277 S.W. 908 | Mo. | 1925
Lead Opinion
The plaintiff, in the Circuit Court of St. Louis County, sued for damages on account of the death of her husband, Albert Hesse, who was killed through the alleged negligence of the defendant in operating its train. She recovered judgment June 7, 1922, for $8,000, and the defendant appealed.
Albert Hesse was killed July 7, 1921, while riding in a Ford automobile as the guest of one Otto C. Carpenter, when the latter drove across the tracks of defendant at a place called Lake Hill in St. Louis County. Lake Hill, seventeen and one-half miles west of St. Louis, on the south side of the defendant's railway tracks, was an amusement resort, consisting of dancing and dining pavilions, swimming pool, lake for boating, stands and concessions. Defendant maintained a station there where passengers sometimes were received and discharged. *100
A public highway, called Daugherty Ferry Road, runs parallel with the railroad tracks a short distance north of Lake Hill. A road runs south from Daugherty Ferry Road, and crosses the defendant's tracks at Lake Hill. There is some dispute as to the character of this road, but the defendant displayed a sign over it, "Railroad Crossing," and appellant's counsel in his brief admits that it was a public crossing of a highway over the railroad tracks. Carpenter, with Hesse, in his Ford car, was driving from the north on this road and, in attempting to cross the defendant's railroad track at Lake Hill, his car was struck by defendant's west-bound passenger train, and both the men were killed.
The railroad track at that point runs on an embankment about fifteen feet above the surrounding country. The road running south through Daugherty Ferry Road approached the tracks on an incline until within about five feet of the rails, where it was on a level with the track. East of Lake Hill the track of the defendant runs through a tunnel, which ends on the west in a deep cut. According to the measurements of the defendant, the distance of this cut from the crossing was 985 feet. After leaving the cut the track makes a sharp curve to the south, going west. There was much evidence showing that on the road along the right-hand side of defendant's track, next the crossing, were shrubs, trees, and vegetation of various kinds, such as to prevent sight of the railroad tracks and an approaching train, by anyone passing south on the road until within a very few feet of the track. The engineer in charge of the train testified that he could not see the crossing, and didn't see the automobile until he was within a hundred feet of the crossing. There was testimony to the effect that one would have to be within five or six feet of the rails before he could look up the track and see the approaching train. Photographs were introduced by the defendant to show the situation there, but it is not clear that any of the photographs were taken from the exact spot where the occupants of the automobile could look up the track. On Sundays and holidays a great many people resorted to *101 the park, and, on the day in which the accident occurred, there were from one hundred to two hundred people picnicing there. A great many automobiles were crossing the railroad track going to and from the park. It was said that the north-and-south road was the only access to the park by automobile. There were seventeen stations between Lake Park and St. Louis, a distance of seventeen and one-half miles, and trains passed very frequently, sometimes every few minutes. Several witnesses who were near when the automobile was struck, testified to seeing the collision, and heard no warning sound from the train as it approached. One witness for plaintiff said that the Ford car approached within a very few feet of the track, hesitated a second and then went on; by the time it got on the track it was struck and knocked to pieces. The train was stopped about a quarter of a mile further west, and both men were then on the pilot, dead.
Evidence showed the train was going at from forty to fifty miles an hour; the engineer testified that it was running at the rate of forty-seven miles an hour. Two or three witnesses for defendant testified that the whistle was blown when the train came out of the cut. Several witnesses for plaintiff watched it from the time it came out of the cut until it struck the automobile, and they testified that they heard no whistle sounded, nor bell rung.
According to witnesses for plaintiff, an automobile, in crossing, would have to be so close to the track that the front wheels would be almost on the rails, before the driver could view the track any considerable distance to the east. The engineer testified that he knew Lake Hill was a resort and he had seen crowds of people there, especially on Sundays and holidays; he knew there was a swimming pool there, and that people from the city daily visited the park; that for years he had given the signal whistles for that crossing. The Daugherty Ferry Road at that point was fifty feet north of the rails where the north-and-south road entered it, from the crossing.
Albert Hesse was twenty-eight years of age at the time of his death. He left a widow and four children, *102 the eldest eleven and the youngest three years of age. At the time of the trial his widow had married Mr. Ward, but was not living with him.
The case was submitted to the jury on two allegations of negligence: the excessive speed of the train, and failure to sound a warning of its approach.
I. Appellant claims that no negligence was shown, either in failure to sound a warning or in excessive speed. The plaintiff did not rely upon a failure to give the statutory warning, or upon any legal limit to the speed. Whether, under circumstances like this, the speed of the train is negligent does notSpeed of depend altogether upon its rate, but to some extentTrain. upon the circumstances. A rate of speed may be negligent at common law while within the statutory speed limit. [Montague v. Railroad, 264 S.W. l.c. 816; Harrington v. Dunham, 273 Mo. l.c. 431.] Here the train was running in a thickly populated community with stations not more than a mile apart; it came out of a deep cut, had to round a curve in approaching the crossing where people were almost continually passing. The crossing was obscured from view until the train was almost upon it, and it was impossible to slacken the speed before reaching it. It was a question for the jury whether it was a negligent speed to run at a rate such as trains acquired in the open country.
That it was the duty of defendant's employees in charge of the train to sound an adequate warning of its approach there is no question, and it was for the jury to say whether such warning was sounded in this case. Several witnesses who were present saw the accident and watched the train approaching, did notWarning. hear any whistle or bell sounded, while witnesses for the defendant who were on the train testified that the whistle was sounded and the bell was rung. There is evidence that another railroad track was near there, and a whistle at the distance of the cut, around a curve, might easily be mistaken for one on another track, or the whistle may have been sounded before the train cleared the *103 cut. It was a question for the jury whether the warning was sufficient to apprise anyone approaching the crossing that a train was coming.
Appellant further contends that Hesse was negligent, as a matter of law, so as to bar recovery. Some witnesses for plaintiff were where they could look up the track as far as the cut, while others testified that it was impossible for one, crossing from the north, to see up the track until within five or six feet of the rails, which would put the front wheels almost on the rail before the driver could see an approaching train. According to the engineer, the train was running forty-seven miles an hour — about seventy feet per second. He struck the automobile within one and a half seconds after he saw it. The Ford could hardly have traveled its length in that time. The hesitation of Carpenter, before driving on the track, when his car was within two or three feet of it, was probably so that he could look up the track. Then, according to the engineer, he might have been unable to see the train, or he might have seen it and might have become confused, so that for a second he was incapable of rational action. The evidence fails to show that he either saw the danger, or negligently failed to see it, or recklessly drove in front of the engine which he knew, or should have known, was dangerously near. Besides, it is not contended that his negligence, if it contributed to the injury, was imputable to Hesse, or relieved defendant as to liability.
We think the demurrer to the evidence was properly overruled and the case properly submitted to the jury. Before finding for the plaintiff the jury were required to find that the defendant was guilty of both acts of negligence — excessive speed and failure to sound a warning — as causing the death.
II. For several reasons appellant assigns error to the giving of Instruction 2, on behalf of plaintiff.
First, it is said that the instruction is erroneous because it is too long. It covers three and one-half printed *104 pages of the record. An instruction otherwise unobjectionable will not be held erroneous merely because of its length.Length. [Wolfe v. Payne, 241 S.W. l.c. 919; State ex rel. Greer v. Cox, No. 25324, decided at this term of this court.]
Second: Appellant objects to this portion of the instruction:
"and if the jury further find and believe from the evidence . . . that said crossing was so used by the public generally for such a length of time prior to the time said Albert Hesse was injured, that the defendant and its agents . . . had reasonableWould. grounds to anticipate, and, in the exercise of ordinary care the defendants and its agents, servants and employees, so operating its trains over said crossing, would have anticipated the presence of persons and vehicles upon said crossing."
The objection is to the word "would." It is argued that this in effect told the jury that if the train operatives had been exercising ordinary care they would have anticipated the presence of persons on the crossing, thus assuming that they were negligent. We do not think it susceptible of that construction. It simply required the jury to find that the crossing was used in the manner mentioned in the evidence, and that the defendant's servants had reasonable ground to anticipate, and, in the exercise of care would anticipate the presence of persons and vehicles on the crossing. It is like saying: "If the jury finds that a careful person, under the circumstances, would anticipate," etc. Glaser v. Rothschild,
It is apparent that in those cases there was no condition that the jury find the exercise of ordinary care, *105 while here there was a condition that the jury should find all the facts following the beginning of the paragraph including that part objected to.
Besides, the instruction required the finding of many other facts constituting negligence, before the jury were authorized to return a verdict for plaintiff.
Third: Appellant further objects to a part of the instruction which, after requiring the jury to find certain conditions of obstruction limiting the vision of one approaching theTimely crossing, continues thus: . . . "then it became theWarning. duty of defendant's engineer, in charge of and operating the train mentioned in the evidence, to exercise ordinary care to give timely warning of the approach of said train and cars to said crossing."
It is argued that the word "timely" should be defined, otherwise the jury was left to set up any standard which might suggest itself to them of what is meant by a timely warning. This argument does injustice to the intelligence of the jury. The instruction had fully set out the conditions shown by the evidence surrounding the situation, and a verdict for plaintiff was conditioned upon a finding of such conditions; the popular resort, the passing of people, the obstructions to the view, the sharp curve in the approach, the distance of the cut, and the entire circumstances shown by the evidence, and if the jury found these circumstances such as to make a dangerous crossing, then it was the duty of the defendant to give a timely warning of the approach of the train. The jury, as men of ordinary intelligence, would know that a timely warning meant a warning in time for one approaching the track to know the danger of crossing in front of a train. The timely warning of an approaching train is a warning in time for one who is warned to avoid being hit by it. We think a definition was unnecessary to make it more intelligible. Further, this part of the instruction did not authorize a verdict for plaintiff on failure to find a timely warning, but merely set forth the duty of the defendant. The jury was required to find *106 that the defendant failed to give to Albert Hesse any warning of the approach of the train, and in doing so failed to exercise ordinary care, also to find that the train was running at excessive speed, before they could return a verdict for the plaintiff.
Fourth: Objection is made to a part of the instruction as follows: "and if you further find and believe from the evidence that the defendant and its servant the engineer . .Negligently . negligently run and operated said engine and trainRun. . . . at a greater rate of speed than was reasonable," etc.
It is argued that the expression "negligently run and operated such engine at a greater rate of speed than was reasonable" is an assumption that the engine was in fact running at a greater rate of speed than was reasonable. On the contrary, the jury was required to find not only that it was running and operated at a greater rate of speed than was reasonable, but that it was negligently run at that rate of speed. The use of both expressions, "negligently," and "greater than reasonable," does not mean that either the negligence nor unreasonableness of the operation was assumed. It is perhaps tautological. Either "negligently," or "greater than reasonable," would answer without the other, but the jury were required to find the negligent speed in two aspects of looking at it. It could be designated either as negligent speed, or speed greater than reasonable.
Fifth: It is also objected to the instruction that it contains a reiteration of the facts which tend to establish user of the road crossing, and amounts to an unwarranted comment upon the evidence. It is not a comment upon the evidence to require a finding of specific facts alleged, unless undueComment. prominence is given to such facts and the jury directed as to the weight to be given them. The instruction requires a finding by the jury of a great many facts presented by the plaintiff's evidence relating to the conditions surrounding the place of the accident. While this may have been unnecessary in an instruction, it could not have been *107 injurious to the defendant; it placed an unnecessary burden upon the plaintiff in requiring the jury to find a lot of detailed facts which might have been generalized in briefer form.
Sixth: It is also objected because negligence is predicated upon a finding that defendant and its engineer, running and operating said train, "negligently failed to give said AlbertHesse any warning of the approach of said train." It is claimed that this is erroneous because it requires a findingWarning to that the deceased was warned, and failure to do soDeceased was negligence regardless of whether a generalOnly. warning was given. No warning of the train's approach would be adequate, or a protection to anyone likely to get hurt, unless it was a warning to anyone and every one who was about to cross the track in front. Hesse and his companion were about to cross the track, and therefore were included in the persons to whom warning should be given, so that logically the instruction is correct. The jury would not be misled by understanding that some different and specific warning had to be given to Hesse which was not given to persons generally situated as he was.
III. Appellant assigns error to the instruction on the measure of damages, as follows:
"7. The court instructs the jury that if you find for the plaintiff you should allow her such a sum, not less then $2,000 and not more than $10,000 in the discretion of the jury, and in determining the amount you will allow her you may take into consideration the pecuniary loss, if any, occasionedMeasure of to plaintiff by the death of her husband, and inDamages. considering the subject of her pecuniary loss you may consider the additional burden, if any, falling upon her by reason of his death of supporting their minor children until they become of age during the time her said husband would probably have lived and supported said minor children during their minority, and while they *108 lived and were minors, as you may believe from the evidence."
It is argued that this suit was brought under Section 4217, Revised Statutes 1919, the penal statute, and therefore the recovery must be a penalty and not compensatory; the amount awarded should not be measured by the pecuniary loss to the plaintiff. This court, in the case of Grier v. Railroad Co.,
"It cannot be said that the view that the jury may take into consideration the circumstances attending the negligent or wrongful act causing death and also the extent of the pecuniary loss, if any, in fixing the amount of the recovery, is in any respect incongruous with the holding that the entire recovery is essentially and primarily penal. As to the first, the acts or omissions constituting negligence, or evidencing criminal intent, with their attendant circumstances, would unavoidably be brought to the knowledge of the jury in the effort to establish liability and would be considered by them in that connection; and, if the jury, without other direction, were merely told to assess as a penalty a sum not less than $2,000 and not exceeding $10,000, in their discretion, in making the assessment they would inevitably and necessarily, and just as properly, take these same facts into account as they would were they fixing the punishment in a prosecution for a purely criminal offense. As to the second, it is a common practice by legislative bodies, in prescribing punishments for certain crimes against property, to make the severity of the punishment dependent in some degree upon the extent of the pecuniary loss inflicted, or attempted to be inflicted, on the owner."
The case of Lackey v. United Railways Company, 288 Mo. l.c. 145, is cited also in that connection. From these authorities it is apparent that evidence of the *109 circumstances which would mitigate or aggravate the penalty, including the pecuniary injury to the party affected, is admissible for the purpose of fixing the amount of the verdict or penalty, and are to be considered by the jury for that purpose.
The case of Treadway v. United Railways Company,
"The court instructs the jury if, under the evidence and other instructions in this case, you find your verdict for the plaintiff, then you will assess his damages at any sum, not exceeding $10,000 that you may deem fair and just, havingreference to the injury, if any, resulting to the plaintiff . . . and you may take into consideration in estimating said damages, if any, the loss of support" etc.
Judge RAGLAND, writing that opinion, and having in mind the Greer case, held that instruction erroneous because it directed the jury to assess damages in favor of the plaintiff whereas it was their duty to assess a penalty against the defendant; and the objection was made that it told the jury they "must assess plaintiff's recovery" at a sum which would compensate plaintiff for his pecuniary loss. Do those objections apply here?
The jury in this case, instead of assessing the damages to plaintiff were authorized to allow her such sum not exceeding, etc., "in the discretion of the jury." They were not directed to assess her damages. Any verdict they could render, assessing a penalty, would have to be allowed her, hence, when they were directed if they found for her to allow her a sum within the statutory limit in their discretion, they were strictly within the statute and within the ruling in the Greer case.
Appellant apparently concedes that facts showing the pecuniary loss to the plaintiff were admissible to assist the jury in determining the amount of penalty which the would assess; it claims that the instruction authorized the jury to compensate the plaintiff for damages *110 sustained. Grammatically, it does not say so. If the defendant thought the instruction was likely to mislead the jury in that respect, it should have asked an instruction more clearly defining the manner in which they should consider evidence of that character, limiting their consideration of it to the infliction of the penalty. The court could very properly have given an instruction telling the jury they were not authorized to assess plaintiff's damages as a compensation for the injury so suffered, but that they could only assess a penalty against the defendant, and they should consider only the pecuniary loss to her for the purpose of determining the amount of the penalty. The defendant failed to ask any instruction further qualifying that matter, and therefore i not in position to complain of the instruction.
Finding no reversible error in the instruction the judgment is affirmed.
Addendum
The foregoing opinion by White, J., in Division Two, is adopted as the opinion of Court in Banc. All the judges concur, except Graves, J., who dissents, and Otto, J., not sitting.