67 Ga. 293 | Ga. | 1881
" The debt hereafter incurred by any county, municipal corporation or political division of this state, except as in this constitution provided for, shall'never exceed seven per centum of the assessed value of all the taxable property therein, and no such county, municipality or division shall incur any new debt, except for a temporary loan or loans to supply casual deficiencies of revenue, not to exceed one-fifth of one per centum of the assessed value of taxable property therein, without the assent of two-thirds of the qualified voters thereof, at an election for that purpose, to be held as may be prescribed by law; but any city, the debt of which does not exceed seven per centum of the assessed Value of the property at the time of the adoption of this constitution, may be authorized by law to increase, at any time, the amount of said debt three per centum upon such assessed valuation.”
The city of Augusta is indebted some fourteen per centum upon her taxable property, and was so indebted at the time of the adoption of the constitution. On the recommendation of her board of health, an ordinance was passed providing for the issue of bonds to the amount of four hundred thousand dollars, to. pay for a system of sewerage, drainage and water supply for the city, thus creating a new debt in addition to that already standing against her, which exceeds seven per centum upon the valuation of her taxable property. So that the question is, can she incur this new debt, in addition to what she now owes, without a violation of this paragraph of the constitution. It is conceded that she could not do so if her present indebtedness of more than seven per centum had been incurred subsequently to the adoption of the constitution, but it is argued that inasmuch as that debt
It is conceded by every one who reads this paragraph of the constitution of 1877 that the construction of it from its mere words is somewhat difficult. The difficulty arises from the use of the words, “ the debt hereafter incurred ” by any municipality “ shall never exceed seven per centum of the assessed value of all the taxable property therein.” “ Hereafter incurred ” would seem to fix the meaning as having reference to no debt at all theretofore incurred ; but the latter part of the paragraph expressly limits any city, whose debt, at the time of its adoption, does not exceed seven per centum, from incurring an additional debt of more than three per centum thereon, but enables it to do so by legislative grant of
What was the old law? It was the constitution of 1868. To revise that fundamental law, and ordain a new one, wherein it was evil, is the purpose which the legislature had in view when it called together the people in convention, in 1877. That purpose appears on the face of the legislative call. Acts of 1877, p. 26.
When that body assembled, inasmuch as it represented the people in their sovereign capacity, the legislative call could not limit the sovereign’s power, and the representatives of the sovereign power made a new constitution, revising and altering the old as they saw fit, submitting their work to their constituents, the sovereign people, who' ratified the act of théir representatives.
By the constitution of 1868, the taxing power of the municipal governments of the state was limited only by the legislative will of the state in general assembly convened, (Cons. 1868, Art. 1, Sec. 28, Code, §5020;) not repugnant of course to that constitution or the constitution of the United States. Art. III, Sec. V, Par. 1, Code, §5062. And such will of the legislature became repugnant to the constitution of 1868, when a citizen
Beyond this restriction, there was no limit on the power of a municipality to tax her citizens or to incur debts if authorized to do so by the general assembly. Such was the old organic law, the constitution of 1868.
What was the evil? It was the evil attendant upon all people who handle money not their own. The cities of the state incurred a very heavy indebtedness — some of them became insolvent. To levy taxes enough to pay them would work the ruin of the citizens and blight the prosperity of the city. Not to levy and pay them would be to destroy credit and soil honor. The cities are the arteries of the body politic. With them destroyed or sluggish, the heart, the very life, of the republic would cease to beat or pulsate with a feeble supply of vital fluid. So that in their health is involved that of the entire commonwealth, and to suffer their honor to be tarnished is to soil that of the state. Therefore, the strong language used by this court in 64 Ga., 286 and 498, in respect to the evils resulting from this unlimited power to incur city indebtedness with only the slight check of the sanction of a majority of the voters, without regard to their property- or intelligence, is sober though figurative — it is stern truth and no flight of fancy. One of the largest cities of a sister state actually surrendered her franchises and ceased to be corporate, because of the extravagant debts her authorities had incurred, and her total inability to meet them; and one of our own was almost in the throes of death because of the burden under which she staggered.'
To stop this tide of evil, which always swells in the calm of prosperity and peace rather than in the storm of adverse weather, when all eyes are watching the danger, the framers of the constitution of 1877 inserted this paragraph and the succeeding paragraph of this section ; and
The framers of it could not extinguish past indebtedness of cities. The. constitution of the United States prohibited their doing so, because the obligation of contracts would be destroyed. But they did everything else which they had power to do to stay this tide and keep Georgia above its flood. They prohibited all cities from making any new debt, unless sanctioned by two-thirds, instead of a majority, of the voters, except small loans to supply casual deficiencies of revenue, not to exceed one-fifth of one per centum upon the taxable property thereof. They, then, even with this sanction of two-thirds of the citizens to a new debt, required a provision for the payment of this debt by the assessment and collection of an annual tax sufficient to pay the principal and interest of the debt within thirty years. Par. 2, Sec. 7, Sup. to Code, §671.
Thus determined to preserve the honor and credit of the state by preserving that of her minor governments, tíre framers of the constitution of 1877 inserted these checks on new debts of cities. First, two-thirds must vote them, and secondly, preparation must be made by taxation to pay them, and the voter, when he deposits his ballot, must know that he puts no burden on posterity which he will not assume himself, but. every year he must pay his quota for interest and a sinking fund for principal, to be levied and collected on his property.
Section 10 and paragraph 1 of article 7 is, if possible, still more explicit: “ Municipal corporations shall not incur any'debt until provision therefor shall have been made by the municipal government.” Thus it emphasizes paragraph 2 of section 7 of the same article.
But the constitution does not stop with these checks upon the extravagance of cities and the proneness of
Be that as it may, it is clear that debts incurred for such purposes as that for which this new debt of Augusta is proposed to be made, in addition to what she now owes, are not elsewhere provided for in the constitution, and therefore if the words “ hereafter incurred ” embrace the case of Augusta with the proposed increase of a debt of fourteen per centum, incurred prior to the date of the constitution, it would be repugnant to this paragraph.
For such a purpose as drainage, sewerage and water supply, no debt, incurred after the constitution of 1877 became operative, could exceed seven per centum on the taxable property of the city which proposed to make it, if she already owed more than seven per centum. But is this restriction limited to debts incurred after the adoption of the constitution of 1877? Is it probable — can it be possible — that the framers of that organic law intended to put no check at all on those cities which were already deeply in debt ? Is it reasonable that whilst they put the check of seven per centum on taxable property as the heaviest debt a city should thereafter incur, though it owed nothing, they also meant to allow a city already burdened with fourteen per centum to add seven per
Why were the words, “ hereafter incurred ” used, and what do they mean, then, in this paragraph ? The framers could not enact that no city should owe more than seven per centum hereafter, because some of the cities owed more than that already. They could not obliterate past indebtedness, because to do so would have been to impair — nay to annihilate — the obligation of past contracts in the teeth of the supreme law of all our laws, the constitution of the United States. Hence they must of necessity use language which made it clear that they did not attempt to go counter to this great prohibition in the Federal constitution. They were engaged in a work which was to stand the test of time, and it must not be marred and blurred by any hint at the repudiation of honest debts. Therefore they used these words so as to convey the idea that debts of cities hereafter must not be greater than seven per centum on their taxable property, and at
Moreover that such is the use made of the words “hereafter incurred ” in the beginning of the paragraph, is strengthened by the concluding clause. That clause is: “ But any city, the debt of which does not exceed seven per centum of the assessed value of the property at the time of the adoption of this constitution, may be authorized by law to increase at any time the amount of said debt three per centum upon such assessed valuation.” Thus showing most clearly that the constitution in this paragraph deals with past indebtedness, and puts a check upon its increase, if it has already reached beyond the maximum limited in the first part of the same paragraph. Because if it has not already exhausted that limit, by special act of the general assembly, passed at any time that body may deem it expedient to allow it, the city with an old debt of seven per centum or less, may increase'the old debt three per centum; but if at the time of the adoption of the constitution any city has already past that margin, it must stop where it is, and even legislative dis
In view of the whole paragraph and kindred sections of the constitution, we conclude that under this instrument the debt of no city or town in Georgia under existing laws or charters can exceed seven per centum; that no new debt up to that limit can be created without a vote of two-thirds of the qualified voters thereof, and without provision being made by taxation for the payment of principal and interest, and, if a bonded debt, without provision for such payment within thirty years; and that no municipality whose debt when the constitution was adopted exceeded seven per centum can incur more debt, but any municipality whose debt at that time was not in excess of seven per centum on its taxable property may, by special act, go up to ten per centum; and that none under any circumstances can be authorized by legislative law to go beyond that limit of ten per centum; and that in all cases, under existing laws and charters, or by special acts under the last clause of the paragraph we have mainly considered, a vote of two-thirds of the people, and a provision to pay the debt, must be had and made to give constitutional vitality to it. That the vote of. two-thirds of the people would be necessary, after this special authority had been given for an increase up to three per centum, is apparent from the fact that the constitution of 1868 required a majority vote in all cases, and that of 1877 was designed to be more stringent,, as the entire instrument shows.
No act of the general assembly can authorize an increase of her debt until reduced ; nor can the system of sewerage, drainage and water supply, however much needed for enlarged enterprise, or even the health of the people, and however expedient, empower her city government to incur this debt, as she has exhausted her constitutional limit.
It is made our duty by the constitution to declare all acts repugnant to it void ; and this act of that city being repugnant in our view to it, after labored thought and much deliberation, we are obliged to reverse the judgment of the chancellor, and to direct that the injunction prayed for be granted ; and it is so ordered.
Judgment reversed.