111 Va. 785 | Va. | 1911
delivered the opinion of the court.
The first assignment of error is to the action of the court in overruling a demurrer to the amended declaration and each count thereof.
This action was brought to recover damages for personal injuries suffered by the plaintiff whilst a passenger on the defendant’s line of road — an electric railway, which it operated between Washington city and the city of Alexandria. Each of the three counts in the amended declaration makes averments which show that the plaintiff was a passenger for hire on one of the defendant’s cars; that when he reached his destination at Addison, one of the defendant’s stations, the train or car upon which he was travelling was stopped and he stepped on the opposite side of the road from the station
As we understand the petition for the writ of error, the principal objection made to the sufficiency of the declaration is that the facts averred in each count show that the plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence in going from the point where he left the defendant’s car across its tracks toward its station building, in the absence of an averment that he looked and listened for an approaching train, before going upon the tracks upon which he was injured.
A railroad company owes to one occupying the relation of a passenger, actually or constructively, a different and higher degree of care than it does to a traveller about to cross its tracks at a highway. While a passenger has the right to pass from the place where the car is stopped for him to alight to the station building or off of its premises, and the railway company should furnish him reasonable and adequate protection against accident in the enjoyment of this privilege, the passenger is bound to exercise proper care and caution in avoiding danger. What degree of care and caution he is to exercise in a particular case must be governed by the danger to be encountered, and the circumstances attending its exercise. Railway Co. v. Lowell, 151 U. S. 209, 38 L. Ed. 131, 14 Sup. Ct. 281; Warner v. B. & O. R. Co., 168 U. S. 339, 42 L. Ed. 491, 18 Sup. Ct. 68; Terry v. Jewett, 76 N. Y. 338; 6 Cyc. 607-8.
It is said in 2 Shear. & Red. on Neg., sec. 525, that “where a passenger is required to cross the company’s intervening tracks in order to take his train or to leave it, or to change from one train to another, it is not per se negligence not to look and listen for approaching trains before so crossing. The passenger has the right to assume that the company will so
The facts averred in the declaration do not show that the plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence as a matter of law, even if he failed to look and listen for approaching trains before he crossed the track of the defendant company in-leaving its premises after alighting from its train.
Without discussing the other grounds of demurrer in detail, it is sufficient to say that each count states a good cause of action, and that the demurrer was properly overruled.
The second error assigned is as to the evidence of witness Sucker, set out in bill of exception No. 1. As the question involved in that assignment of error is not likely to arise upon another trial, it is unnecessary to pass upon it.
There was no error in permitting the witness, Sorrell, to testify that trolley poles frequently become detached from the wire, and when they do that there is no light inside the car and no electric headlight. That is a matter of common knowledge, and could not have prejudiced the defendant company.
The third error assigned is based upon a mistake of fact. It appears from bill of exception No. 3 that the witness, Sorrell, was permitted to state such facts as would explain why the defendant company did not obtain the name of the only passenger on the train which caused the plaintiff’s injury and did not produce him as a witness.
The fifth assignment of error is based upon the refusal of the court to permit two witnesses to testify under the circumstances disclosed by bill of exception No. 4, which is as follows:
*790 “ * * * * after the plaintiff had introduced evidence, tending to show that at the time of the accident the car which collided with the plaintiff and injured him was lit by neither electric or oil headlight, and that the car was absolutely dark, and after the conductor and motorman had testified that at the time of the accident both electric and oil headlights were burning at the time of the accident, that the motorman had turned the current of the electric headlight when they started from Luna Park to Washington, on the night in question, and that the oil lamp had previously been lighted by an attendant of the company at 12th street and Pennsylvania avenue, in the city of Washington, at about fifteen or twenty minutes before eight, before said car had left the city of Washington for Luna Park, and that they had not lighted the oil light at all on that night, all of which will more fully and at length appear by reference to defendant’s bill of exception, No. 5, which is hereby referred to and made a part of this bill of exception, the defendant to further maintain the issue upon its part, and to corroborate the testimony of the motorman and conductor, both of whom had previously testified that at the time of the accident both the electric and oil head lights were burning, introduced two witnesses, George Green and John Dunn, both of whom would have testified that they were employed at a point between Addison station and 12th street station in the city of Washington, the destination of the car which injured the plaintiff, and that said car, on its way to its destination passed by where they were employed about 15 minutes after the accident, and at that time both the electric and oil headlights were burning * * *
The objection made to the evidence rejected is that it was too( remote in time and distance from the place of the accident, and that if the oil headlight was not burning at that time, “it would have been only natural that it should have been lighted very shortly thereafter, especially in view of the
Where the existence of a thing at a given time is in issue, its prior or subsequent existence is, according to human experience, some indication of its probable existence at a later or earlier period. The degree of probability that a thing was in existence at a given time, from its existence at a subsequent period, will depend upon the likelihood of some intervening circumstance having occurred and been the true origin. 1 Wigmore on Ev., sec. 437.
The general principle that a prior or subsequent existence is evidential of a later or earlier one has been repeatedly laid down. But, says Prof. Wigmore, “that no fixed rule can be prescribed as to the time or the conditions within which a prior or subsequent existence is evidential is sufficiently illustrated by the precedents, from which it is impossible (and rightly so) to draw a general rule.” Section 437.
The cases show that the principle has been applied to all manner of subjects (see notes to section 437 of Wigmore); but since it is impossible to lay down any general rule as to the time or the conditions within which a prior or subsequent existence is evidential, the question of the admissibility of such evidence must be left largely to the discretion of the trial courts. Whether the length of time which had elapsed and the distance travelled between the accident and where the witnesses offered saw the headlights burning was too great under. the circumstances disclosed by the record, was for the trial court, in the exercise of a reasonable discretion, and we cannot say that its discretion was not properly exercised.
The next error assigned is to the giving of the plaintiff’s instruction No. 1, as amended by the court.
It appears from bill of exception No. 6 that after the court had expressed its purpose to grant the instructions asked for by the plaintiff, “the defendant moved the court to amend instruction No. 1 by inserting the words, ‘unless the testimony
The amendment, as asked for by the defendant, was proper and the instruction ought to have been so amended; but, as amended by the court, under the circumstances disclosed by the record, it ought not to have been given. It was clearly susceptible of two constructions, one of which was erroneous, and the jury might very well have believed that in applying that instruction to the facts of the case they could only consider the evidence of the plaintiff himself and not the evidence of all the witnesses introduced by him. It was error to give the instruction as amended. Va. Cent. R. Co. v. Sanger, 15 Gratt. 280.
It is insisted that even if the instruction was erroneous it could not have prejudiced the defendant, since instructions numbered four and five, given on the defendant’s motion, correctly stated the law upon that question, and because the evidence of the other witnesses introduced by the plaintiff did not tend to show that he was guilty of contributory negligence.
Instructions Nos. 4 and 5 were not directed to the question of the burden of proof, as was the plaintiff’s instruction No. 1, but to the degree of care due from the plaintiff in crossing the track. Neither can it be said that there is nothing in the evidence of the other witnesses introduced by the plaintiff tending to show that he was guilty of contributory negligence.
The giving of instruction No. 2, offered by the plaintiff, is assigned as error.
This is not an action by a traveller on the highway to re-over damages for injuries done him as such while crossing
The instruction seems to have been based upon the view that the plaintiff was a traveller on the highway rather than a passenger making his way to the station house, or off its grounds, from the point where he alighted from the train, ido instruction as to the duty which the defendant owed a traveller on the highway should have been given, because no such question was involved in the case, but as the degree of care required in the case of a passenger is different and higher than in the case of a traveller on a public highway, we do not see how the defendant could have been prejudiced by the instruction. "
The, remaining assignment of error which it is necessary to consider is the giving of instruction numbered three, offered by the plaintiff. That instruction is as follows:
“The court instructs the jury that when common carriers undertake to convey passengers by the powerful but dangerous agency of electricity, public policy and safety requires that they be held to the greatest possible care and diligence, and any negligence or default of such railway company, or common carrier, its agents or employees in such cases will make such company or carrier liable in proper and adequate damages under the statute, unless the jury believe from the*794 evidence that the plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence.”
One of the objections made to the instruction is that “no common carrier is required to use the greatest possible care and diligence,” for the safety of its passengers, as declared by the instruction. What is meant by the language used in the instruction is that the carrier of passengers is bound to use the highest practicable degree of care, and that a failure to use it constitutes actionable negligence. Various forms of expression are used to define such care. The language of the instruction is almost identical with that of an instruction approved by this court in the case of B. & O. R. Co. v. Wightman's Admr., 29 Gratt. 431, 445, 26 Am. Rep. 384, which declared, that “when carriers undertake to convey passengers by the powerful but dangerous agency of steam, public policy and safety require that they should be held to the greatest possible care and diligence, and any negligence or default in such care will make such carriers liable in damages under the statute.”
An instruction containing identically the same language as that used in Wightman's case was approved in the case of B. & O. R. Co. v. Noel's Admr., 32 Gratt. 394, 399.
Sometimes the degree of care required is defined or declared to be “the utmost, care and diligence of very cautious persons” (Connell v. C. & O. Ry. Co. 93 Va. 44, 55, 24 S. E. 467, 468, 57 Am. St. Rep. 786, 32 L. R. A. 792; Farish v. Reigle, 11 Gratt. 697, 62 Am. Dec. 666) ; “the utmost care and diligence,” (N. & W. Ry. Co. v. Tanner, 100 Va. 379, 382, 41 S. E. 721, 722; Reynolds v. Richmond, &c. Ry. Co. 92 Va. 400, 404-5, 23 S. E. 770, 771); “the utmost care and diligence which human prudence and foresight will suggest.” (Petmore v. Delaware, &c. R. Co., 102 N. Y., 24 N. E. 302, 17 Am. St. Rep. 629); “the highest possible degree of care and diligence.” (Indianapolis R. Co. v. Hoist, 93 U. S. 291, 23 L. Ed. 898).
The language used in the instruction, defining the degree of care which the law requires of a common carrier to its passengers', is fully sustained, not only by our own decisions, but by the authorities generally, and the trial court did not err in using it.
The instruction is objected to upon another ground, viz., that it makes the defendant responsible in the event of any negligence or default on its part, unless the plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence, without reference to the question whether or not such negligence was the proximate cause of the injury, or whether the defendant owed the plaintiff any duty. The instruction is erroneous in these respects. Although the defendant may have failed to exercise the high degree of care due its passengers, yet if it did not owe that duty to the plaintiff, or if such negligence was not the proximate cause of the plaintiff’s injury, it was not liable to him.
For giving instructions numbered one, and three, asked for by the plaintiff, in the form in which they were given, the judgment complained of must be reversed, the verdict set aside and the cause remanded for a new trial to be had not in conflict with the views expressed in this opinion.
Reversed.