John Stoffel, a stevedore engaged in unloading cargo from a ship in navigable waters of the United States and therefore a “seaman” within the meaning of the law, Atlantic Transport Co. v. Imbrovek,
The cargo was sugar. The manner of discharging was as follows:
Drafts, consisting of seven bags to the sling, were hoisted by the ship’s winch from the hold to the dеck and deposited at the base of a skid. The hook on the line from the ship’s winch was then removed and the hook on a line from a winch ashore was attached to the sling. On signal from the libellant to the winehman, the draft was dragged up the skid, lifted over the rail, let down into a waiting truck and thence moved away. This operation, which was common practice and had been going on for.some time, was not dangerous if carried out in this manner, for all the libellant had to do to avoid injury was to step aside before giving the signal. It was, however, highly dangerous if the winch should be started and the' drаft lifted before signal, for that left the libellant in a position of danger and gave him no time to get out of it. In this instance the winch) was started and the draft suddenly lifted— the libellant says, before signal; the respondent says, after signal. It struck the libellant, inflicting the injuries for which he is suing.
The trial court found the winch started before a signal was given. That is the key-fact of the whole ease. On that fact, as found by the trial cоurt on conflicting evidence and, were it necessary, as it would be found by this court, the decision of all questions raised by the assignments of error, save one, will be predicated.
Of the first four questions, none calls for lengthy discussion. All are, directly or indirectly, fact questions. 'Working backward, the fourth is whether damages in the sum of $3,750 are excessive. We find them moderate. At all events they are sustained by еvidence.
The third question, affecting a pro tanto reduction of damages, is whether the libellant negligently contributed to the injury. His action in respeet to the hoist was purely negative. After the hook had been attached to the draft he did nothing. But the respondent’s winehman did something — he hoisted the draft before signal. Then, and not until then, did the action which resulted in the accident begin; and then it endеd. Yet the libellant is charged with negligence for simply standing there “waiting.” Though physically doing nothing, he was actually doing something in the line of his duty — i “Waiting for the truck to come by”; waiting “to see if there was any trucks” in whiсh to deposit the draft before signalling the winch-man to hoist it and lower it into a truck. The finding of no contributory negligence is sustained.
The second question is whether the hoisting of the draft before the libellаnt signaled was the proximate cause of the injury. It must have been, for that was the only thing done by either party. Yet the respondent argues that it was not the “act” of lifting the draft before signal that cаused the injury but the “manner” of the lifting — ■ the sudden start and subsequent swing — and that its movement would have been the same and there would have been the same resultant injury to the libellant if the lift had been made ■ in response to his signal. That, we think, rather begs the question, for the libellant, before giving a signal, could, as he had always done, have moved out of the way. We hold with the learned trial judge that in starting the draft beforе receiving a signal the winehman violated his duty and therefore was guilty of negligence that was the proximate cause of the injury.
*653
The first question — whether the libellant assumed, as one of the risks of .his emрloyment, the risk of injury from the movement of the draft — is predicated on the assumption that the “manner” in which the draft moved was the proximate cause of the injury, not the winehman’s act of hoisting the draft without signal. Having found that the proximate cause was the winchman’s act of lifting the draft before signa the respanaenrs contention that the libellant assumed the risk of the movement that resulted in his injury is rested on a false predicate. “An employee assumes the risks normally and necessarily incident to his employment, and also the extraordinary risks, or risks caused by his master’s negligence; yet, hе assumes the latter only when they are obvions or fully known by ham and are such as .would ™der the circumstances be seen and appreciated by an ordinarily prudent per-
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son.” Director General v. Templin (C. C
.
A.)
i . . The serums question m the case, arising as a matter of defense, is whether an agreement into which the libellant and respondent entered after the accident, whereby the libellant agreed to accept compensation and the respondent to pay for the injury m accordance with the Pennsylvania workmens Compensation Law, is valid.
This is an odd agreement. It has two parts; the first is a palpable effort to draw the injury and its recipient under the Pennsylvania Workmen’s Compensation Law (Act June 26, 1919, P. L. 642 [Pa. St. 1920, § 21993 et seq.]), and the other is an out-and-out release made by the injured seaman to his employer. We hold thаt the two parts, though separately signed, should be read together and that together they constitute one instrument. It is headed — “Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry, Workmen’s Compensation Burеau, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania,” and is entitled — “An Agreement for Compensation . and Disability.” Then follow (in blanks filled in) the names and occupations of employer and employee, date and place of disability, cause of disability, and finally an agreement, which reads:
“And it is hereby further agreed that the said McCahan Sugar Refining Company (employer) shall pay to the said John P. Stoffel (employeе) compensation at the rate of $1.2 per week, payable weekly, beginning ‘from January 9, 1927, for-weeks, (To be used only if incapacity has terminated or its duration rendered certain by Section 306-e).
. «For.-. weeks as provided by Section 3(}6 ( ,f ^ ino a it is toiaL
For -as provided by See- ^ 30d (b) if the incapacity is partial.”
The omission to fill in these blanks, though important, is not solely determinative of the question in view of what we are about to say.
Contintli the agreement states that w p,ayments shall be made “until this ment bag been lerminated b final re_ coipt or supplemental agreement approved by ¿u w i > n t> j x the Workmen’s Compensation Board or by ,, ^ r ™ „ the order of such Board.” Following* many ,, , . P11 , . ,, . - more blanks, not filled in, aro the signatures « ,, r*. . 9 & ox the parties. Then m the same paper and . ,, . , r . immediately after the signatures there is an- J , . , i ,1 ri n j. other agreement signed by the libellant re- . ” , i .. . .... leasing the respondent from all liability, , . ® * .. . . . 0 ,, 7 claims, causes of action, etc., arising from the ., 7 . .. , 9 9 , * accident, m consideration of the payment of . f :\ .... the single sum of $12, and concluding with) his declaration that he is “fully compensated for aR tbereof „ wbcn in faot be showed in tbe game instmment; his empi0yer COneurring) tbat be bad not boen £ully eompenSated but wag? aeeording to its termgj entitled to weokly paymellts of a like sum running indefmitely into tbo fntnro>
There is no question that seamen, though favored by the law and regarded_ as wards iu admiralty, are capable of making leases for maritime injuries, yet in making sucl1 releases their rights are tenderly guarded and their aets> whon ^a™g or yielding thelr are carefully scrutinized. The Adonis (C. C. A.)
The law regards, a longshoreman or stevedore, injured while engaged in maritime service aboard a ship lying in navigable waters, as a seaman with all his peculiar rights and immunities. There has been more or less protracted legislative — and judicial —effort to bring such seamen, who under federal admiralty acts are entitled to sue for сompensation for injuries in federal courts, within the'scope of state compensation acts. The Supreme Court, reviewing from time to time the position of seamen, the policy of preserving a uniform maritime law and the impolicy of bringing seamen under diverse laws of states, has held such efforts unconstitutional as destroying the characteristic features of the general maritime law, contravening its essential purposes, encroaching upon the paramount power of the Congress to enact national maritime laws and invading the jurisdiction which the Congress has conferred upon courts of admiralty. Butler v. Boston & Savannah Steamship Co.,
In the ease in hand the respondent tried to do what the Supreme Court has said state Legislatures. cannot do. The attempt was, pari ratione, equally void. If this contract were otherwise good, it would still be bad because opposed to public policy. But aside from this vital defect, the contract, with the ingrafted release, is void for the three reasons first stated.
The decree of the trial court is in all respects affirmed.