53 F.R.D. 78 | N.D. Ga. | 1971
ORDER
This is an antitrust suit brought by a class of city and county school boards alleging various conspiratorial violations of the federal antitrust laws by several named defendants, including Defendant Better Maid, as well as unnamed co-eon-spirators. Plaintiffs and Defendant
Rule 23(e) places on the court the responsibility of protecting the absent parties, and it gives the court the necessary discretion to fulfill this responsibility.
Plaintiffs and Better Maid have argued that they could have filed an ac
First, in a Rule 23(e) motion the parties with which the court is primarily concerned are the class of plaintiffs and the settling defendant. The non-settling defendants really have no standing to object to a proposed settlement. Philadelphia Electric Co. v. Anaconda American Brass Co., 42 F.R.D. 324, 326, n. 1 (E.D.Pa.1967). Thus, if the court approved the settlement between plaintiffs and Better Maid, making the rulings requested, it might well be argued by plaintiffs and Better Maid, that the non-settling defendants had no standing to appeal the court’s explicit declarations since they were made in the context of a Rule 23(e) motion for approval. .At least there would be some confusion regarding this issue. On the other hand, if the requests for ruling are brought in the context of an action for declaratory judgment by either plaintiffs or Defendant Better Maid, the non-settling defendants would be adverse parties and unquestionably entitled to be heard and to appeal any ruling by this court.
Second, in a motion for a Rule 23(e) approval, the notice that is required is notice to the plaintiff class. A Rule 23(e) motion is not particularly concerned with the nonsettling defendants. Nor is a Rule 23(e) motion concerned with the possibility of additional defendants being named at a later date. The fact that defendants may be added after a settlement with some defendants would not preclude approval of a settlement pursuant to Rule 23(e). Nor would the approval of settlement be less binding in the event that additional defendants were named. However, if a declaratory judgment were filed questions regarding the heretofore unnamed co-conspirators might well arise. For instance, the non-settling defendants might move pursuant to Rule 19(a) to join a heretofore unnamed co-conspirator on the,grounds that a determination of the contribution issue should be made binding on these unnamed co-conspirators. Possibly, though not probably, a heretofore unnamed co-conspirator might move to be joined in a declaratory judgment action regarding non-settling defendant’s rights of contribution. In a Rule 23(e) motion by the plaintiff and the settling defendants, there is no way for the non-settling defendants or unnamed co-conspirators who will likely become non-settling defendants to present the matters discussed above to the court. The distinctions between a Rule 23(e) motion for approval of settlement and a declaratory judgment are quite real. Plaintiffs and Defendant Better Maid have indicated no reason that would justify the court in causing the confusion that would result if these distinctions were obliterated.
Furthermore, even if the court did decide it could properly make declaratory rulings in the context of a Rule 23(e) motion for approval of settlement, the rulings requested by plaintiffs and Better Maid could not be made. In the first place, the whole question of whether the non-settling defendants may obtain contribution from Better Maid in the event of a final judgment against them, is contingent upon the plaintiff prevailing on the trial of the case. In Great Northern Paper Co. v. Babcock & Wilcox Co., 46 F.R.D. 67 (N.D.Ga.1968), this court was faced with an analogous situation. In Great Northern, the plaintiff was an employee of Babcock & Wilcox, a contractor performing work for Great Northern. Plaintiff was injured while working on the Great Northern job and sued Great Northern for negligence. Great Northern then brought a declaratory judgment action asking the court to declare that Babcock’s insurance
“First, any question of Travelers’ liability to indemnify the plaintiffs is premature at this point. It is possible that in the action on Kirkland’s suit Great Northern will be found not liable, or B & W’s indemnity contract with Great Northern may be inapplicable to an injury such as that suffered by Kirkland. Thus, Travelers may never be liable at all. In fact, the liability of all of the defendants does not even come into question until and unless Great Northern is held liable for Kirkland’s injuries. The court should not pass on questions of insurance coverage and liability for indemnification when the contingencies giving rise to them may never occur. To do so would amount to an advisory opinion, which this court cannot give. * * * ” 46 F.R.D. 67, 70.
The Fifth Circuit’s ruling in American F. & C. Co. v. Pennsylvania T. & F. Mut. Cas. Ins. Co., 280 F.2d 453 (5th Cir. 1960), supports this holding. In American F. & C. Co., Clay, a motor carrier, leased a driver and truck to Britt, another motor carrier. Clay’s driver was involved in a collision which resulted in the filing of suit against Clay and Britt. Clay’s carrier then instituted a declaratory judgment action requesting the court to declare that Britt’s insurance carrier had a duty to defend the suit and a duty to pay any judgment rendered. The Fifth Circuit held that the district judge properly refused to rule regarding whether Britt’s insurance carrier would pay any judgment if any were rendered, because
“ * * * [I]t is not the function of a United States District Court to sit in judgment on these niee and intriguing questions which today may readily be imagined, but may never in fact come to pass.” 280 F.2d at 461.3
Plaintiffs have relied extensively on two cases which they claim require a finding of ease or controversy here. The two cases actually serve to point out another reason why a declaratory judgment cannot be given here. In the first case, Aetna Life Ins. Co. of Hartford, Conn. v. Haworth, 300 U.S. 227, 57 S.Ct. 461, 81 L.Ed. 617 (1937), the Supreme Court ruled that a district court could give a declaratory judgment concerning whether an insured met the “disability” definition of his life insurance policy so as to come within the policy’s waiver of premium provisions. The Aetna case is different from the instant case in one very important respect. In Aetna the dispute was over specific facts and the application of a specific provision of an existing contract to these facts. The parties did not know how to proceed under the contract because they could not agree on the results of the application of an existing contract to existing facts. In the instant case the dispute is not over the application of an existing contract to disputed facts. There is no existing contract; and there are no disputed facts regarding the application of the proposed contract. Rather, the court is asked to tell the parties what their rights will be under the law if the parties enter into a settlement agreement.
Plaintiffs have referred the court to Lumbermen’s Mut. Cas. Co. v. Borden Co., 241 F.Supp. 683 (S.D.N.Y.1965). As plaintiffs have stated, the court in Lumbermen’s did say that a declaratory judgment could be rendered regarding rights that were contingent upon the establishment of an underlying liability. To the extent that Lumbermen’s may fairly be said to stand for this proposition, it is in conflict with this court’s own decision in Great Northern Paper Co., supra, and is rejected. Moreover, a close reading of Lumbermen’s casts doubt upon the application of the case to the particular fact situation involved in this case. The court in Lumbermen’s was asked to render a declaratory judgment regarding three issues in a somewhat complicated fact situation. First, the court was asked by plaintiff insurance carrier to determine whether various defendant insurance carriers were liable for injuries caused by plaintiff’s insured under “other insurance” clauses of policies issued by these other insurance carriers. Second, the court was asked to determine whether plaintiff’s insured had relieved plaintiff of liability under its insurance contract because plaintiff’s insured had breached a contract provision preserving the insurer’s right of subrogation and prohibiting the insured from releasing any third parties from liability. Third, the court was asked to determine whether the insurer’s payments to its insured would entitle plaintiff to subrogation against these same third parties if it were determined that plaintiff had not released the third parties from liability. Regarding the determination of the third issue, the court said it could make a declaration of Plaintiff Lumbermen’s subrogation rights even though Plaintiff Lumbermen’s liability to Defendant Borden had not yet been established in the initial damage suit filed by Borden. However, the court carefully explained why the ruling involving rights contingent upon the establishment of underlying claims of liability was not premature. In the damage action brought by the insured Borden against insurer Lumbermen’s in Louisiana, one of Lumbermen’s defenses was that Borden had breached the contract with Lumbermen’s by releasing third parties possibly liable to Borden and thus liable to Lumbermen’s by sub-rogation should Lumbermen’s pay Borden. This was also the second basic issue in the declaratory judgment action brought by Lumbermen’s against Borden and other carriers in New York. In both instances the question involved an application of the insurance contract provision to a disputed fact situation. The question was whether Borden had breached paragraph 23 of the insurance contract which provided:
“Said policy No. 2XL 71499 provided that upon making any payment thereunder, plaintiff would be subro-gated to Borden’s rights of recovery therefor against any person and that Borden would do nothing after any claimed accident to prejudice such rights.” 241 F.Supp. at 686.
In summary, the court has concluded the motion for approval of settlement must be denied for the following reasons:
(1) In a Rule 23(e) motion for approval of settlement the court’s function is to either approve or reject a proposed settlement. The considerations before the court in a Rule 23(e) motion are essentially different from the considerations before the court in an action for declaratory judgment. Consequently, the court should not make what is really a declaratory judgment in the context of approving a proposed settlement. Because the approval of the settlement here would also involve declarations, the “settlement” cannot be approved.
(2) Plaintiffs and Defendant Better Maid have offered for approval a settlement that is conditioned on various declaratory rulings by the court; thus they have really offered no settlement at all, and there is nothing for the court to approve at this time.
(3) Even if the plaintiffs’ motion for approval of settlement could properly be considered as a prayer for declaratory relief, the requisite case or controversy is not present because
(a) the requested rulings involve a declaration concerning a right of contribution that is contingent on an underlying claim which has not yet been established; and
(b) the requested rulings involve a determination of rights that would accrue if a presently non-existent contract were agreed on in the future, rather than a declaration of rights of adverse parties under a presently existing contract. Clearly, any ruling concerning parties future rights under a proposed, but non-existent contract would be advisory.
This decision involves controlling questions of law that may materially advance the ultimate determination of the litigation. There is substantial ground for difference of opinion regarding these questions. Therefore, this order is certified as appealable pursuant to 28 U.S.C.A. § 1292(b).
. Rule 23(e) provides: “Dismissal or Compromise. A class action shall not be dismissed or compromised without the approval of the court, and notice of the proposed dismissal or compromise shall be given to all members of the class in such manner as the court directs.”
. The test on appeal is whether the trial judge abused his discretion in approving or disapproving the settlement. Sheffield v. Itawamba County Board of Supervisors, 439 F.2d 35 (5th Cir. 1971).
. The holding could be read as indicating the extent of the trial judge’s discretion in declining to issue a declaratory judgment rather than a decision delimiting the district court’s “case or controversy” jurisdiction.
. As stated above, it is apparent that a settlement agreement does not now exist. The requested declarations are conditions precedent to the agreement. In this part of the opinion the court is assuming that plaintiffs’ and Defendant Better Maid’s Rule 23(e) motion could be treated as an action for a declaratory judgment. If it were so characterized, no settlement agreement would actually be in existence at the time the court was called upon to make the requested declaration.
. Plaintiffs have also stated that they rely on the Fifth Circuit cases cited by the court in Lumbermen’s for support of their argument that a “case or controversy” does exist in the instant case. A reading of the three Fifth Circuit cases most heavily relied on by the court in Lumbermen’s does not bolster plaintiffs’ arguments. In Dotschay for Use and Ben. of Alfonso v. National Mut. Ins. Co., 246 F.2d 221 (5th Cir. 1957), the court stated an insured could get a declaration regarding the duty of the insurer to settle the claim. Obviously, this situation involved determination of rights under an existing contract. Likewise, in American F. & C. Co. v. United States F. & G. Co., 305 F.2d 633 (5th Cir. 1962), the Court was concerned with declaring whether a person was an insured under an existing insurance policy. In Byers v. Byers, 254 F.2d 205 (5th Cir. 1958), Judge Brown began by stating that his ruling did not involve a determination of whether a sufficient case or controversy existed to issue a declaratory judgment.
