442 U.S. 901 | SCOTUS | 1979
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
I cannot join the Court’s unexplained denial of the State’s motion to vacate the stay order entered a few minutes before
Attorneys representing defendants under sentence of death have a difficult and arduous task to perform, but in seeking stays of execution they need devote little time to the oft-litigated issue of “irreparable injury.” “[D]eath is a punishment different from all other sanctions in kind rather than degree.” Woodson v. North Carolina, 428 U. S. 280, 303-304 (1976) (opinion of Stewart, Powell, and Stevens, JJ.). The irreversible nature of the penalty makes irreparable by definition any injury inflicted in violation of the United States Constitution. But because imposition of the death penalty is irreversible, I respectfully suggest that there may be a tendency on the part of individual judges or courts exercising the extraordinary-writ authority conferred upon them by 28 U. S. C. § 1651 not merely to resolve all constitutional questions fairly admitting of doubt in favor of a federal habeas petitioner under sentence of death, but to create or assume such doubts where in fact there are none.
My understanding of the principal opinions in Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U. S. 153 (1976), Proffitt v. Florida, 428 U. S. 242
Thus, it can hardly be said that a State will never be injured by issuance of such last-minute stays of execution. When a State has taken all steps required by our capital cases, its will, as represented by the legislature that authorized the imposition of the death sentence and by the juries and courts that
“This Court has the responsibility to supervise the administration of criminal justice by the federal judiciary. This includes the duty to see that the laws are not only enforced by fair proceedings, but also that the punishments prescribed by the laws are enforced with a reasonable degree of promptness and certainty. The stay which had been issued promised many more months of litigation in a case which had otherwise run its full course.” Id., at 287.
In the same case, Mr. Justice Clark, joined by the Chief Justice, Mr. Justice Reed, Mr. Justice Jackson, Mr. Justice Burton, and Mr. Justice Minton, stated:
“Our liberty is maintained only so long as justice is secure. To permit our judicial processes to be used to obstruct the course of justice destroys our freedom. Over two years ago the Rosenbergs were found guilty by a jury of a grave offense in time of war. Unlike other litigants they have had the attention of this Court seven times; each time their pleas have been denied. Though the penalty is great and our responsibility heavy, our duty is clear.” Id., at 296.
Under the present combination of statutes and rules by which stay authority is exercised, however, a result so at odds with a government of law is by no means foreordained. This Court has authority pursuant to 28 U. S. C. § 1651 to vacate any stay granted by any other federal court or judge pursuant
Here, respondent has not had an opportunity to file any response to the motion to vacate the stay. Given the gravity of the consequences of vacation of the stay, only the most demonstrable and self-evident error on the part of the judge or court issuing the stay would lead me to conclude that it should be vacated. Here, the circumstances surrounding issuance of the stay convince me that such error is present.
Respondent’s “Original Petition for a Writ of Habeas Corpus by a Person in State Custody,” filed with Judge Tuttle six years after respondent’s trial and less than nine hours before respondent was scheduled to die, alleged for the first time that respondent’s trial attorney had rendered ineffective assistance of counsel. The petition further alleged that respondent’s “post-conviction attorneys,” who are, incidentally, extraordinarily skilled and experienced in the area of capital punishment cases, rendered ineffective assistance in failing to claim that respondent’s trial counsel had been ineffective. It strains credulity to suppose that six years and countless courthouses after his trial, respondent suddenly determined that his trial attorney had been ineffective. Either he does not believe the claim himself or he had held the claim in reserve, an insurance policy of sorts, to spring on the federal judge of his choice if all else fails. This Court has disapproved of such tactics before:
“Thus, for example, if a prisoner deliberately withholds one of two grounds for federal collateral relief at the time of filing his first application, in the hope of being granted*906 two hearings rather than one or for some other such reason, he may be deemed to have waived his right to a hearing on a second application presenting the withheld ground. . . . Nothing in the traditions of habeas corpus requires the federal courts to tolerate needless piecemeal litigation, or to entertain collateral proceedings whose only purpose is to vex, harass, or delay.” Sanders v. United States, 373 U. S. 1, 18 (1963).
See also Federal Habeas Corpus Rule 9 (b).
Moreover, respondent, for unexplained but obvious reasons, presented his original petition not to the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida, the jurisdiction in which he- is detained and which had twice denied him postcon-viction relief, but to a Senior Circuit Judge residing several hundred miles away in Atlanta, Ga. Title 28 U. S. C. § 2242, designed to deter such forum shopping, requires that petitions for habeas corpus “addressed to the Supreme Court, a justice thereof or a circuit judge , . . shall state the reasons for not making application to the district court of the district in which the applicant is held.” Nowhere in respondent’s original petition is such an allegation made.
For the foregoing reasons, I am compelled to dissent from the Court’s denial of the State’s motion.
The Court’s denial of the motion took place on Thursday, May 24. Though the later action of the Court of Appeals 'for the Fifth Circuit in vacating the stay has robbed this Court’s denial of any lasting significance,
Lead Opinion
C. A. 5th Cir. Motion of the Attorney General of Florida to vacate the order entered by Honorable Elbert Parr Tuttle, Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, on May 22, 1979, denied.