256 F. 47 | D. Mass. | 1916
These are two actions at law begun by writs issued out of this court. That by Mrs. Walsh is to recover damages for personal injuries received by her in the state of Florida through the alleged negligence of the defendant, and that by her husband is to recover for loss of consortium. The writs were served by delivering this summons and attested copy of each writ “to J. IT. Johnson, New England agent of said corporation, in hand, at its usual place of business, 248 Washington street, Boston” (marshal’s return)'. The defendant has filed a motion “to vacate and quash the plaintiff’s alleged service of the writ, * * * and to dismiss said writ, for want of jurisdiction over the person of said defendant,” for certain reasons therein alleged; the principal ones being that the defendant is a Virginia corporation, and at the time of the alleged service was not present, nor doing business within this district, nor subject to service here, and that Johnson at that time was not “such an agent of the defendant as to permit service upon the defendant by delivering an original summons of the writ * * * to him, * * * and that no due service has been made on the defendant.” Of course, under the Massachusetts practice, a motion to dismiss is properly used only with reference to defects or lack of jurisdiction which appear upon the face of the papers. This motion is in effect a plea in abatement; it has been treated as such by the parties; and I shall deal with it in the same way. There was a hearing upon it before me, at which witnesses testified orally, and documentary evidence was introduced.
The material facts are as follows:
The plaintiffs are residents and citizens of Massachusetts; the defendant is a Virginia corporation, as alleged in the writ. It owns and operates a railroad in certain of the Southern States, no part of which comes into Massachusetts. It does not own or operate any railroad or transport any passengers or freight within this state. For about 20 years Johnson has been New England agent for the Atlantic Coast Line (which is a combination of the freight departments of the defendant company and of the Merchants’ & Miners’ Transportation Company), and has also been New England agent of the defendant for the solicitation of passengers; his duty being to try to get passengers to travel upon the defendant’s line. In connection with this work, the defendant itself hired, under a written lease from one Marsters to it, part of a shop on Washington street, Boston, paying therefor $3,300 a year rent. On the window of this shop is a prominent sign, bearing the words “Atlantic Coast Line”; other signs there bear the words “Tickets” and “Freight.” Johnson paid the run
When persons came there to buy tickets, Johnson sent to one of the local railroads and purchased the tickets on his credit, or that oí the defendant company, delivering the tickets to the passenger, and paid the local road for them. Receipts for deposits for tickets taken by him were made on a blank having across the end:
“Atlantic Coast line It. It. Co.,
“24.8 Washington Street,
“J. 11. Johnson, N. ¿0. Agent’’
—and were signed “J. H. Johnson, N. E. A.” (i. e., “New England Agent”). He gave to the local railroad from which he. obtained tickets an I. O. U., signed “J. H. Johnson, N. K. A” He sold tickets on the defendant’s railroad, as well as connecting lines, which he obtained in this way. He did not, except in a few unusual cases, issue bills of lading for freight. Those were regularly issued by ¿he Merchants' & A Liners’ Transportation Company, upon a form which bore, in conspicuous letters “Atlantic Coast Line,” and also bore “J. H. Johnson, New England Agent, 248 Washington Street, Boston.” Blank forms of these bilis of lading were kept at the Washington street office or shop; and there was also kept at the same place a supply of the defendant’s time-tables, on which Johnson’s name appeared as “New England Agent.” It was not explicitly proved that the form of receipt, or I. O. LI., used by Johnson, was known to, or approved by, the defendant; but Johnson testified that Jie had done business in the same way for more than 20 years, that the way he did business was the general way of doing it in other places, that he thought the defendant must know about it, and that the defendant had never objected to it. He impressed me as being a truthful and accurate witness, and I see no reason to doubt that the facts are as stated in his testimony. Up to January 1, 1915, there had been on sale in Johnson’s office mileage books of the defendant company; but on that date, owing to objections raised by the New England railroads, their sale was withdrawn; and at the time of the service of the writ, August 30, 1915, there were, as above stated, no tickets on sale by Johnson. In December, 1914, one of the traveling auditors of the defendant had called at Johnson’s office.
Johnson’s activities for the defendant were naturally confined to matters in which it was interested, arising in that part of New England of which Boston is the business center. It is not alleged, and does not appear, that he sold the tickets or had anything’ to do with the contract of transportation under which the plaintiff was riding when
Two questions are presented:
(1) Was the defendant corporation within this jurisdiction so as to be subject to suit here?
(2) Was the summons served upon its authorized agent?
See St. Louis, etc., Ry. Co. v. Alexander, 227 U. S. 218, 226, 33 Sup. Ct. 245, 57 L. Ed. 486, Ann. Cas. 1915B, 77; Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance Co. v. Spratley, 172 U. S. 602, 610, 19 Sup. Ct. 308, 43 L. Ed. 569.
How far it is necessary that a foreign corporation should engage in business in a given district or state, in order to be subject, generally, to the jurisdiction of the courts there, is somewhat uncertain. The Supreme Court has expressly declined to establish any general rule and has said that every case must turn upon its own facts. In a general way it may be said that the—
“business must be such in character and extent as to warrant the inference that the corporation has subjected itself to the jurisdiction and laws of the district in which it is served and in which it is bound to appear when a proper agent has been served with process.” Day, J., St. Louis S. W. Ry. Co. v. Alexander, supra.
See, too, Washington Virginia Ry. Co. v. Real Estate Trust Co., 238 U. S. 185, 186, 35 Sup. Ct. 818, 59 L. Ed. 1262.
It has Been held that a corporation which did any business whatever in a district or state had submitted itself generally to that jurisdiction (Beale on Foreign Corporations [1st Ed.] §' 280, collecting authorities) ; but the better opinion seems to be that there is necessarily some relationship between the extent of business done and the extent of jurisdiction acquired, and I think that this is the view on which the decision in St. Louis, etc., Ry. Co. v. Alexander, supra, proceeds. See, too, Boultbee, Adm’x, v. International Paper Co. (C. C. A. 1st Cir., Feb. 10, 1916), 229 Fed. 951, 144 C. C. A. 233. It is, however, clear that jurisdiction is not limited to business done by the corporation within the district or state; the liability to suit depends not upon
In this case the defendant was maintaining an office on one of the principal streets of Boston, for which it was paying a very substantial rent; it kept there an agent who was under salary, and whom it advertised as its “New England agent”; it also hired and paid an office force to transact its business, through this office and force; it solicited business and arranged for the transportation of persons and freight over it lines. The business carried on at the Washington street office was not Mr. Johnson’s business; it was the business of the defendant. The cause of action here alleged arose out of the defendant’s undertaking to transport the plaintiff as a passenger. While it was not transporting passengers in New England, it was soliciting that sort of business here, and was making contracts in relation thereto. Business evidently of a pretty wide scope, and — to judge from the rent paid and the office force maintained — of substantial volume, between the defendant, on the one side, and passengers and shippers of freight, on the other, was transacted through the Washington street office. The plaintiff’s claim arose out of that sort of business.
As to such controversies as might naturally be expected to arise, from time to time, between the defendant and persons with whom it did business, out of transactions of the same general character as Johnson was authorized to enter into here on its account, the defendant must, I think, be held to have submitted itself to this jurisdiction. International Harvester Co. v. Kentucky, 234 U. S. 579, 589, 34 Sup. Ct. 944, 58 L. Ed. 1479; Newby v. Von Offen, L. R. 7 Q. B. 293, 296.
Motion denied.
