107 Ind. 206 | Ind. | 1886
is well settled that this court will not grant a rehearing upon grounds not urged in argument, preceding the decisions. Board, etc., v. Center Tp., 105 Indi. 422, and cases there cited.
The main question presented by the record in this case is. an important one. A rehearing was granted, and an oral argument solicited by the court upon that question.
It is now urged that the complaint is .technically defective.. These objections were not urged in argument prior to the former decision, and as a rehearing would not have been, granted on account of them, we think that in this particular' case, they should not enter into the decision. Without intending to commit the court in the way of a ruling, we may say in passing, that if we were to write upon those questions,, as at present advised, we should feel constrained to hold that the objections are not well taken. If, however, appellant is, correct in his contention, he may make available what h.e-now urges by way of an answer below.
The one important question presented by the record is this:: In the assessment and taxation of shares of national bank, stock, are the owners thereof, having no other credits or moneyed capital from which to deduct their bona fide debts, entitled to deduct them from the assessed value of such shares of stock ? The law of this State provides, that in the assessment and taxation of what in the statute is denominated credits, the individual taxpayer, as owner thereof, may deduct therefrom his bona fide debts, except debts of certain designated classes. R. S. 1881, sections 6332, 6333, 6336.
The first question for decision is l From what credits may
The statute further provides, that the assessor shall furnish to the taxpayer blanks upon which he shall furnish a list of his personal property of every description owned by him on fhe first day of April. Section 6330, R. S. 1881.
So far as material here, section 6332, is as follows: “In making out the statement, each person shall put down the credits duo and owing from any person or corporation, whether in or out of the county, separately from the rest of his personal property; and every credit for a sum certain, payable .either in money or labor, shall be valued at a fair cash value for the sum so payable; and if for any article of property, or for labor or for services of any kind, it shall be valued at the current price of such property, labor, or services. In making up the amount of credits which any person is required to list, for himself or for any other person, company, or corporation, he shall be entitled to deduct from the gross amount of credits the amount of all bona fide debts owing by such person, company, or corporation to any other person, company, or corporation, for a consideration received. * * Nothing in this section shall be so construed as to authorize any deductions allowed by this section to be made from the value of any other item of taxation than credits. In making out the statement, he shall also exhibit to the assessor, for the purposes of valuation, a list of all notes, drafts, mortgages, and judgments held or owned by him; and he shall, also, for the information of the assessor, furnish him with a list containing the number and amount of all United States and State bonds, and notes and other securities of the United States not taxable, held or owned by him on said first .day of April.”
The taxpayer is not allowed to temporarily convert his property and money into non-taxable securities for the purpose of escaping taxation.
The above provision of the section is, perhaps, to insure
The list furnished to the taxpayer has two columns in which to set down the value of the articles of personal property or credits, etc. In one of these the taxpayer is required to set down the value, and the other is designed to be used by the ¡assessor for a like purpose. If the value affixed by the taxpayer is satisfactory to the assessor, he may adopt it; if it is mot, he may disregard it, and affix a valuation of his own.
It is required by the several sections of the statute, and (especially by sections 6330 and 6336, that the taxpayer shall put down upon the list furnished to him all of his personal ¡property, including credits due to him, of every description.
In putting down “ the credits due and owing,” the taxpayer is not required to itemize, but may put down the sum of them all, and his estimate of their value. In this he may be mistaken, or he may intentionally underestimate their valile.
For the purpose of enabling the assessor to detect and correct the wrong, it is provided in the latter part of section 6332, supra, that the taxpayer shall exhibit to him a list of ¡all notes, drafts, mortgages and judgments held or owned, etc. 'These are not to be furnished for the purpose of being listed by the assessor, but for the purpose of valuation. Of course, if the owner has neglected to list them, the assessor may do •so, but the law contemplates a listing by the taxpayer. This all shows that notes, drafts, mortgages and judgments are all ■credits within the meaning of that section of the statute, and hence credits from which the designated bona fide debts may be deducted by the taxpayer. This, it seems to us, must be plain. The statute also provides the form of the schedule to be furnished by the assessor to the taxpayer. Section 6336. That schedule is full and specific, and was intended to, and ■does, provide in detail the place and manner of listing for
“ 1. Money on hand, or on deposit within or without this State, subject to my order, check or draft.
“ 2. All moneys loaned by me, either on time or on call.
“ 3. All bonds belonging to me or in which I have any interest, issued by bodies corporate, either within or without this State.
“ 4. All bonds belonging to me or in which I have any interest, issued by public corporations, including State, county,, city, town, and all other bonds of this class.
“ 5. All shares of stock in any corporation formed outside of this State; and also all shares of stock in any corporation formed in this State, and conducting its business outside of this State.”
From the above items the schedule makes no provision for deducting the designated bona fide debts of the taxpayers. It. will be observed, also, that the above items do not include the “ credits ” mentioned in section 6332, supra; nor do they include “ money at interest,” except as that may be included in and as meaning the same as money loaned.
The only other number or item in the schedule material here is number or item 82, at the close of the schedule, which is as follows:
“ 82. Credits (by which is meant whatever is due to the party from any other person, company, or corporation, in the shape of labor, property, or money) amounting to.....$......
Less my bona fide indebtedness (subtracted from the credits) . f......
Leaving a residue ' of credits, amounting to.........$ . . . . ”
This item in the schedule is in perfect harmony with our
Section 6333, at first blush, seems to be in conflict with the above sections as we construe them. That section is by way of a limitation upon deductions to be made by the taxpayer. It provides that “ISTo person, company, or corporation shall be entitled to any deduction from the amount of any bonds, stocks, money loaned, or money at interest,” etc. If “ money' at interest,” as used in the section, means anything different from “ money loaned,” if, in other words, it means that because accounts, notes, judgments, etc., may draw interest, they are “ money at interest,” then clearly the section, that far, is in conflict with the schedule and section 6332, supra.
It is a settled rule that in the construction of a statute, all
Section 6273, in giving a definition of the terms “ personal estate ” and “ personal property,” as used in the act, provides that they shall include, amongst other things, all rights, credits, dioses in action, all bonds and stocks, all money at interest, and all other credits and investments. Here, evidently, the term “money at interest” does not mean accounts and choses in action drawing interest, but money loaned. In section 6286, the term “ money loaned” is used, and not the term “money at interest.” Thus the terms “money loaned” and “money at interest” seem to be used in the act as convertible terms. If, however, there were an irreconcilable conflict between section 6332 and 6336, which provides the schedule, the latter must govern.
The schedule is the summing up and putting in shape for practical use what is provided in the preceding sections. The schedule has heretofore been regarded as controlling. It was so regarded under the tax law of 1852, as amended in 1869. Clark v. Carter, 40 Ind. 190. It was so under the tax law of 1872. Matter v. Campbell, 71 Ind. 512. It may be observed in passing that the act of 1872 is materially different from the act of 1881. And so the Supreme Court of the United States, in construing the tax law of 1872, placed its decision upon the schedule. Evansville Bank v. Britton, 105 U. S. 322.
Upon an examination of the whole statute, we are clearly of the opinion that the individual taxpayer may deduct his bona fide debts, of the class designated in the act, from all his moneyed capital and credits, except from the classes spec
The National Bank Act provides that the shares of stock in national banks may be subjected to taxation under the laws of the Slate, with other personal property, “subject only to the two restrictions, that the taxation shall not be at a greater rate than is assessed upon other moneyed capital in the hands of individual citizens of such State, and that the shares of any national banking association owned by nonTesidents of any State shall be taxed in the city or town where the bank is located, and not elsewhere.” Section 5219, United States Revised Statutes. '
The limitations upon the taxation of shares of national bank stock imposed by the above section are imposed in almost the same language by our statute. R. S. 1881, sections 6306, 6307.
It has been many times held by the Supreme Court of the United States, that the authority of the States to tax the shares of national bank stock is derived wholly from the above act of Congress, and that without the consent of Congress these bank stock shares could not be taxed by State authorities at all. McCulloch v. Maryland, 4 Wheat. 316; Osborn v. Bank of U. S., 9 Wheat. 738; Weston v. City Council of Charleston, 2 Pet. 449 ; People v. Weaver, 100 U. S. 539.
The authority and privilege, of course, must be exercised under the limitations and restrictions imposed. The controlling questions then are, what are the limitations and restrictions imposed ? What is the “ moneyed capital,” as used in the act?
Were we at liberty to place our own construction upon the act, we should be very strongly inclined to hold that “ moneyed capital,” as therein used, has reference to capital invested, as an investment for profit, whether in bonds, stocks, money loaned, or otherwise, and not to debts due to the taxpayer,
The above case arose under our assessment law of 1872, and the questions were, what is meant by “ moneyed capital,” as used in the above act of Congress, and whether the owner of national bank stock having the designated bona fide debtsj might deduct them from the assessed value of the shares of stock ? It was held that he could, and that “ moneyed capital” includes not only bonds, stocks, and money loaned, but all credits and demands of every character in favor of the taxpayer.
Mr. Justice Miller, speaking for the court in stating and deciding the case, said :
“The objection made to the Indiana statute is the same as that made against the New York statute; namely, that it permits the taxpayer to deduct from the sum of his credits, money at interest, or other demands, the amount of his bona fide indebtedness, leaving the remainder as the sum to bo taxed, while it denies the same right of deduction from the cash value of bank shares.
“A distinction is attempted to be drawn between the Indiana statute and the New York statute, because the former permitted the deduction of the taxpayer’s indebtedness to be made from the valuation of his personal property, while in Indiana he can only deduct it from his credits. And undoubtedly there is such a difference in the laws of the two States. But if one of them is more directly in conflict with the act of Congress than the other, it is the Indiana statute. In its schedule the subject of taxation from which the taxpayer may deduct his bona fide indebtedness is placed under two heads, as follows:
“ ‘ 2. All other demands against persons or bodies corporate, either within or without this State.
“ £ Total amount of all credits.’
££ The act of Congress does not make the tax on personal property the measure of the tax on bank shares in the State, but the tax on moneyed capital in the hands of individual .citizens. Credits, money loaned at interest, and demands against persons or corporations are more purely representative of moneyed capital than personal property, so far as they can be said to differ.
££ Undoubtedly there may be much personal property exempt from taxation without giving bank shares a right to similar exemption, because personal property is not necessarily moneyed capital. But the rights, credits, demands, and money at interest mentioned in the Indiana statute, from which bona fide debts may be deducted, all mean moneyed capital invested its that way.
“It is unnecessary to repeat the argument in People v. Weaver (100 U. S. 539) on this point. We are of opinion that the taxation of bank shares by the Indiana statute, without permitting the shareholders to deduct from their assessed value the amount of his bona fide indebtedness, as in the case of other investments of moneyed capital, is a discrimination forbidden by the act of Congress.”
In the late case of Boyer v. Boyer, 113 U. S. 689 (20 C. L. J. 309), Mr. Justice Harlan reviewed the cases, and from them deduced certain rules for the construction of the above section of the national bank act, the second of which is as follows:
“That a State law which permits individual citizens to deduct their just debts from the valuation of their personal property of every kind, other than national bank shares, or which permits the taxpayer to deduct from the sum of his credits, money at interest or other demands to the extent of ’
There can be no doubt, that, under these decisions, all: credits of whatever nature, which include the credits from which the taxpayer may deduct his bona fide debts, as here-decided, whether interest bearing or not, are moneyed capital in the sense in which that term is used in the act. And under these decisions also, statutes which allow the taxpayer to deduct his debts from such moneyed capital, and deny this-right to the holders of shares of national bank stock, must yield to the paramount act of Congress which inhibits such discrimination.
But what shall be said, when the taxpayer is allowed to deduct his debts from but a part of his moneyed capital, as here-held, from his money capital, other than bonds, money loaned,, and shares of stock? The act of Congress, as it has been held, docs not require absolute equality, as that is difficulty if not impossible, of attainment. The cases hold, however,, that the intention of Congress in the enactment of the statute was not to permit any substantial discrimination in favor of moneyed capital in the hands of the taxpayer, as against capital invested in shares of national bank stock. Boyer v. Boyer, supra.
In that case, at page 693, in speaking of the case of Hepburn v. School Directors, 23 Wall. 480, Harlan, J., said : “ That case is authority for the proposition that a partial exemption by a State, for local purposes, of moneyed capital in» the hands of individual citizens does not, of itself and without reference to the aggregate amount of moneyed capital not so exempted, establish the right to a similar exemption in favor of national bank shares held by persons within the same jurisdiction. But it is by no means an authority for the broad proposition that national bank shares may be subjected to local taxation where a very material part, relatively,,
In that case the State of Pennsylvania had exempted from, local taxation, for county purposes, mortgages, judgments, etc., and imposed such local taxes upon the shares of national bank stock. It was held that the result was a material inequality, aud that the bank stock could not be taxed for such local purposes. See, also, First Nat’l Bank v. Treasurer of Lucas Co., 25 Fed. R. 749 (U. S. Cir. Ct. N. D. Ohio); Buggles v. City of Fond du Lac, 53 Wis. 436.
The California statute, as in force in 1880, provided that “ In assessing solvent debts not secured by mortgage or trust deed, a reduction therefrom shall be made of debts due to bona fide residents of the State,” but did not allow a like reduction from the assessed value of national bank stock. It will be observed that the statute, like ours, docs not allow such deduction from all moneyed capital.
In the case of Miller v. Heilbron, 58 Cal. 133, after quoting from the opinion in the case of People v. Weaver, 100 U. S. 543, which involved a statute of Yew York allowing a deduction of debts from the value of all personal property, except from shares of Yational or State banks, it was said: “ So far as the immediate question is concerned, there is but one
The holding of the above cases is, that the taxing laws of •States can not be upheld, as against the act of Congress, so ■far as they may discriminate against national bank stock, by •directly exempting a portion of other moneyed capital from taxation, or by doing the same thing in allowing a deduction of debts from the assessed value of a portion of other moneyed capital, and denies the same deduction to the holders ■of national bank stock, when such discrimination is so palpable as to show that it is material and serious, and that when such is the case, the holders of shares of national bank stock .will be allowed to deduct their debts, the same" as the owners of the other moneyed capital. Our statute makes no provision for deducting debts from the assessed value of share's of national bank stock, but, as we have seen, allows such deduction from a portion of other moneyed capital, and thus •discriminates against national bank stock. Is that discrimination so material and serious that the owners of such shares of stock are entitled to deduct their debts, notwithstanding the statute ? That depends upon the amount of the moneyed capital from which the debts of the taxpayer may be deducted, as compared with the whole of the moneyed capital of the State. This case comes here upon a demurrer to appellee’s complaint for an injunction. Unless the court may take judicial notice of the fact that the moneyed capital from which the taxpayer may deduct his debt's as here decided, is a material portion of the whole moneyed capital of the State, the 'complaint is fatally defective, because it contains no averment as to that fact.
Our. statute provides that matters of which judicial notice is taken need not be stated in a pleading. R. S. 1881, section 374. May the court take judicial notice of that fact?
Another division includes all other moneyed capital of the State, the items of which consist, as we have also seen, of notes, mortgages and judgments, except for money loaned, ■.amounts due for goods, wares and merchandise of all kinds, raw material, farming implements, machinery and manufactured articles of all kinds, sold at wholesale or retail, amounts Rue for labor and professional services, amounts due upon public improvements, on account of sales of real estate, livestock, and farm products, and all other credits of every description due from any person, company or corporation, ■whether drawing interest or not, except as included in the first division above. These several items, from the assessed value of which debts may be deducted, may be regarded .as constituting the second division of the moneyed capital of the State.
That the second division constitutes a very large and material part of the credits in the business of the State, and thus.a very large and material part of the whole moneyed capital of the State, is a matter of such common knowledge as to be known to the courts. There are many things of which the courts must take judicial notice. For example, they take judicial notice of the seasons and the general course of agriculture. Abel v. Alexander, 45 Ind. 523 (15 Am. R. 270); Tomlinson v. Greenfield, 31 Ark. 557. That whiskey, beer and gin are intoxicating. Myers v. State, 93 Ind. 251;
The courts of the State are bound to take notice, from its general history, that “during and since the war of the Rebellion, the adjutant general of this State has made records of the muster rolls of the different regiments of volunteers furnished by this State, in the military service of the United States.” Board, etc., v. May, 67 Ind. 562. Upon the gen
Mr. Gfreenleaf says: “In fine, courts will generally take notice of whatever ought to be generally known within the limits of their jurisdiction.” 1 Greenl. Ev., section 6, p. 12, 13; Brown v. Piper, supra.
In speaking of what courts will take judicial notice, it was said in the case of Ho Ah Kow v. Nunan, 5 Sawyer (U. S. Cir. Ct. Dis. Cal.), 552 (560): “ Besides, we can not shut our •eyes to matters of public notoriety and general cognizance. When we take our seats on the bench we are not struck with blindness, and forbidden to know as judges what we see us men.”
To hold in the case before us, that it was necessary to aver .and prove that the above second division of the moneyed •capital constitutes a large and material part of the whole moneyed capital of the State, would be to hold that the courts •can not know judicially what must be known to the mass of the people, and what any intelligent person would be reluctant, if not ashamed, to confess he does not know.
To say that from this division of the moneyed capital, the taxpayer may deduct his debts, and that the holders of shares •of national bank stock, having no other credits from which to deduct their debts, may not deduct them from the assessed value of such shares of stock, would be to establish such an inequality and discrimination against capital invested in such ¡shares of stock, as the act of Congress, with the interpretations given it by the Supreme Court of the United States, will not tolerate.
The statutory privilege to taxpayers, of deducting their •debts from the above second division of moneyed capital, is practically to relieve the most, if not the whole, of that capital from taxation, and leave the burdens to rest upon other property, including other moneyed capital. A taxpayer having that kind of moneyed capital may have a deduction of his debts from the assessed value thereof; while another, not
The holders of shares of national bank stock are upon an equality with taxpayers having money capital of the second division above, and if, as between such holders and taxpayers owning moneyed capital of the first, and not of the second division above, there is an inequality, it is a matter for the Legislature and for Congress.
The Legislature may so shape the State laws as to result in this inequality. Against such legislation, there is no inhibition in the national bank act. Possibly, the Legislature might avoid this inequality, if it be such, by providing that taxpayers, hot having shares of national bank stock, may deduct their debts from all or a certain proportion of their-moneyed capital, and giving the same right to holders of shares of national bank stock to deduct their debts from a like- proportion of their moneyed capital. Possibly, Congress might amend the national bank act to advantage. Doubtless, many holders of shares of national bank stock may have moneyed capital of the second division alone, and,, if so, they may deduct their debts from its assessed value, and thus the privilege of deducting their debts from the shares of stock in such cases, can injure no one, as the debts can be-deducted but once. That shares of national bank stock are-taxed by State authority at all, is a matter of grace or license, and not of right. So the Supreme Court of the United States holds. The States, therefore, must tax shares of stock in accordance with that license.
After a thorough re-examination of the question involved, we are constrained to hold that under the averments of the complaint, the stockholders therein named are entitled to deduct their just debts from the assessed value of their shares of national bank stock.
It has been suggested, in argument, that we ought, if possible, to rule otherwise, in order that the case might go upon appeal to the Supreme .Court of the United States for a decision by that tribunal. We should be glad to have the case thus appealed, but we could not make a different ruling without disregarding our deliberate judgment, and placing this-court, as we think, in an attitude of insubordination and hostility to the Supreme Court of the United States. It is the-province of that court to interpret the acts of Congress, and the duty of the State courts to adopt and follow such interpretation.
The court below, at special term, sustained a demurrer to* the complaint. That ruling was reversed at general term.
The judgment at general term is affirmed, at appellant’s cost..
Elliott, J., did not participate in the decision of this case..