21 Mo. App. 609 | Mo. Ct. App. | 1886
— In 1830, in the state of Vermont, there was born of an unmarried mother, a girl child, whose subsequent history forms the greater part of a voluminous, record of nearly four hundred pages. She was put in charge of her grandfather Hulett, under whose care and protection she grew into young womanhood. Her mother married a man named Remington, who was the child’s reputed father. He died some years thereafter, and his widow, following the course of emigration then pouring from the east into Michigan, moved to Detroit, whither many of her relatives had preceded her. She had not been in Michigan long ere she married, perhaps in the-
Defendant, in 1844, followed her mother to Detroit and took up her home with her, in her step-father’s family. In the same city there had been married before-this, a widower Marsh, to a widow Gavin, each having-grown children. The Gavins consisted of several boys: James, Isaac, Knox and Charles, and it is Charles, who,, next to the parties concerned, figures most prominently in this cause. It is on account of an alleged prior marriage between defendant and Charles Gavin that this suit is now prosecuted by plaintiff. He first instituted it for divorce only, the cause being intolerable indignities, and conspiracy to defraud him of his property. Thereafter, in December, 1882, he amended his petition and ásked for a divorce for her unchastity, charging her with adultery in 1859, giving birth to an illegitimate child in 1878, and that at the time of her intermarriage with him she had a living husband in the person of Charles Gavin. After-wards, the plaintiff filed yet another amended pleading, in which he omits all charges except the prior marriage to Gavin, and instead of asking for a divorce, he prays that his marriage with defendant be declared a nullity and void ab initio. Defendant made answer to the last amendment, in which she denied all but the marriage with plaintiff, and in addition thereto, she set up by way of cross-bill, many grievances against plaintiff, and prayed a divorce for his fault, with alimony. Her principal charges against him were gross indignities, habitual drunkenness, and adultery. On trial in the court below, the plaintiff prevailed, and defendant appealed to the supreme court of the state, from whence the cause was transferred to this court. The case presents some remarkable aspects. The evidence covers a period of fifty odd years, and comes mostly from people of advanced age, who are compelled to call back many facts and incidents necessarily forgotten in the vicissitudes of the length of a life-time since their happening. The defend
As I have said, defendant’s reputed father was Remington, who afterwards married her mother. She was raised by her grandfather Hulett, and afterwards lived for a time with the Haskins family. She thus came to be known in Detroit by the name of Remington, Hulett, Haskins, and Gavin. How she got the latter name is one of the issues, as well as one of the mysteries, of this case. She was arrested August 2, 1847, on the complaint of Haskins, her stepfather, under the name of Paulina Gavin. 'She was married a year thereafter to Bernard Dunham, as Paulina Gavin. Shortly after this marriage, she and her husband removed to LaPorte, Indiana, where they lived only a short time. For some cause, or with
“Defendant told me that before she came to St. Louis she lived in Detroit, Michigan, with her stepfather, John Haskins. That soon after going to Detroit, she met Charles R. Gavin, and got acquainted with him at Spring-well, aplace about six miles from Detroit. That some time after that she and Charles R. Gavin were in company at a party at night; that they, in company with a young lady, left the party and- went in search of some one to perform the marriage ceremony between her and Gavin; the office of the justice of the peace had closed, and thef went to a boarding-house, or hotel, where a preacher boarded, and that she and Charles R. Gavin were there united in marriage by that preacher; that they went to their stepfather’s house that night and told her mother, Jane Haskins, that she and Gavin had just been married; that her mother did not approve of the marriage, and became enraged and threw a bucket of slop-water on her and Gavin, and drove him away and would not let him stay there that night; that next morning, her stepfather, John Haskins, went to the preacher who had performed the ceremony and threatened to have him prosecuted. That she and Gavin lived and cohabited together there in D etroit for some time thereafter. I don’t remember how long, or whether she stated how long. That Gavin then started to California and died on the way, and that she then married Dunham.”
Whatever may be the truth as to just what history she gave him of herself, he was in love with her and proffered assistance in divorce proceedings against Dun-ham, her recreant husband. The result was she obtained a divorce from Dunham, and was duly and formally mar
While there is nothing witnessing the marriage, either written or oral, plaintiff relies for the support of the judgment in his favor on the proof of the marriage by reputation, defendant’s acknowledgment to that effect, and the circumstances of her being arrested, and being married to Dunham under the name of Gavin. In other-words, he does not rely on direct proof of the marriage itself, but only on such evidence from which, generally, a marriage will be presumed. Acknowledgment, cohabitation and reputation are presumptive evidence of marriage, and, standing alone, will be conclusive evidence of that question.
It is not contended by plaintiff that defendant met Charles Gavin earlier than July, 1845, or that their alleged marriage was earlier than September, 1845. He-was sentenced to jail for twenty days, in the state of New York, for having, on the twenty-seventh of September, 1845, stolen a pair of pants in that state. He was again sentenced at Buffalo, in September, 1846, for having-stolen money in July, 1846, for a term of years, expiring September, 1849. Defendant was publicly married to-Bernard Dunham in August, 1848, in the city of Detroit. Thus, allowing that defendant married Gavin in September, 1845, he must have departed for New York immediately, and have entered upon his career of crime almost-immediately, in order to have stolen the pants ere the first month of his marriage had expired. Allowing, also, that he returned to Detroit after his short term of imprisonment, his holding defendant out as his wife, and cohabiting with her as such, and the reputation of their marriage, must all have taken place between the time of his return to Detroit and the July following, for in that month he stole money in Buffalo, and was shortly there
That of Isaac R. Gavin fails to sustain plaintiff’s-theory. It is true he sa.ys that his brother and defendant were married in 1845, but he states he learned this-from the talk of his mother, who, he states, recognized her as a member of the family. His mother, Mrs. Marsh, denies this, and his stepfather states it is not true. In the matter of cohabitation and reputation, his evidence* is point blank against plaintiff, for he says that his brother Charles lived at home with his mother all the time he was-in Detroit, and he never knew of his living at any other place; that he never knew of defendant living any place exce|)t at her mother’s, and that he never heard any one-say they were married other than his mother and Charles. Considering his relationship to the parties, his opportunity to know if his brother lived with the family while-in Detroit, I am unable to understand how he could be-mistaken as to his brother living at home with his mother’s family all the time he was in Detroit, and that' defendant did not live with them at any time. If this is true, there was no cohabitation — -no dweliing together in the sense required in making out a marriage by presumptive evidence. The witness’ mother and stepfather-corroborated him in this regard. Cohabit means to dwell together; to inhabit the same place, and when we say cohabit, we mean having the same abode, and when' applied to the relation of husband and wife, it includes their sexual relation.
The sum and substance of Dezalia’s evidence is that he was told by Charles Gavin that he, Charles, was defendant’s husband. He did not pretend to know how*
The other evidence presents many contradictions, and most of it comes from a source to cast much discredit on the statements made. De Mass and Burgess present ¡good illustrations of the untrustworthiness of plaintiff’s evidence under this head. They each state these parties lived together as man and wife for two years or more, ■when, by the admitted facts of Gavin’s first acquaintance with defendant, and the record evidence of his imprisonment in Buffalo, together with defendant’s conceded marriage to Dunham, makes their story an impossibility. 'They have Gavin and defendant living together as man .and wife, under their observation, at specified places in Detroit to at least the fall of 1847, when Gavin had then been in the New York penitentiary for a year, sentenced for a crime committed in NeV York, of course, before his trial.
There is another consideration to be weighed in analyzing this evidence.
The majority of these witnesses give their depositions in the cause, and, though now far advanced in years, seem voluntarily to flaunt their own vice, immorality, and debauchery, in the face of the courts of justice. They say .defendant lived in a house of ill-fame, ¡and in speaking of this they leave the field of reputation .and deal in facts derived from their own experience. They boldly state their frequent attendance upon this house. The vigor and indiscretion of youth may be argued as an extenuation of much immorality; but advancing years will silence all voluntary reference to such breaches of social and moral law with any one possessed
The plaintiff is seeking to establish a marriage between Gavin and defendant by proof of their cohabiting together, and of their holding themselves out as man and wife; in other words, by presumptive proof. Now,' let us look at the status of the parties, as plaintiff ’ s proof fixes it. Plaintiff’s statement says of Gavin: “Some time in July, 1845, she (defendant) met and formed the acquaintance of Charles R. Gavin, who was, at the time, twenty
Plaintiff, by the evidence in his behalf, next fixes' the status of defendant. Most of his witnesses say she was a prostitute immediately after, if not before, Gavin went to New York, which was in the spring of 1846. An analysis of plaintiff’s evidence next fixes the status of the two together, in the relation, according to plaintiff’s •contention, of husband and wife.
Dazalia says she was living in a house of prostitution •on Darned street, which place was known as a house of prostitution, and was kept by the same woman for years. •On cross-examination, he says he never knew of her living at but two places, “old peppersass” (defendant’s ■stepfather), and afterwards at Mrs. Lynch’s. This Mrs. Lynch is the party referred to as the woman who kept the house for a number of years, as is abundantly shown by plaintiff ’ s other witnesses. De Mass says they, Gavin and defendant, lived on Darned street, opposite St. Ann’s •church; that Mrs. Lynch lived down stairs, and they upstairs ; that she lived there some time after he went to prison, and kept a house of prostitution. Burgess, also, says they lived on Darned street, opposite St. Ann’s church.
McDonald says they lived at same place, and that the house was of bad repute; that an old woman with •two children lived in the house and occupied it all summer ; sometimes with one or two other girls. That on one occasion, before Gavin left, she complained to him (he was a constable) that she had had some articles of clothing stolen, and that defendant knew all about it; that he went up stairs, and saw defendant and Gavin in
There is another branch of the evidence, however, as presented by plaintiff, which goes much further, indeed, to sustain him than that just commented upon, and that is the uncontradicted record proof of her arrest by her stepfather under the name of Paulina Gavin, and her marriage to Dunham as Paulina Gavin. Her explanation of her taking the name of Gavin, it must be admitted, is, standing alone, far from satisfactory. She had been raised by her grandfather Hulett, and had gone by that name before she came into the Haskins family. If she wished to avoid the name of Haskins, as it was being given her, she being comparatively a stranger, and the Haskins family having been there for years, it would appear now she could have obtained that desirable end by proclaiming the name of Hulett. She says, however, her nearest friend, Knox Gavin, suggested the idea of passing as his cousin, Miss Gavin, as he did not like the repute of the Haskins girls, and that he introduced her by that name, and in that way she became known as Paulina Gavin. In this connection it must be remembered she was only fifteen years old, and must not be credited with much forethought. It is not going far to say a young girl of that age, raised as she had been, wanting to form a social acquaintance, might readily
Again, she wrote letters to Isaac and Charles Gavin, and it is urged with much force that they show her to have been married to Charles. The letters are not such as a good woman of any learning would write, yet, I cannot agree that they condemn her. The defendant, though a woman of physical charm and beauty, was not adorned with the acquirements of learning. Her expressions in the letters are most awkward. Her spelling is scarcely intelligible. They do not admit a marriage; they assert that if Charles will swear the truth, he will so state; they assert her innocence and her desperate strait to relieve herself of the false charge; they hold out inducements for testimony, when interpreted literally, that an honest person would not offer. But, as before stated, her apparent ignorance is such that it is necessary to look closely to her expressions. In one letter she says to Isaac that he could help her disprove the charges and she would pay him well for his trouble — that she might as well pay him as a detective. The letters, disconnected from the other evidence, would be of no force; would be harmless as proof of a marriage. The only remaining testimony on plaintiff’s part consists in that relating to her acknowledgments to that effect made severally to plaintiff himself and to one Mrs. Barrett. Defendant denies each of their statements. In this connection, I will say that there exist admitted facts in this record, which not only tend to discredit the plaintiff’s own evidence, but
Mrs. Barrett’s evidence lacks all the elements of probability. She was a dressmaker and a stranger to defendant, yet she relates that defendant voluntarily told her the story, which, if true, had been the secret of her life, which, if known, wms her annihilation, and which she had kept securely locked within her own breast for the past quarter of a century. Moreover, at this very time, she was using all her energies, all her resources and power to disprove the charge wiiich had already been made by plaintiff. It is scarcely conceivable that defendant, thus, at the very outset of a desperate legal conflict with her
That defendant did go by the name of Gfavin is conceded. That she took that name by lawful marriage is the point in dispute. I. think the surroundings, the circumstances as shown by the evidence, the evidence itself, and the law as applied to these, are against the proposition. Husband and wife they are not proved to be. Man and mistress they may have been. Detroit, in 1845, was not a large place, and a public crime like bigamy would hardly be attempted in the midst of those knowing it to be a crime. The bigamist is an itinerant.
There is a point made against defendant, which, if we did not deem explained by the evidence, we would consider of great force, and that is that her mother, who is yet living and making her home with defendant, was not introduced at the trial, either in person or by deposition. Defendant, however, testified that her mother was an invalid and very old, and that two attempts had been made to take her deposition, but that her health and mind were such it could not be taken.
I have thus gone over the principal facts of this cáseas they can be gleaned from a voluminous record ; and I will now proceed to state a few principles of law, which, -when applied to the case, will fortify us on our conclusions as to the facts.
II. Again, recurring to the principle that the evidence offered by the plaintiff is not direct proof of the marriage itself, but only such as raises a presumption of marriage — presumptive evidence — it stands, unless overcome by contrary proof in the case, or a contrary and equally strong, or stronger presumption. “Nothing can be clearer than this, a presumption may be rebutted by a contrary and stronger presumption.” Jayne v. Price, 5 Taunt. 326. In this case, granting plaintiff’s evidence its full force, we have two presumptions, one of marriage to Gavin, and the other of the innocence of defendant of the crime of bigamy. And this latter presumption arises in her favor, notwithstanding she is not on trial for the crime. Which, therefore, is the stronger presumption in this case % Lawson, in his work on Presumptive Evidence, says : “Wherethere are conflicting presumptions, the presumption of innocence will prevail against the presumptien of the continuance of life; the presumption of the continuance of things generally ; the presumption of marriage (and) the presumption of chastity.” This statement has ample backing from well considered adjudications. Case v. Case, 17 Cal. 598;
In Case v. Case, supra, it is said, Field, C. J. (now -of the United States Supreme Court), concurring, that, “ in suit for divorce on the ground of adultery, the marriage will not be inferred from matrimonial cohabitation, with the reputation of being married persons, if the re.•snlt of such inference be to prove defendant guilty of bigamy. In such cases actual marriage must be proven.” And this “presumption in favor of innocence is not confined to proceedings instituted with a view of punishing the supposed offence, but holds in all civil suits where it comes collaterally in question.” Ib.
I regard the case of Klein v. Landman, supra, as-an authority applicable under this evidence. In that case Klein and his wife sued Landman and wife for slandering plaintiff Margaret. ' The answer stated they had “no knowledge or information sufficient to enable them to form a belief whether plaintiffs are husband and wife as alleged.” The defendant introduced, against plaintiff’s objection, declarations made by Margaret,, that previous to her marriage to her. present husband,, she had been married in Germany to another man. The court gave the following instruction for defendant: “If the jury find from the evidence that Margaret Klein was married in Germany to another person than Leonard Klein, the plaintiff, then such relation is presumed to-continue and it devolved on plaintiffs to prove to the satisfaction of the jury that such marriage was legally terminated before the date of the marriage certificate-read in evidence, or they cannot recover.” This instruction, per Napton, J., was declared to be erroneous: “There was no presumption that a marriage, which was-proved to have existed at one time in Germany, continued to exist here, after positive proof of a second marriage defacto here. The presumption of law is, that the conduct of the parties is in conformity to law, until
I can see no escape of plaintiff ’ s case from the reasoning in that case. Here, Chas. Gavin is shown to be still alive, yet the supreme court maintain that so strong is the presumption of innocence as to the second marriage proven in fact, that the law will infer the first was dissolved. So, then, if we concede all plaintiff maintains as to the sufficiency of his proof to establish a marriage between defendant and Charles Gavin, yet an actual marriage with plaintiff being conceded, the presumption in favor of defendant’s innocence will raise the inference that her marriage with Gavin was dissolved. The conclusion is inevitable, from the adjudicated cases cited and numbers not referred to, as well as standard text writers, that in order to invalidate a second marriage formally entered into and proven in actual fact, there must be actual, as distinguished from presumptive, proof of the first marriage.
Our conclusion is the court erred in finding for plaintiff, and we will reverse the judgemnt.
Defendant’s cross-bill charges cruelty, indignities, habitual drunkenness, and adultery. Indignities are practically admitted by the plaintiff. Although upon the stand himself, in rebuttal, he does not deny his connection with Lizzie Taylor, and he admits he called defendant a whore and a prostitute, when drinking. The
Under the law and the evidence, as we believe it to be, after a patient and painstaking investigation, we are constrained to hold defendant the injured party in this proceeding, and that.she is entitled to a divorce from plaintiff for his fault. We, therefore, reverse the judgment and remand the cause, with directions to the circuit court to enter judgment of divorce in favor of defendant, for the fault of plaintiff, without restraint upon either party. The question of alimony does not seem to be sufficiently developed by the evidence as preserved, and we, therefore, also, direct the court below to proceed to determine the amount thereof, to which defendant may be entitled.