94 F. Supp. 229 | D. Minnesota | 1950
The petition sets forth that Peter John Warhol is in the custody of the respondents, having been arrested on October 22, 1950, on a warrant dated September 2, 1947,
Petitioner alleges that this statute does not authorize the re-arrest of an alien against whom deportation proceedings are pending and who is at liberty on bond approved by the Attorney General. It is also urged that these provisions of Section 23 (a) are unconstitutional, in violation of the Fifth and Eighth Amendments tO’ the Constitution of the United States, because they purport to vest unlimited discretion in the Attorney General to imprison indefinitely without bail any alien against whom a deportation proceeding may be pending.
The portion of Section 23(a) above quoted amends Section 156 of 8 U.S.C.A., and the significant change in the portion referred to is that, by reason of the language used, Congress unequivocally has vested discretion in the Attorney General to take an alien into custody on a deportation warrant and continue such alien in custody, release him on bond of not less than $500, or release him on conditional parole. The weight of authority clearly holds that such discretion was vested in the Attorney General under the provisions of the Act before the 1950 amendment. United States v. District Director of Immigration, 2 Cir., 120 F.2d 762. But the language now employed in the 1950 Act removes any doubt as to the intention of Congress in this regard. However, while recognizing that he does not have an absolute right to bail, the petitioner contends that, having once been released on bail, the Attorney General cannot re-arrest him and hold him without bail in the absence of an affirmative showing by the authorities that such action was within the Attorney General’s sound discretion. But I am convinced that petitioner’s position in this regard is not sound. Manifestly, the Attorney General is not committed irrevocably to the continuance of bail merely because, in the exercise of his discretion, he has permitted the alien to be at liberty on bond. Many changes in conditions may have arisen since the alien was released on bond. And the Attorney General may have concluded that he was in error in permitting bail in the first instance. If it is recognized that the Attorney General is vested with the discretion to continue the alien in custody or release him on bail, then it must follow that such discretion necessarily encompasses the right not only to release the alien on bail after the Attorney General may have first determined that the alien should be kept in custody, but also the right to rearrest him and continue him in custody after he had once been released on bail. That petitioner’s contention that the respondents should have the burden of affirmatively showing that the Attorney General exercised sound discretion in determining that the alien should be kept in custody after once having been released on bail is not tenable is apparent from the very purposes of the statute. Deportation proceedings are civil, not criminal. Congress has deter
The issues presented on the petition and respondents’ return do not present the issue of an abuse of discretion on the part of the Attorney General in taking the petitioner into custody after once having released him on bail. However, petitioner indicated at the hearing that he desires to amend his petition and set forth that charge if the Court determines that the Attorney General is authorized under the Act to take the alien into custody after he has been released on bail and if the burden does not rest upon the respondents to establish affirmatively that such action was justified in the exercise of sound discretion. The United States Attorney has indicated that he does not object to an amendment of the petition setting forth petitioner’s position in this regard.
In view of the premises, it must follow that petitioner’s prayer for an order declaring that his imprisonment, restraint, and detention is illegal and void, and granting him an immediate release from custody, must be, and the same hereby is, in all things denied, without prejudice, however, to the right of the petitioner to amend his petition to set forth allegations charging the Attorney General with abuse of discretion in taking him into custody and detaining him without bail. Such amendment may be made on or before 5 days after the date of this order and the respondents are granted 5 days after being served with the amended petition to file their return thereto. After issues have been framed, counsel may arrange with the Court for an early hearing thereon.
An exception is reserved to the petitioner.
On Amended Application for Writ of Habeas Corpus.
The Court in its order of October 30, 1950, determined that petitioner was not entitled to an order declaring his present imprisonment and restraint illegal and void merely because, when arrested on a deportation warrant in September, 1947, he was released on a $1,000 bond and when he was re-arrested on the same warrant on October 22, 1950, he is held by the Attorney General without bail. While recognizing that the discretion vested in the Attorney General in deportation cases to continue an alien in custody or release him on bail is not absolute, I stated that “the Court cannot override the discretion of the Attorney General in regard to bail except where ‘the alien makes a clear and convincing showing that the decision against him was without a reasonable foundation.’ ” United States v. District Director of Immigration and Naturalization, 2 Cir., 169 F.2d 747, 751-752.
After the order was filed, the alien filed an amended petition in which he charges that his detention and the refusal to release hiim on bail was a gross abuse of discretion on the part of the respondents and was arbitrary and unlawful. On November 2, 1950, the Court heard evidence on behalf of the petitioner in support of the petition. No evidence was offered in behalf of the respondents.
The evidence adduced indicates that petitioner came to this country from Austria-Hungary, and from a portion thereof which is now Czechoslovakia, in 1913. He was then two years of age. He has resided in the United States ever since his entry. He is married and has three children, ages twelve, six, and two and one-half. It ap-
The evidence discloses that Warhol has been regularly employed in Minneapolis since his arrest in 1947, and in June, 1950, he purchased a 'home in Minneapolis, where he now resides with his family. The home is heavily encumbered and the payments on the principal and interest are some $42.-00 per month. There is no evidence that Warhol has been affiliated with the Communist Party since 1938, though he frankly admitted on the stand that he still adheres to the principles advocated by the 'Communist Party, except that he would seek to bring about a socialistic Government -by peaceful means as long as the United States is a democratic Government. If, however, it should become a so-called Fascist Government, which denies to the people the right of the ballot and the right freely to petition the Government for redress of grievances, then he stated that he would espouse revolutionary methods to overthrow such a regime by force. He stated that if war were to break out between Russia and the United States at the present time, he would fight willingly for the United States against Russia wherever the field of conflict might 'be. However, he assumes to determine and to reserve his course of conduct in case of war if this country has been relegated into what he considers to be a Fascist state.
There is an absence of any showing by the Attorney General as to what may have motivated him in ordering the re-arrest of petitioner and to have him detained without bail. The officer in charge of the Immigration and Naturalization Service in this District -stated that he has no knowledge of any complaints as to Warhol’s conduct between September 2, 1947, and the date of his re-arrest on October 22nd, and he further stated that no reports have come to him as to any question concerning Warhol’s availability for future hearings in the pending proceedings in deportation.
The respondents emphasize, however, that the Internal Security Act of 1950 sets forth the apprehension and views of 'Congress as to the numerous aliens “who have been found to be deportable, many of whom are in the subversive, criminal, or immoral classes who are free to roam the country -at will without supervision or control.” Section 2(13), 50 U.S.C.A. § 781 (13). Moreover, in the Act Congress stated that the Communist organization in the United States presents “a clear and present danger to the security of the United States and to the existence of free American institutions”. Section 2(15). How
Obviously, as to the right of bail, every deportation case should be determined on its own merits. The former statute, Section 156, Title 8, U.S.C.A., which was amended by the Internal Security Act of 1950, likewise vested the Attorney General with discretion as to the allowance of bail in deportation cases. The 1950 amendment merely employs language which tends to make more clear such discretion. The question of the Attorney General’s discretion regarding bail was considered by the Second Circuit in United States v. District Director of Immigration and Naturalization, 169 F.2d 747, -and in declaring that the Attorney General’s discretion was not alb-solute, the court indicated that the following factors, among others, should be considered in determining whether such discretion was reasonably exercised: (a) probability of the alien being found deportable; (b) seriousness of the charge against him; (c) the danger to the public safety of his presence within the community; and (d) the alien’s availability for subsequent proceedings if enlarged on bail. This (Court does not venture any opinion as to the probability of this alien being ultimately deported. But it may be noted that the charge against him is limited to -a membership in a proscribed organization some 12 years ago* Undoubtedly, the growing menace of Communism throughout this country is real and presents a present danger to our free institutions. But the Court must not permit expediency to -be substituted for judicial process. As Justice Jackson, sitting as Circuit Justice of the Second Circuit, stated in Williamson, et al. v. United States, 184 F.2d 280, at page 283, in allowing bail to the Communist leaders who were recently convicted in New York, “My task would be simple if a judge were free to order persons imprisoned because he thinks their opinions are obnoxious, their motives evil and that free society would be bettered by their absence.”
This -alien, however, is no convicted Communist, nor has it been established that he is guilty of any subversive activities in this country. The right of the Government to deport him is as yet undetermined. He has no criminal record. He has resided in the United States practically all of his life. His work record seems excellent. That he will be available for all hearings in the deportation proceedings and for the execution of any final order of deportation seems entirely pro-bable. While his political beliefs and philosophy, and particularly his former membership in the Communist Party, are wholly repugnant to this Court, it is difficult to reconcile one’s sense of American justice, even to an alien who professes certain Communistic principles, to an incarceration over a period of many months when he is accorded the right under our laws to have counsel and defend himself against the charges which have been lodged against him. The -Court is not unmindful of the danger to this country, particularly in these troublous times, of subversive aliens who are carrying on activities to undermine and destroy American institutions through Communist organizations and so-called “front” organizations which have pledged their allegiance to a foreign country dedicated to the destruction of all democratic institutions. But, weighing the probabilities in the instant case of any potential danger to the safety and welfare of this country and its institutions if Warhol is en
There is no evidence whatsoever in this administrative record, or even contention on the part of the respondents, that Warhol is now, or has been, pursuing any course of conduct since 1938 which is dangerous or inimical to the public welfare and safety of the United States. If it appears hereafter during the pendency of these proceedings that Warhol is engaged in any conduct which changes the situation made to appear at this hearing, then, of course, the Attorney General has the discretion to place him in custody again. But, in view of the showing made, the 'Court must conclude that the petitioner has sustained the burden of proof in establishing iby reasonably clear and convincing testimony that the Attorney General in holding this petitioner in custody without bail has abused his discretion. It is the Court’s view that bail in the sum of $2,500 is reasonable, and if petitioner presents to the District Director of Immigration and Naturalization a good and sufficient bail or bond to be approved by said Director in the penal sum of $2;500 conditioned in the usual manner, the petitioner should be released on such bail or bond. An order in harmony herewith may be presented. An exception is reserved.