32 S.E.2d 574 | Ga. Ct. App. | 1944
1. "No particular or formal phrase is required to create a contract of suretyship. Courts may disregard formal expressions, to ascertain the real intent of the parties, and the form of the contract is immaterial, provided the fact of suretyship exists. Code, § 103-104. The mere use of the word `guarantee' will not make a contract one of guaranty."
2. A rule for distinguishing contracts of suretyship and guaranty is stated thus: "The surety says to the creditor, if your debtor will not pay, I will pay. The guarantor says to him, proceed first against the principal, and if he should not be able to pay, then you may proceed against me. It has been said that there is no instance in the books of a guarantor contracting jointly with his principal. Much has been written upon this subject, but we think the above the true distinction between the two classes of contracts." Manry v. Waxelbaum,
3. Measured by these rules we think it clear that each of the contracts in this case is one of suretyship and not of guaranty, and that the defendants' demurrer based on the contention that they were guarantors, was properly overruled.
4. The undertaking of the surety being stricti juris, he can not, either in law or equity, be bound further or otherwise than he is by the very terms of his contract. Held: (a) The second contract here was not *874 a novation of the first contract within the meaning of section 103-202 of the Code.
(b) Nor was it inconsistent with the first contract, and did not increase the risk of the surety so as to release him under the provisions of section 103-203.
5. A party may always join with an account stated a count for the original debt, and if he fails on the one he might recover on the other. Goings v. Patten, 17 Abbott 339, 341. The court here did not err in allowing the amendment over the sole objection, that the amendment set out a new and distinct cause of action.
6. Where "proof was made that from correspondence with the firm the witness was acquainted with the handwriting, and that the letters were theirs, received by due course of mail, this was enough to admit them." Pearson v. McDaniel,
7. The book of the seller (the plaintiff), containing the account of the buyer, was admissible in evidence on behalf of the plaintiff, where the evidence of the vice-president and the auditor would have authorized a finding that the book tendered was the book of original entry, kept by the person whose duty it was to record, and who did record, the entries therein in the regular course of business; and that the letters tendered in evidence, with their admission of the correctness of the account, were admissible, for they would have authorized a finding that the books were free from suspicion of fraud, and were correctly kept.
8. Loose-leaf ledger sheets containing a record of the account between the parties are here treated as a book, "since such leaves or sheets may be removed from the ledger containing them and introduced in evidence upon the same footing and under the same principles as are applicable to the introduction of books of account, where the proper foundation of such evidence is otherwise laid." Crump v. Bank of Toccoa,
9. A plaintiff, relying on an account stated, if he fails to prove that it was mutually adjusted, and the balance ascertained, may fall back upon the accounts and prove that there is, in fact, a balance due him, unless his pleading is so framed as to show that he relies solely on the account stated, for, that being made the sole issue, the other party might come unprepared to try any other.
10. In the present state of the pleading, as against the objection urged, it was error to exclude from the evidence the book of account of the seller, containing the account of the buyer, as well as the letters containing admissions of the correctness of the book and the debt sued on.
"In consideration of the W. T. Rawleigh Company, the above-named seller, extending credit to the above-named buyer, we, the undersigned, do hereby jointly and severally enter ourselves as sureties, and unconditionally promise, guarantee, and agree to pay *877 the said seller for all products sold and delivered to the said buyer under the terms of the above contract, hereby expressly consenting and agreeing to all the terms and conditions thereof. We hereby expressly waive notice of the acceptance of this contract, and of the shipment of goods to the buyer, and of extension of credit to the buyer, and of the extension of time in which to pay for the goods so purchased, and waive all notice of any nature whatsoever. We also agree that any statement made by the buyer as to the amount of indebtedness due at any time shall be binding upon us. We also agree that it shall not be necessary for the seller to first exhaust its remedies against the buyer before proceeding to collect from us. This undertaking is to be an open one and shall continue without regard to the residence of the buyer, or the location or manner of conducting his business, until the account is fully paid. It is mutually agreed that this contract is conclusive and binding upon the party or parties who sign it, whether it is signed by any other party or parties or not, and that any statement or representations made to any of the undersigned sureties by any persons either as to who or how many parties will sign this surety agreement, or as to any other matters not fully expressed herein, shall not affect the rights of the seller. It is further understood that there are no conditions or limitations to this undertaking except those written or printed herein at the time of signing hereof, and that after execution no alteration, change or modification shall be made except as provided for in the terms of the foregoing contract between the buyer and seller, and that any notice in any way affecting the rights of the seller must be delivered by registered mail to the seller at its principal office at Memphis, Tenn. Provided, however, that the liability of the sureties shall not exceed one thousand dollars. In witness whereof, we have set our hands and seals in testimony hereof.
(Sureties' names) (Occupations) (P. O. addresses)
J. W. Overstreet (Seal) Mfgr. Lbr. Wadley, Ga. J. W. Cato (Seal) Merchant Wadley, Ga. W. T. J. Davis (Seal) Merchant Wadley, Ga.
"Sureties must sign above in person, giving occupation and P. O. address. Please write plainly.
"The above sureties are entitled upon request at any time a statement of buyer's account." *878
The second contract, dated January 31, 1931, was as follows: "(1) In consideration of the promises of the undersigned buyer the W. T. Rawleigh Company, an Illinois corporation, agrees to sell and deliver f. o. b. Memphis, Tenn., or at any other point or in any other manner agreed upon, such reasonable quantities of its products as the buyer may order at wholesale prices, and on time, and if desired will sell buyer an auto body and/or equipment, or sample cases, for cash or on time; and the buyer in consideration of the above agreements hereby promises to pay seller in full for all such products so sold and delivered under this contract, also agrees to pay any balance due seller at the date of the acceptance of this renewal contract for products previously sold buyer under any and all former contracts by cash or by installment payments satisfactory to seller at invoice prices and according to the terms and conditions thereof, and subject to such cash discounts as may be shown in current discount sheets. (2) It is mutually agreed that either party may terminate this contract by written notice at any time, and when so terminated, all accounts incurred hereunder shall become due and payable immediately. If this contract is not so terminated it shall expire on the 31st day of December, 1941; it being agreed that another renewal contract may be entered into provided business relations are mutually satisfactory and buyer furnishes an acceptable renewal contract. (3) If the business relations be terminated for any reason, the seller reserves the option to purchase within 30 days after such termination any or all of the merchantable products buyer may have on hand at current wholesale prices; provided products are returned promptly by prepaid freight or express to point designated by seller; buyer hereby agreeing to pay seller the actual cost of receiving, overhauling and inspecting same. (4) It is mutually understood and agreed that this is a contract of buyer and seller, and not of agency; and that any sales promotion or service letters or bulletins, advertising matter or other literature that seller may send buyer, shall not change this relationship, nor be considered as orders, instructions or directions, but only as suggestive, educational, and advisory (which the buyer may or may not follow as he may choose), and shall not alter, change, or modify this contract in any way; it being agreed that it can only be changed by consent of both parties in writing: Accepted: The W. T. Rawleigh *879 Company, by J. E. Stewart. (Seal). Date Jany. 28, 1931. Buyer sign here: H. S. Williams. (Seal). P. O. address Wadley, Ga.
"For and in consideration of the W. T. Rawleigh Company accepting the above contract, or in consideration of the above named seller extending further credit to the said buyer, we, the undersigned, do hereby jointly and severally enter ourselves as sureties, and unconditionally promise, guarantee, and agree to pay said seller for any and all goods, wares, and merchandise sold said buyer under the above and foregoing contract, hereby expressly consenting and agreeing to all the terms, conditions, and provisions thereof; and we also specifically promise to and agree to assume and pay any and all prior indebtedness that may be due and owing said seller on the date of the acceptance of this contract, as shown by seller's books, for any [and] all goods, wares, and merchandise previously sold to said buyer under and by virtue of any and all prior contracts or agreements; hereby binding our heirs, executors, administrators, or assigns. We hereby expressly waive notice of the acceptance of this contract, and of the shipment of goods to the buyer, and of extension of credit to the buyer, and of the extension of time in which to pay for the goods so purchased, and waive all notice of any nature whatsoever. We also agree that any statement made by the buyer as to the amount of indebtedness due at any time shall be binding upon us. We also agree that it shall not be necessary for the seller to first exhaust its remedies against the buyer before proceeding to collect from us. This undertaking is to be an open one and shall continue without regard to the residence of the buyer, or the location or manner of conducting his business until the account is fully paid. It is mutually agreed that this contract is conclusive and binding upon the party or parties who sign it, whether it is signed by any other party or parties or not, and that any statement or representations made to any of the undersigned sureties by any persons either as to who or how many parties will sign this surety agreement, or as to any other matters not fully expressed therein, shall not affect the rights of the seller. It is further understood that there are no conditions or limitations to this undertaking except those written or printed herein at the time of signing hereof, and that after execution no alteration, change, or modification shall be made except as provided for in the terms of the foregoing contract between the buyer *880 and seller, and that any notice in any way affecting the rights of the seller must be delivered by registered mail to the seller at its office at Memphis, Tenn. In witness whereof we have set our hands and seal in testimony hereof.
(Sureties' names) (Occupations) (P. O. addresses)
J. W. Cato (Seal) Merchant Wadley, Ga. T. W. Forbes (Seal) U.S. R. R. clerk Wadley, Ga.
Sureties must sign in person, giving occupation and P. O. address. Please write plainly. The above sureties are entitled upon request at any time to a statement of buyer's account."
1. In their cross-bills the defendants contend: (a) That they are not sureties as contended by the plaintiff, but are guarantors. "A surety binds himself to perform if the principal does not, without regard to his ability to do so. His contract is equally absolute with that of his principal. They may be sued in the same action, and judgment may be entered up against both. A guarantor, on the other hand, does not contract that the principal will pay, but simply that he is able to do so; in other words, a guarantor warrants nothing but the solvency of the principal." Manry v. Waxelbaum Co., supra. If J. W. Overstreet and W. T. J. Davis, the defendants in the court below and the defendants in error in this court, joined in the same promise to pay, and bound themselves with their principal as original promisors, they are debtors from the beginning, are primarily liable, and are sureties. Hartsfield Company v.Robertson,
(b) The defendants contend that the contract signed by Forbes and Cato, executed January 31, 1931, released Davis and Overstreet on their contract executed September 30, 1929; that the second contract deprived them of certain rights which they had under the first contract. "For instance, they could have demanded that the *882
obligee bring suit against Williams. Such an action would have failed because the plaintiff had made a new contract with Williams, having a new maturity date, and the latter could have pleaded it. Certainly, if the principal, Williams, could set up the new agreement to defeat such action, Overstreet and Davis can. Likewise, the latter are placed in such position, they have no way to protect themselves other than to rely on sections 103-202 and 103-203 of the Code," which are as follows: "Any change in the nature or terms of a contract is called a novation; such novation, without the consent of the surety, discharges him. Any act of the creditor, either before or after judgment against the principal, which injuries the surety or increases his risk, or exposes him to greater liability, shall discharge him; a mere failure by the creditor to sue as soon as the law allows, or neglect to prosecute with vigor his legal remedies, unless for a consideration, shall not release the surety." We recognize the rule that the undertaking of the surety being stricti juris, he can not, either in law or equity, be bound further or otherwise than he is by the very terms of his contract. Bethune v.Dozier,
(c) The defendant contends that a "suit upon a written contract, as set out in the petition, securing an open account itemized therein, is not amendable by alleging an account stated between the seller and purchaser." A party may always join with an account stated a count for the original debt, and if he fails on the one he might recover on the other. Goings v.
Patten, 17 Abbott (N. Y. P. R.) 339, 341. The court here did not err in allowing the amendment over the sole objection that the amendment set out a new and distinct cause of action. SinclairRefining Co. v. Scott,
2. The plaintiff in the main bill contends that the court erred in ruling out its books of account and twenty-eight letters which bore the name of the buyer and were received in due course of mail by the seller. The defendants contend that the plaintiff sought to prove an open account by hearsay evidence, and that such evidence was properly excluded. They further contend that the written evidence introduced in an attempt to prove an account stated was mere written hearsay for the reason that there was no proof that the debtor or customer executed it, i. e., that it was his signature to the writing which acknowledged the account and promised to pay it. On the question of proving the account the plaintiff tendered in evidence its "shop book" which was excluded; and also tendered in evidence twenty-eight letters which were also excluded. These letters contained orders for articles of merchandise, and acknowledged the receipt, delivery, and correctness of the charges of previous articles of merchandise involved in the account sued on. The letters bore the name of the buyer, and were received in due course of mail by the seller, most of them being in response to letters written by the seller (the plaintiff).
These "shop books" and the letters which contained the written orders acknowledged the receipt of the goods ordered and the correctness of charges previously made in the account sued on, and were excluded from evidence on the ground that they were hearsay — that the witness testifying had never seen the debtor write *884
his name or heard him acknowledge his signature. In 1 Greenleaf on Evidence (15th ed.), pp. 721-723, it is said: "There are twomodes of acquiring this knowledge of the handwriting of another, either of which is universally admitted to be sufficient, to enable a witness to testify to its genuineness. The first is from having seen him write. It is held sufficient for this purpose, that the witness has seen him write but once, and then only his name. The proof in such case may be very light; but the jury will be permitted to weigh it. (a) The second mode is, from having seen letters, bills, or other documents, purporting to be the handwriting of the party, and having afterwardspersonally communicated with him respecting them; (b) or actedupon them as his, the party having known and acquiesced in such acts, founded upon the supposed genuineness; or, by suchadoption of them into the ordinary business transactions of life, as induces a reasonable presumption of their being his own writings; evidence of the identity of the party being of course added aliunde, if the witness be not personally acquainted with him. (c) In both these cases, the witness acquires his knowledge by his own observation of facts, occurring under his own eye, and, which is especially to be remarked, without having regard to any particular person, case, or document." In Pearson v.McDaniel,
The books of the plaintiff, which were ruled out of the evidence, contained the account of the customer in question and should have been admitted on behalf of the plaintiff, there having been proof that the books tendered were books of original entry by the persons whose duty it was to record, and who did record, the entries therein in the regular course of business. The auditor of the company testified in effect, that he inspected the books, and that they were regularly and properly kept in the course of business, and that there was no appearance on the face of the account, as kept in the books, which would make them incompetent. And, if the twenty-eight letters, with their accompanying and attached admissions, which were a part of the letters, had not been excluded from the evidence when tendered, the jury would have been authorized to find that the customer had acknowledged or admitted that his account was correctly kept in the books of the plaintiff; and if the jury found that these letters with their admissions of the correctness of the items of the account were signed by the buyer, this would have been, at least, the equivalent of proving, in so far as the buyer in this case was concerned, that the plaintiff, the seller, kept correct books, and that they were free from the suspicion of fraud.Crump v. Bank of Toccoa,
The court admitted in evidence letters, or parts thereof, which stated: "Notice: If the above balance is correct, please sign the following account stated and return immediately. If not correct, furnish us a statement of your debits and credits and point out claimed errors if any: Account Stated. Dated January 20, 1931. The W. T. Rawleigh Company, dear Sirs: I have examined the December statement of account and find the balance of $774.80 to be the correct balance due the company at the close of business Dec. 31, 1930, which balance I agree to pay according to the terms of my contract. H. S. Williams."
The defendants contended that the signature to these letters or documents, which purported to be accounts stated, was never proved to have been the signature of the buyer, and now claims that these documents, although tendered in evidence, are but *887 written hearsay, and that hearsay evidence has no probative value, whether introduced with or without objection, and that thus there was no legal evidence which would here support a finding that there was an account stated. We think the tendered evidence which should have been allowed was sufficient to carry to the jury the question as to whether the customer (buyer) signed the documents.
A party may fail to establish an account stated, but that does not cut him off from establishing an unsettled or open account. The account stated does not alter the nature of the debt, it only reduces it to a certainty. A party may always join with an account stated a count for the original debt, and, if he failed upon one, he might recover upon the other. Here the original petition merely sued on an account and attached thereto an itemized statement of the account as a part thereof. Thereafter, without striking any part of the open-account feature of the petition, the defendant amended its petition and sought a recovery also upon an account stated. No objection was made to the form of the amendment and the court did not err in allowing it over the sole objection that the amendment set out a new and distinct form of action. In this state of the pleading the petition entitled the plaintiff to prove an account stated, i. e., that there was an agreement between the seller and the buyer who had had previous transactions fixing the amount due in respect to such transactions and promising payment, or failing in that, to show an unsettled or open account and an indebtedness to the plaintiff. Ward v. Stewart,
3. There are other questions in the record but the foregoing rulings are upon the controlling questions in the case, and, under these rulings, a new trial must be granted.
Judgment reversed on the main bill of exceptions; andjudgments on the cross-bills affirmed. Broyles, C. J., andGardner, J., concur.