In detinue to recover the possession of one Dodge automobile and accessories, in all of the value of $835.00, the defense interposed, Besides the general issue, by special plea, was that said property had theretofore been delivered by plaintiff to defendant under a contract whereby defendant had agreed to make certain repairs thereon, and which had been made as agreed, and that plaintiff had failed and refused to pay de
, After motions to strike out said special plea and the special reply thereto ’were overruled, the parties joined issue on the plea and the case was tried before a jury, resulting in a verdict and the judgment complained .of, that the plaintiff take nothing and that the defendant recover of the plaintiff possession of the automobile and the other property described in the declaration, if it could be had, if not, the value thereof as found by the jury, in the aggregate $835.00, with interest and costs expended herein.
The questions presented for decision were raised during ■the trial by objections and exceptions to the rulings of the 'court on the rejection and introduction of certain evidence, by the' motion for a new trial, and by objection and exceptions to.instructions given and refused by the ’cojirt.
Much evidence was admitted on the trial respecting the manner in which the respective cars of plaintiff and defendant were being operated at the time of the collision or injury
As we view tbe facts developed on tbe trial these questions are not very material. The evidence shows that after plaintiff’s ear was run into and damaged, the defendant, perhaps at plaintiff’s request, towed her car into his garage or repair shop; but as she swears and he admits, she made no contract with him whatsoever to repair the damages; that at the time of the injuries the plaintiff was insured against injury and damage to her car from, collision by a policy of insurance in the United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company. Plaintiff was called upon by defendant to produce her policy, but as .she could not then do so because it was in a distant state, the defendant over plaintiff’s objection was allowed to prove and introduce a copy of what ;was said to be a standard form of policy in use by insurance companies for such insurance; The avowed purpose of this evidence was to show the alleged agency of the insurance company or of its agent, made an issue in the case, to have the repairs made upon plaintiff’s car and to charge the same to her account or render the ear liable to the defendant for the r'epairs made and parts furnished by him. It was not claimed or shown that plaintiff’s policy was written on that form, nor that it-was a copy pro tanto of her policy. .No notice was given her to produce her policy before the trial, nor was any notice given her at.any time except that while counsel for defendant was examining him as a witness, he called upon plaintiff ’s counsel to produce the original policy, who replied that he ■ did not have -the policy and never had had it, but that it was with the plaintiff in Pasadena, California, but he admitted on the record that plaintiff did have indemnity insurance by a policy in the form used by the United .States Fidelity and Guaranty Company of Baltimore, Maryland, and.that J. H. Knapp was then and at the time of the injuries to plaintiff’s car the agent for that company. We do not think the proper foundation was laid for the introduction of this secondary evidence, even if th'e form of the policy introduced had been shown to be the same as that upon which plaintiff’s policy was written. The question as to what is reasonable notice in such cases is a relative one and depends generally upon the circumstances of
As defendant admits he had no contract with plaintiff for these repairs and relies on the alleged agency of the insurer or its agent Knapp, he was bound to know the fact of such agency and the limitation of its powers. Rosendorf v. Poling, 48 W. Va. 621; Dyer v. Duffy, 39 W. Va. 148; Curry v. Hale, 15 W. Va. 867; Crawford v. Whittaker, 42 W. Va. 430; Cobb v. Glenn Boom & Lumber Co., 57 W. Va. 49; Bank v. Furniture Co., Id. 625; Uniontown Grocery Co. v. Dawson, 68 W. Va. 332.
Nor was.any authority to make repairs on the account or credit of the plaintiff to be implied from the relationship of bailor and bailee created between plaintiff and defendant by the storage of the machine in his garage. Fitch v. Newberry,
Undoubtedly a mechanic has a common-law lien for the value of his services bestowed on a chattel left in his possession by the owner, and done by the owner’s request and pursuant to contract express or implied. Keystone Mfg. Co. v. Close, 81 W. Va. 205. But a bailee of the property has no such right for labor and material furnished in the repair of an automobile without the owner’s consent.
In this case the plaintiff offered, but was not permitted to. introduce, a carbon copy of a letter from Knapp, the agent of the insurance company, to defendant, of November 3, 1917, (defendant being called upon but failing to produce the original,) to prove- that before undertaking the repairs to plaintiff’s car he knew that the insurer claimed that defendant was responsible for the injury and damage done to the car and that he should proceed to make the repairs and furnish the necessary parts in discharge of that liability. It was not until defendant had received this letter, and as his only authority to do the work, that he proceeded with the repairs to plaintiff’s car. We think this letter was proper evidence on the subject of the contract and the non-liability of plaintiff for the repairs, and that after defendant was called upon to produce the original, the carbon copy thereof was the next best evidence and should have been admitted. When called upon to produce the original, the defendant stated that he would not say that he could not do so; that he might have it around his desk at home, but was not certain; that he was under the impression that his counsel had all the correspondence in regard to the matter, but found when he arrived that he had not. Defendant lived at St. Albans, in Kanawha County, within a short ride by automobile or trolley car from Charleston, where the case was being tried, and it was possible for him to produce the original if he had it, within a very short time. It was not produced. We think the notice to produce the letter at the trial, under all the circumstances, was sufficient to authorize the secondary evidence thereof, the
It appears from the record and the' pleadings in the case that the defendant was not asserting title to the property sued for, but only his supposed common-law lien thereon with right of possession thereof until the amount of his repair' bill shall be paid; so that the judgment in his favor for the possession of the property, or in the. alternative the value thereof as found by the jury, if valid, would work a great injustice to pláintiff and bestow upon defendant a right which the law does not give him.. It is true that chapter 102 of the Code, the general statute 'relating to detinue, provides that where the verdict is in favor of defendant, and the plaintiff is in possession of the property, as in this case, the judgment shall 'bé: for possession df the property, or in the alternative the valúe thereof as found by the jury. But the statute should npt.be.givén a construction that would justify the judgment against plaintiff in this case. Evidently the' statute was intended to have application to cases where both plaintiff and defendant are claiming absolute title to and-right of possession' of the property in question, and not where, as in this, case, the defendant is asserting only a possessory right as security for the payment of a repair bill. He has no right to a judgment for the value of the property as against the owner.' His rights at common law were only possessory. Our statute, 'however,' section 24, chapter 75 of the Code, gives him -the only remedy he has to enforce his lien, namely, that of a landlord to enforce payment of rent, that is, by distress. Keystone Mfg. Co. v. Close, supra.
Our conclusion is that the rulings of the trial court in re: spect to the admission and rejection of evidence, and in the giving and refusing of instructions, in so far as they are inconsistent with the views herein expressed, are erroneous; and for these as well as for other reasons expressed herein, we are of opinion that the judgment must be reversed and the plaintiff awarded a new trial.
Judgment reversed; new trial awarded.