24 P. 867 | Nev. | 1890
Lead Opinion
The facts sufficiently appear in the opinion. This is an application by the petitioner for a writ of prohibition to prevent the trial of the case of Walcott v. Watson et al. in the district court of White Pine county.
1. Petitioner claims that the court has no jurisdiction to try the case (1) because it has been dismissed; (2) that if not dismissed, it has been transferred to the circuit court of the United States.
The writ of prohibition is an extraordinary remedy, and should be issued only in cases of extreme necessity. Before it should issue, it must appear that the petitioner has applied to *51 the inferior tribunal for relief. The object of the writ is to restrain inferior courts from acting without authority of law in cases where wrong, damage and injustice are likely to follow from such action. It does not lie for grievances which may be redressed in the ordinary course of judicial proceedings, by appeal. It is not a writ of right, but one of sound judicial discretion, to be issued or refused according to the facts and circumstances of each particular case. Like all other prerogative writs, it is to be used with caution and forbearance, for the furtherance of justice, and securing order and regularity in judicial proceedings in cases where none of the ordinary remedies provided by law are applicable. The writ should not be granted except in cases of a usurpation or abuse of power, and not then, unless the other remedies provided by law are inadequate to afford full relief. If the inferior court has jurisdiction of the subject-matter of the controversy and only errs in the exercise of its jurisdiction, this will not justify a resort to the extraordinary remedy by prohibition.
The district court has unquestioned jurisdiction of the subject-matter of the action of Walcott v. Watsonet al. Petitioner, after submitting her cause to the jurisdiction of that court, sought to dismiss the action. A controversy arose as to whether or not the action was dismissed before the filing of defendant's answer setting up a counter-claim. This was a question for the district court to decide. It may have erred in deciding it adversely to petitioner; but if it did, the petitioner would have redress by an appeal to this court, if the final judgment should be rendered against her. The same principle applies to the second ground relied upon. It was within the jurisdiction of the court to determine whether or not the case had been transferred. If the court erred in its ruling upon this question, petitioner could have redress in the same manner, by appeal, or she might apply by petition to the circuit court of the United States to have the case transferred — a proceeding involving but little, if any, greater expense or delay than will be incurred by this application. Moreover, that question ought not to be raised by this extraordinary remedy in this court. The decision thereon would not be final. If it was considered and decided by this court that the cause was transferred, the circuit court might, when it came up in that court, decide otherwise, and send it back to the state court for trial. It is a principle *52 which lies at the very foundation of the law of prohibition that the jurisdiction is strictly confined to cases where no other remedy exists; and it has always been held to be a sufficient reason to refuse to issue the writ where it clearly appears that the petitioner therefor has another plain, speedy and adequate remedy at law.
In Martin v. Sloan, after a temporary injunction was dissolved in an action brought by an administrator, the defendant therein moved for an assessment of damages on the injunction bond. During the proceedings a new administrator was substituted. One of the sureties on the injunction bond instituted this proceeding, and applied for a writ of prohibition to prevent the court from proceeding any further upon the motion for damages, on the ground that the original suit had abated, and the jurisdiction of the court terminated. The court said: "This is plainly no case for the issuance of a writ of prohibition. Should the trial court enter a finding and judgment for damages against petitioner and the other sureties on the injunction bond, any one of them aggrieved may review that result by appeal or writ of error, on taking proper steps to that end. Any error that the court may make in determining the proper limits of its jurisdiction in the premises can be effectively corrected by any of the usual modes of reviewing judgments. The writ of prohibition should issue only in circumstances where the ordinary remedies are inadequate to the ends of justice. Where as here, an appeal or writ of error furnishes a complete and effective remedy for an error of the court below prejudicial to the rights of a party, this extraordinary remedy should be denied." (11 S. W. Rep. 558; see, also: People ex rel. Loveland v.District Court,
2. Petitioner next contends that the writ should be issued to prohibit respondent, Wells, from acting as judge upon the trial of said cause, upon the ground that he is not one of the *53 district judges, authorized to try cases in the district court of the state of Nevada; that he is acting as a judge without any authority of law; that he has in defiance of law and without any jurisdiction, "usurped the authority and power to try said cause, in that the law under which he was appointed and commissioned by the governor is wholly void, and of no effect." On the other hand, it is claimed that the right of respondent, Wells, to exercise and perform the functions of a district judge, and his title to the office of district judge, cannot be raised, tried or determined in this proceeding; that the constitutionality of the act of the legislature under which he was appointed to the office is not involved, and cannot be attacked, and should not be considered or decided herein; that the validity of the act, in so far as it involves respondent's title to the office, can only be considered and determined in proceedings in the nature of quo warranto instituted, as provided by statute, for the purpose of determining his right to hold said office; that until such a proceeding is instituted, and until it is decided therein that he has no right or title to the office, he is, as to third persons and the public, at least a de facto officer; and that all his acts as such are valid and binding, and that there is no valid reason why he should not be permitted to try petitioner's case, as well as the oases of other litigants pending in the court over which he presides. Which contention is correct? First, let us consider the facts upon which the respective claims are based.
The act supplemental to and amendatory of an act entitled "An act to redistrict the state," etc., approved. March 4, 1885, was approved March 12, 1889; and section 1 of said act reads as follows: "The number of district judges in the judicial district of the state of Nevada shall, from and after the passage of this act, be four; and the governor of said state shall immediately upon the passage of this act, appoint a district judge from said judicial district to hold such office under such appointment until the nest general election, when four district judges from said judicial district shall be elected." (Stat. 1889, 122.) There was, at the time of the passage of this act, a district court legally constituted, constitutionally organized and existing by virtue of law, to be held in every county of the state. The office of district judge also legally existed. There was but one judicial district for the entire state, but one district court, and one judicial office in connection therewith to be *54
filled, to-wit.: the office of district judge of the district court of the state of Nevada. This office was then filled by three district judges, each having equal and co-extensive and concurrent jurisdiction and power throughout the state to hold the district court in any county, and to exercise and perform the powers, duties, and functions of the court, and all other duties pertaining to the office of district judge. These judges were authorized to elect a presiding judge, who had, among other filings, the power to direct the district judges to hold court in the several counties as the public business might require. (Stat. 1885, 60; State exrel. Coffin v. Atherton,
The legislature, in 1889, deeming it to be necessary for the proper and speedy transaction of judicial business in the district court, and believing that they were authorized to increase the number of district judges, passed the act in question, authorizing the governor to appoint another judge. This act did not create any new court or new officer. It simply provided for an increase of judges. There were to be more officers — an additional district judge to preside in the district court, and perform the functions and exercise the powers of a district judge throughout the state. The governor, pursuant to the provisions of the supplemental act, appointed and commissioned the respondent as a district judge. There was no first, second, third, or fourth judge. But there were four district judges, each commissioned to fill the one office of district judge; each apparently at least, authorized to hold court, not in any particular county, but in each and every county in the state. We are bound to take judicial notice of the fact that, after respondent was commissioned and sworn into office, he was assigned by the presiding judge of the judicial district to hold the district court in the county of White Pine, and certain other counties; that immediately thereafter he commenced to discharge the duties pertaining to the office of district judge; and that for more than a year past he has been recognized by the state and county officers, and by the people of this state, as one of the district judges, and that his right to perform the duties of the office of district judge, and receive the salary pertaining thereto, has never been questioned until this proceeding was instituted. It is a general rule, of universal application, that the acts of an officer de facto are valid and binding as to third persons and the public, and cannot be questioned except in a *55 direct proceeding instituted for that purpose by quowarranto.
In Coyle v. Commonwealth, the defendant, on trial for murder, contended that the judge was acting under an unconstitutional law, and that he had no jurisdiction to try the case. The supreme court said: "The question sought to be raised by the prisoner's special plea to the jurisdiction is not properly before us. The rightful authority of a judge, in the full exercise of his public judicial functions, cannot be questioned by any merely private suitor, nor by any other, excepting in the form especially provided by law. A judge de facto
assumes the exercise of a part of the prerogative of sovereignty, and the legality of that assumption is open to the attack of the sovereign power alone. If the question may be raised by one private suitor, it may be raised by all; and the administration of justice would, under such circumstances, prove a failure. It is not denied that Judge McLean was a judge de facto, and if so he is a judge de jure as to all parties except the commonwealth. The attorney general, representing the sovereignty of the state, by a writ of quowarranto, might properly present this constitutional question for our consideration, but it cannot come before us from any other source, or in any other form." (104 Pa. St. 130; see, also, to same effect, Clark v.Commonwealth, 29 Pa. St. 129; Commonwealth
v. McCombs, 56 Pa. St. 436; People v.Sassovich,
But petitioner contends that respondent is not a defacto officer, that the conditions necessary to constitute such an officer do not exist, that there is no office to be filled, that it is a legal impossibility for a fourth judge to fill the office of district judge, "because the office has always been full," and that for these reasons the rule above stated has no application to this case. We admit that there can be no officer, either de jure or defacto, if there be no office to fill; that an office attempted to be created *56
by an unconstitutional law has no legal existence, is without any validity, and that any person attempting to fill such a pretended office, whether by appointment or otherwise, is a usurper, whose acts would be absolutely null and void, and could be questioned by any private suitor, in any kind of an action or proceeding. It would be a misnomer of terms to call a person an "officer" who holds no office. A public office can not exist without authority of law. An office can not be created by an unconstitutional act, for such an act is no law. It confers no rights, imposes no duties, affords no protection, furnishes no shield, and gives no authority. It is in legal contemplation to be regarded as never having been possessed of any legal force or effect, and is always to be treated as though it never existed. (State ex rel.Stevenson v. Tufly,
The case of Ex-parte Roundtree
The legislature of Kentucky attempted, in an unconstitutional manner, to abolish the constitutional court of appeals, and to create a new court of appeals, in direct violation of the plain provisions of the constitution of the state. The constitutional court of appeals, inHildreth's Heirs v. McIntire's Devisee,
1 J. J. Marshall 206, held that there could be but one court of appeals, and that such a thing as a de facto
court of appeals could not exist under the constitution, and as no such court existed the gentlemen appointed to preside over such a court were not de facto officers. InNorton v. Shelby Co.,
What constitutes a de facto officer? This court inMallett v. Uncle Sam G. S. M. Co.,
In State v. Carroll, Chief Justice Butler gave the following complete definition of a de facto
officer: "An officer de facto is one whose acts, though not those of a lawful officer, the law, upon principles of policy and justice, will hold valid so far as they involve the interests of the public and third persons, where the duties of the office were exercised:First. Without a known appointment or election, but under such circumstances of reputation or acquiescence as were calculated to induce people, without inquiry, to submit to or invoke his action, supposing him to be the officer he assumed to be. Second. Under color of a known and valid appointment or election, but where the officer had failed to conform to some precedent requirement or condition, as to take an oath, give a bond, or the like.Third. Under color of a known election or appointment, void because the officer was not eligible, or because there was a want of power in the electing or appointing body, or by reason of some defect or irregularity in its exercise; such ineligibility, want of power, or defect being unknown to the public. Fourth. Under color of an election or appointment by or pursuant to a public unconstitutional law, before the same is adjudged to be such." (
In Taylor v. Skrine, decided in 1815, it was sought to set aside *59 a decree on the ground that it was made by a person who was not constitutionally qualified to preside as judge. There was an act in South Carolina authorizing the governor to appoint and commission some fit and proper person to sit as judge in case any of the judges on the circuit should happen to be sick or unable to hold the court in his circuit. The judge who made the decree was appointed pursuant to the provisions of that act. After the rendition of the decree the act was declared void by a decision of the supreme court. The question was whether all the acts of the judge so appointed were necessarily void. The court, in answering this question, said: "The judge in this case acted under color of legal authority. He had a commission under the seal of the state, signed by the governor, and authorized by an act of the legislature. * * * The public acts of officersde facto are often valid although the authority under which they act is void. Public convenience as well as public justice, requires that they should be supported. It would lead to incalculable mischief if all the proceedings under the several judges who have been thus appointed should be declared null and void." (3 Brev. 516.)
The cases of State v. Carroll, supra, andEx-parte Strang, 21 Ohio Stat. 610, are similar in their facts to that of Taylor v. Skrine; the difference being only that in the South Carolina case the law authorizing the appointment of a temporary judge had been declared unconstitutional before the decision inTaylor v. Skrine, was rendered, and in the other cases the court declined to pass upon the constitutional question, holding it to be unnecessary so to do, as the temporary presiding judge was at least a defacto officer, and that his acts were valid and binding as to the public and third persons. We are of opinion that the facts of the present case bring respondent clearly within the definition of a de facto officer, as given in State ex rel. Corey v. Curtis andState v. Carroll, even if the act authorizing his appointment is unconstitutional, and that the case conies clearly within the principle of law as stated in the three cases above quoted from or referred to. In those cases the office was full. There was no vacancy. The law authorizing the appointment of a temporary judge had either been declared unconstitutional, or, for the purpose of the decisions, admitted to be unconstitutional. The temporary judge acted in the place of the judge de jure, under color of authority derived from an unconstitutional *60 statute by virtue of his commission, etc. Here respondent did not take the place of either of the three other judges, for there was no separate place for either to fill, except by the assignment of the presiding judge. He was acting by virtue of his commission, in his own right by the consent of the other judges, and was assigned to the place by the presiding judge, and was the only judge presiding in the district court of the state in and for the county of White Pine. He acted as a district judge, filled the office, and presided in court, under as much color of authority as either of the temporary judges in the cases referred to. Why should not the same shield of protection to the public be given to his acts?
"The doctrine which gives validity to acts of officersde facto, whatever defects there may be in the legality of their appointment or election, is founded upon considerations of policy and necessity, for the protection of the public and individuals whose interests may be effected thereby. Offices are created for the benefit of the public, and private parties are not permitted to inquire into the title of persons clothed with the evidence of such offices, and in apparent possession of their powers and functions. For the good order and peace of society, their authority is to be respected and obeyed until, in some regular mode prescribed by law, their title is investigated and determined. It is manifest that endless confusion would result if in every proceeding before such officers, their title could be called in question."Norton v. Shelby Co.,
In Leach v. People ex rel. Patterson,
In State ex rel. Derusha v. McMartin, 43 N. W. Rep. 572, there was an act of the legislature establishing a justice's court in one of the wards of the city of St. Paul, and providing for the election of such justice at the next general city election. There was a section of the act authorizing the mayor of the city to appoint the first justice to hold the office until the next election. Respondent, McMartin, was occupying the office, and performing its duties, under appointment by the mayor, pursuant to the provisions of this act. A civil action was commenced in the court, and the defendant therein applied for a writ of prohibition to restrain McMartin from proceeding in the action, on the ground that he was not a justice of the peace, and had no authority to act as such, for the reason that the provision of the act assuming to confer the power on the mayor to till the office by appointment is unconstitutional. The court said: "This part of the act is entirely separate and distinct from the provisions creating the court or office; and hence, even assuming that the former is invalid, the latter are valid. We have, then, a case where the court or office was legally created; and the illegality if any, consists in an attempt to fill it by appointment for the period indicated in a way not authorized by the constitution. On these facts, according to all the authorities, the respondent is a justice de facto. That his title to the office cannot be tried on a writ of prohibition, but only on information in the nature of quo warranto, is too well settled to require discussion." Counsel in that case, as well as in the case under consideration, argued that petitioner had no other available remedy for the wrong and injustice that was about to be done him, and that, inasmuch as there must be a remedy for every wrong, therefore a writ of prohibition ought to be issued. But, said the court: "The fallacy consists in the assumption that relator is threatened with any wrong. Respondent being a justice defacto, his acts are as valid as if he was a justicede jure. In fact, as to everybody except the state, in proceedings by quo warranto to test his right to the office, he is, in effect, a justice de jure."
In support of the views we have expressed we cite the following additional authorities, (Rives v. Pettit,
The contention of petitioner's counsel "that, when a law is unconstitutional under which a person claims to exercise authority, that such authority may be attacked and disregarded in any form of proceedings," is not sustained by reason or authority. The legal existence of the district court of the state of Nevada, and of the office of district judge of said court, cannot be questioned. Neither the court nor the office was created by the act which is claimed to be unconstitutional. The question raised in this proceeding is not, therefore, one touching the jurisdiction of the court; but it is an inquiry into the right of a particular person to hold the office of district judge, which is a question absolutely distinct from that of the jurisdiction of the court. The only question that is before us for consideration, is whether or not the reputed or colorable authority required by law to constitute an officer de,facto can be derived from an unconstitutional statute.
From a review of the authorities bearing directly on the question, it clearly appears that it is sufficient if the officer claims and holds the office under some power having color to appoint, and that a statute, though it should be found repugnant to the constitution, will give such color.
The question of the constitutionality of the act increasing the number of district judges to four will not be considered. It is not properly before us for decision. It was not discussed by counsel for respondent, and is simply assumed to be unconstitutional by petitioner's counsel. This question, in so far as respondent's right to hold the office of district judge is concerned, can only be raised in a direct proceeding, by quo warranto, to determine by what authority he exercises the right.
The alternative writ of prohibition heretofore issued in this case is vacated, and the temporary writ asked for denied.
Concurrence Opinion
I was not present, and did not hear the oral arguments made by the attorneys on the hearing for the writ. But from an examination *64 of the briefs filed, and all the authorities having any bearing upon the subject, I am of the opinion that the application for the writ should be denied.
I therefore concur in the opinion of Chief Justice Hawley.
Dissenting Opinion
At the session of 1885 the legislature constituted the state one judicial district, and provided that there should be three judges of the district court. Pursuant to this law, three judges were elected at the general election of 1886 for the term of four years. Their terms will not expire by limitation until the first Monday in January, 1891. At the session of 1889 the legislature enacted that the number of district judges should be increased to four, and authorized the governor of the state to forthwith appoint a fourth judge. Respondent was commissioned under this authority in the month of March, 1889. This enactment, in so far as it attempts to increase the number of district judges during the term of the judges elected in 1886, is in direct violation of the provisions of the constitution, which require that the number shall not be increased or diminished "except in case of a vacancy, or upon the expiration of the term of an incumbent of the office." (Const. Art. 6, Sec. 5.) The enactment, being unconstitutional and void in the respect stated, created no office or judgeship to be filled. It was as inoperative as though it had never been passed. Node jure judge could be created by virtue of its provisions; and, if there could be no de jure judge, there could be no de facto judge, for the reason that the de facto doctrine pre-supposes provision by law for a de jure officer. It is considered, however, by the majority of the court, that if the law of 1889 be unconstitutional, the office of distinct judge created by the constitution and laws passed in pursuance thereof remains; that respondent is an incumbent of this office, and therefore a de facto officer. In my view the case does not admit of the application of thede facto doctrine.
At the time of respondent's appointment the office of district judge was, and continuously since has been, filled by the three judges before mentioned. A de facto
officer, as the term implies, is one who is, in fact, the officer. It is evident that there is no room for such an officer if the number of officers fixed by the law are in the actual possession of the office. (McCahon v. *65 Commissioners,
The cases cited by the chief justice fall short, it seems to me, of estabishing the conclusion that respondent is ade facto officer. In State v. Carroll,Taylor v. Skrine and ex-parte Strang,
the legal incumbant was temporarily incapable of discharging the duties of the office, and had surrendered it and its instrumentalities to the possession of the appointee. There was, therefore, in each of these cases, a vancacy, or that which was tantamount to one. In State, ex relDerusha v. McMartin, 43 N. W. Rep. 572, the office was vacant when the appointment was made. InLeach v. People,
I think respondent should not be considered a judge defacto, and that the writ of prohibition should issue.