroneous, and that the specified quantity should be much less.
It must be remembered that the present action is not for the purpose of reforming the decree upon the ground of mistake or fraud, or any other recognized ground, but that it is in the nature of a collateral attack upon the decrees after the statutory time for their reformation or review in the court of original jurisdiction, upon the same or additional
But if we should adopt appellant’s views and hold that, under these decrees, the carrying capacity of the canal was still open to adjudication, and that the court, in the present action, might determine the same, the evidence before us would not, at this late period, justify the reduction asked. From the testimony of Prof. Carpenter it would appear that the latest approved and most trustworthy test for ascertaining the carrying capacity of streams and canals is that known as Ganguillet and Kutter’s. By the application of their formula, a ditch of the theoretical dimensions specified in the decree will not, so Prof. Carpenter testifies, carry more than about 560 cubic feet of water per second of time; at least, his computation so resulted. It is in evidence, however, that in accordance with a formula that was in general use in this state at the time the decrees were rendered, the computation, as determined by the decree, was substantially correct, and it further appears that no two computations are ever the same, even with the same formula. Hydraulics is said to be one of the most complex of sciences. Under the title hydromechanics, at p. 494, vol. 12, of the Encyclopedia Britannica, as well as from Prof. Carpenter’s testimony, it seems that in the formula used by the latter in estimating the capacity of the canal, n represents the coefficient of roughness. Without going into this technical and scientific subject at any length, it is sufficient merely to say that the mathematical value of this element varies with different conditions from .010 to .035. The formula is confessedly era
The testimony upon this point is in substantial conflict; so, also, is there a substantial conflict in the testimony as to the enlargement of this canal after the two decrees were rendered, and as to the amount of water which the canal at various times since its construction has actually carried. In accordance with some of the testimony, it appears that, as a matter of fact, the ditch has at different times carried even more than the amount of water for which the decree was rendered. There is no serious contention by appellant that there has been any abandonment by appellee company of any of the waters which the decrees have awarded it; but if the point was urged, we would unhesitatingly affirm the finding of the trial court that proof of abandonment was not made out.
Such being our ruling upon the priorities of the reservoirs, and such being our construction of the decrees in this case, and holding, as did the trial court, that they determine the priorities attaching to the canal and the ditch, and that they award to the canal of the defendant irrigation company a priority of 720 cubic feet of water per second of time ahead of any priority belonging to the ditch of the plaintiff company, and it also appearing that if the entire question were reopened at the instance of the plaintiff, there is not in the record sufficient evidence to justify a reduction of this quantity, it follows that the decree should be affirmed in all respects as entered by the district court.
Affirmed.
Rehearing
UPON REHEARING.
delivered the opinion of the court.
A rehearing upon both branches of this case has been allowed. Additional counsel have favored us with elaborate
One of appellant’s new counsel opens his brief with the following statement: “It is the belief of many members of the profession that an application for rehearing cannot succeed unless the error of the court is suggested in terms of such modest contention as to amount almost to an apology and with plausible avenues of retreat, should the error be made apparent. With that belief we do not agree, llorare we disposed to adopt the method of argument which it requires.”
Our experience, based upon an examination of many such applications, would not lead us to suspect that such belief was widespread, or had effected permanent lodgment in the minds of many of the profession. Certainly, in the case at bar, while counsel has observed that respect for the court which is fitting, he has, in his argument, left no room for doubt as to his own notion of the method of argument to pursue, and if that argument is given the weight which it is assumed to possess, there is left for the court no avenue of graceful retreat.
First, as to the ditch and canal priorities: Complaint is made because, in the opinion, we treated this action as in the nature of a collateral attack upon the ditch decrees. Counsel now say its object was to correct the decree in question on the ground of a mistake of the court in computing the quantity of water appropriated by the owner of the Larimer and Weld canal.
That we were justified in our characterization is apparent from the complaint itself; but, if we were mistaken in this respect, counsel for appellant fell into the same error,.for in his original brief he says that “ the complaint was a bill in
Since the proceedings in question were instituted and prosecuted to obtain, and the decrees thereunder resulted in, a judicial determination of the same rights which the plaintiff seeks here to readjudieate, we said then, and now say, that this is a collateral attack. The appellant, after once stating what the object of his action was, should not complain if we adopt his own definition. But if a party should be permitted thus to shift his position, and if we were to assume with him that the complaint pleads a mistake as the equitable cause of action, we proceed to an examination of the record upon that hypothesis.
Among the findings of the district court were the physical dimensions of the canal and the quantity of water appropriated. Counsel say that by the latest and most approved test a canal of such ascertained dimensions is incapable of carrying such computed capacity.
In Ditch Co. v. Ditch Co., 22 Colo. 115, it was ruled that in a decree, like that under consideration, one of the things to be embodied therein is the quantity of water; hence, when once ascertained, it is res judicata. Counsel now seize upon this declaration and say that the physical dimensions of the ditch are likewise to be determined; and taking these dimensions as one verity, we have, it is said, in the same decree two verities absolutely inconsistent with each other. Both cannot be true; one must be false; which shall be upheld, which rejected? Having propounded this query to us, counsel proceed to answer it for themselves by rejecting the computed quantity as of less dignity, because, they say, it is the result merely of a mathematical calculation based upon an absolute and fixed verity, viz : physical dimensions.
We observe, first, that the statute requires the court in its decree to set forth the quantity of water appropriated,
However this may be, it is altogether sufficient for the purposes of this case to say that, when this decree was entered, the computation of the court was made under a test, or formula, then in general use in this state and, as the evidence tends to show, recognized as the most accurate then employed; and that said computation upon that basis is correct.
This is by no means a case where the decree on its face shows that a formal or clerical error as to calculation was committed. The claim is not that the court erred in making the computation from the formula which it used, but, on the contrary, the mistake complained of consists in the use of a wrong formula, and in not selecting the-one which, as is said, has since been discovered and found to be more accurate. It seems clear, however, where the issues are framed with that object in view, that such a mistake cannot be corrected. If so, it would permit a court, not upon a review in appellate proceedings, but in a direct proceeding, to overturn a decree because, upon further consideration, and in the light of new evidence, the court thought a different conclusion should have been reached. If we should now correct the decree of 1882 for the reason urged, then at the end of the next decade there may be evolved a new method of determining the carrying capacity of ditches giving even more accurate results than under the Kutter formula, and in an action then brought to correct the mistake made by us now in applying the Kutter test, the court must set aside our decree and enter a new one, and so there would be no end to the litigation, provided new and more accurate tests are discovered. Union M. & M. Co. v. Dang-
We conclude the discussion of tins branch of the case by remarking that counsel’s entire attack upon this decree is an attempt, only partly disguised, under the pretense of correcting a mistake therein, at this late day to reopen and readjudicate the relative rights of ditch owners whose predecessors in interest were parties to the proceedings in which the decree determining these rights was rendered; and therein consists the fundamental error in much of their argument. This attempt is the more clearly apparent when we find that, with much apparent earnestness, they aver that it is of common knowledge that these early decrees,—entered when lawyer and layman were in doubt as to the meaning .of the recently enacted law, and when knowledge of irrigation was limited,—awarded to the ditches a greater quantity of water than they were entitled to, or could carry. That since that time many of the statutory obscurities have been elucidated by legislative amendment and judicial decision, and the science of irrigation has greatly developed. That among the discoveries made is the fact that the carrying capacity of ditches can now be more accurately determined than formerly. In view of these considerations, counsel ask us arbitrarily, as we think, to correct these early mistakes; —their client and its grantors not having availed themselves of the relief which could be awarded under the statute had a review been seasonably asked, or an appeal taken.
As an illustration that courts avail themselves of the latest developments of science, we are admonished that the science of operating a railroad is of constant growth and expansion, and that in actions sounding in damages for personal injuries, involving the correlative duties of master and servant, the court constantly takes notice of these advances, and so modifies and expands old rules to conform to new processes and to meet new conditions. So we are asked in the decision of this controversy, in determining whether the district court erred in computing the capacity of the Lari-.
The illustration from railroading was unfortunate for the appellant, for, as is well said by counsel for appellee, while courts do avail themselves of new processes and new discoveries in all branches of science and apply them to new cases as they arise, they do not, in a direct proceeding, open up solemn judgments, rendered upon competent and proper testimony, for the purpose of setting aside a calculation or a deduction therein made by the trial court, based upon ligitimate testimony, and substitute therefor a different conclusion merely because subsequent discoveries in some science or art would seem to require it. In a new case upon the same facts, or in the former case had such later facts then been in evidence, the question is entirely different. So, here,, this ditch decree cannot be reopened to correct an alleged mistake made in the calculation of the quantity of water appropriated, based upon a formula which the evidence then established to be the most correct in general use, because, as the result of later investigations, another test has been discovered, said to give more accurate results. And if this Kutter formula was then known and not used by the court, we must presume that it was the finding and judgment of the court that the one that was used was more accurate. In either case the decree cannot be disturbed.
In passing upon the reservoir rights,, the appellant complains that this court in its opinion, as well as the district court in its findings, entirely ignored the decree of the district court of Larimer county of March, 1885, in which, it is claimed, there was decreed to the appellant’s various reservoirs certain priorities of the same date as that awarded to its canal. In this great injustice is said to have been done.
It is true that the opinion states that the reservoirs in question were unaffected by any decrees of the court, as the reservoirs were built after the decrees were rendered.
In his original brief filed in this court the counsel of appellant, who also tried this case in the district court, in summarizing his argument on the reservoir priorities concludes with this statement:
“ In the foregoing’ deductions from the evidence, we have said nothing concerning the decree of 1885, adjudicating that the Larimer county ditch (appellant’s grantor) had a right to use its priority, dating from 1881, to fill Long Pond; nor have we referred to the fact that water had been stored, to some extent, in Long Pond during the ’80s, by appellant’s grantor. We do not need to rely on any claims based on the decree of 1885, or any exercise of rights under that decree by the old company. We do call attention to the point, however, that if a non-use of any excess over 560 cubic feet per second, by the Larimer and Weld Irrigation Company, for irrigating purposes, from April 11,1884, to June 20,1893,— a period of nine years,—did not constitute an abandonment of any pretended rights, based on a computation in the decree of 1884, then a failure to beneficially use water stored in Long Pond, between October 30, 1885, and May,-1892,—a period of only six and a half years,—did not constitute an abandonment of any rights.”
The zeal of counsel to claim under this decree, and thus shift the former position, is born since our original opinion was handed down; for as we therein held in favor of the defendant reservoir company, under the evidence upon the issue of diligence in construction, they now seek to escape the effect of that holding by claiming under a prior decree.
But if the appellant’s own concession in argument, as
Referring again to the proceedings terminating in the decree of 1885, there is no finding of fact by the court, or recital in its decree, that these reservoirs 'at the time were completed, or that water had ever been stored therein. Upon the contrary, it is clear from the entire record in the case that neither in the decree of 1885, nor in the preliminary or conditional decree entered in 1882, was there ever any intention to award any priority to the reservoirs of appellant, unless completed within a reasonable time. These decrees must be taken together, and every part thereof must be considered. By section 6 of the decree of 1882 (which decree, by express recital to that effect in the decree of 1885, is made part of the latter), pleaded by appellant itself, it is expressly declared that its provisions should not apply to any ditches, canals, or reservoirs completed after the closing of the testimony in that proceeding; and it was further provided that the decree should apply only to such as were finished before the decree itself was entered. So we conclude that the decree of 1885, taken in connection with that of 1882. as should be done, rightly interpreted, did not award, and did not purport to award, to these reserviors any priority prior
The record also shows beyond any serious controversy that the chief, if not the only, issue at the time of the trial as to these reservoirs was as to the diligence employed by the defendant reservoir company in completing its work. Counsel on both sides thus tried the case, and the evidence was directed almost exclusively to that issue; and the parties should be held to the case as thus made.
Appellant, however, for the purposes of the argument, conceding our statement to be true, further contends that, under the evidence produced at the trial upon this issue, the findings of the court below were wrong, and should be set aside. Courts do not lay down a general rule by which, in every case, due diligence may be determined; but it is a question of fact depending largely upon the facts and circumstances of the particular case. To attempt to give a general definition would be unwise, and we do not deem it necessary to this case, or helpful as a precedent, to give in detail the facts in this record. We content ourselves by saying that, after a very careful rereading of the evidence, we are satisfied that the defendant reservoir company observed due diligence in completing its work, and that the findings of the trial court to that effect are sustained by the evidence.
What to us, however, is the most plausible argument made
“ Every person, association or corporation hereafter constructing or enlarging any ditch, canal or feeder for any ditch or reservoir for irrigation and taking water directly from any natural stream, and of a carrying capacity of more than one cubic foot of water per second of time, as so constructed or enlarged, shall, within ninety days after the commencement of such construction or enlargement, file in the office of the county clerk and recorder of the county in which the head-gate of such ditch or feeder may be situated, and also in the office of the state hydraulic engineer, a map, etc., showing certain things. * * * If such statement he filed within the time above limited, priority of right of way, and water accordingly, shall date from the day named as the day of commencing work, otherwise, only from the date of the filing of the same.”
The appellee contends, inter alia, that this statute is inapplicable to the case in hand; yet, if so, that for various reasons it is unconstitutional.
We appreciate the difficulty and importance of the questions raised as to the constitutionality, the meaning and effect of this act; and in a proper case would not hesitate to determine them. But hr the view we take of this case, the constitutional question is not properly before us. A careful reading of the act shows that the intention of the general assembly was to make its provisions apply only to ditches, canals or feeders for reservoirs of the designated capacity, taking water directly from a natural stream. Ditches, etc.,
Now the feeder for the reservoir begun by the defendant reservoir company in 1890 was not intended to, and does not, take water directly from the Cache la Poudre river, or any natural stream, but its head-gate is in the previously constructed Larimer and Weld canal at a point therein situate in W eld county. The head-gate of the canal itself is in Larimer county. These facts are conceded by the appellant when, in answer to a contention that the defendant’s filing of the map in Weld county was a compliance with the act for the reason that the head-gate of its feeder in the canal was in Weld county, its counsel replied thereto by saying that the canal is an artificial, and not a natural, stream. Indeed, it may well be said that, if this act is applicable, the defendant complied therewith, for it filed its map and statement in that county in which the head-gate of its feeder was situate. But we say that the defendant’s feeder did not take water directly from a natural stream; and the act being penal, in character, its scope should not be extended to include feeders or ditches that are not, by reasonable construction, within its provisions.
If, however, it be said that defendant, by attempting to file its map thereunder, recognized the applicability of the act to its enterprise, it can scarcely be seriously argued in one breath that the priority of the defendant is lost by reason of the failure to comply with a certain act, and in the next breath to say that an unsuccessful attempt to comply with its provisions estops the party to deny its applicability. But even if defendant company had made full compliance with this act by filing its map, and even though counsel on both sides concurred in holding it applicable to the defendant’s ditch, this would not bind the court to follow their opinion on a question of statutory construction.
But it is said further that the defendant reservoir com
The fact that the head-gate of the feeder of the reservoir tapped the Larimer and Weld canal, and not the stream itself, is by no means conclusive evidence, even if, in fact, it is any evidence, of an intention not to make an appropriation of the water of the natural stream. The canal is tiot owned by the defendant reservoir company, yet if the latter is able to make an arrangement with the owner thereof, Avhereby it may put in the canal a head-gate and use the canal itself as a conduit for carrying water directly from the stream to said head-gate, and thence, by its own feeder, carry the water of the stream to its reservoir for storage purposes, that is a matter of contract between the two. Such a right might be acquired by condemnation in a proper case (Mills’ Ann. Stats, sec. 2263; Gen. Stats, sec. 1718), and, of course, by contract. We perceive no reason why a distinct and valid appropriation of water from the natural stream, either for direct irrigation or for storage in a reservoir, may not thus be made. Indeed, section 2265 itself, if valid, when it makes applicable its provisions only to ditches, etc., of a certain carrying capacity, and to those taking water directly from a natural stream, tacitly, and by implication, recognizes that a valid and original appropriation of water from a natural stream itself may be made by and through ditches of other carrying capacities, and by those taking water indirectly therefrom. The feeder constructed by the defendant not
Many other propositions have been discussed, but we do not consider them material to this decision. The foregoing sufficiently disposes of the questions necessary to he determined. The former opinion is adhered to.