Vulcan Metals Co. v. Simmons Mfg. Co.

248 F. 853 | 2d Cir. | 1918

Lead Opinion

LEARNED HAND, District Judge

(after stating the facts as above). [1] The first question is of the misrepresentations touching the quality and powers of the patented machine. These were general commendations, or, in so far as they included any specific facts, were not disproved; e. g., that the cleaner would produce 18 inches of vacuum with 25 pounds water pressure. They raise, therefore, the question of law how far general “puffing” or “dealers’ talk” can be the basis of an action for deceit.

The conceded exception in such cases has generally rested upon the distinction between “opinion” and “fact”; but that distinction has not escaped the criticism it deserves. An opinion is a fact, and it may be a very relevant fact; the expression of an opinion is the assertion of a belief, and any rule which condones the expression of a consciously false opinion condones a consciously false statement of fact. When the parties are so situated that the buyer may reasonably rely upon the expression of the seller’s opinion, it is no excuse to give a false one. Bigler v. Flickinger, 55 Pa. 279. And so it makes much difference whether the parties stand “on an equality.” For example, we should treat very differently the expressed opinion of a chemist to a layman about the properties of a composition from the same opinion between chemist and chemist, when the buyer had full opportunity to examine. The reason of the rule lies, we think, in this: There are some kinds of talk which no sensible man takes seriously, and if he does he suffers from his credulity. If we were all scrupulously honest, it would not be so; but, as it is, neither party usually believes what the seller says about his own opinions, and each knows it. Such statements, like the claims of campaign managers before election,¹ are rather designed to allay the suspicion which would attend their absence than to be understood as having any relation to objective truth. It is quite true that they induce a compliant temper in the buyer, but it is by a much more subtle process than through the acceptance of his clainjs for his wares.

So far as concerns statements of value, the rule is pretty well fixed against the buyer. So. Dev. Co. v. Silva, 125 U. S. 247, 256, 8 Sup. Ct. 881, 31 L. Ed. 678; Gordon v. Butler, 105 U. S. 553, 26 L. Ed. 1166; Lehigh Zinc, etc., Co. v. Bamford, 150 U. S. 665, 14 Sup. Ct. 219, 37 L. Ed. 1215. It has been applied mote generally to statements of quality and serviceability. Kimball v. Bangs, 144 Mass. 321, 11 N. E. 113; Neidefer v. Chastain, 71 Ind. 363, 36 Am. Rep. 198; Warren v. Doolittle, 61 Ill. 171; Hunter v. McLaughlin, 43 Ind. 38. But this is not always so. Iowa, etc., Co. v. Amer. Heater Co. (C. C.) 32 Fed. 735. As respects the validity of patents it also obtains. Reeves v. Corning (C. C.) 51 Fed. 774; Dillman v. Nedlehoffer, 119 Ill. 567, 7 N. E. 88; Huber v. Guggenheim (C. C.) 89 Fed. 598. Cases of warranty present the same question and have been answered in the same way. Chalmers v. Harding, 17 L. T. (N. S.) 571; Farrow v. Andrews, 69 Ala. 96; Bain v. Withey, 107 Ala. 223;¹ Gaar, etc., Co. v. Halverson, 128 Iowa, 603, 105 N. W. 108; Bartlett v. Hoppock, 34 N. Y. 118, 88 Am. Dec. 428. Contra, Elkins v Kenyon, 34 Wis. 93.

In the case at bar, since the buyer was allowed full opportunity to examine the cleaner and to test it out, we put the parties upon an equality. It seems to us that general statements as to what the cleaner would do, even though consciously false, were not of a kind to be taken literally by the buyer. As between manufacturer and customer, it may not be so; but this was the case of taking over a business, after ample chance to investigate. Such a buyer, who the seller rightly expects will undertake an independent and adequate inquiry into the actual merits of what he gets, has no right to treat as material in his determination statements like these. The standard of honesty permitted by the rule may not be the best; but, as Holmes, J., says in Deming v. Darling, 148 Mass. 504, 20 N. E. 107, 2 L. R. A. 743, the chance that the higgling preparatory to a bargain may be afterwards translated into assurances of quality may perhaps be a set-off to the actual wrong allowed by the rule as it stands. We therefore think that the District Court was right in disregarding all these misrepresentations.

[2,3] As respects the representation that the cleaners had never been put upon the market or offered for sale, the rule does not apply; nor can we agree that such representations could not have been material to Freeman’s decision to accept the contract. The actual test of experience in their sale might well be of critical consequence in his decision to buy the business, and the jury would certainly have the light to accept his statement that his reliance upon these representations was determinative of his final decision. We believe that the facts as disclosed by the depositions of the Western witnesses were sufficient to carry to the jury the question whether those statements were false. It is quite true, as the District Judge said, that the number of sales was small, perhaps not 60 in all; but they were scattered in various parts of the Mountain and Pacific States, and the jury might conclude that they were enough to contradict the detailed statements of Simmons that the machines had been kept off the market altogether.

The Simmons Manufacturing Company insists that there was no evidence that Simmons, who was the only party authorized to speak for that company, knew that the goods had ever been put on sale, and it is quite true that there was no such direct evidence. It is at least'arguable whether the evidence was sufficient to allow a jury to say that Simmons had known of these efforts. The results of the sales seem to have come to the knowledge only of the local agents, hut we think a jury might say that the fact of their sale and the decision of the agents to sell them might have heen authorized by the home office, and that Simmons might have known of both. While, therefore, if the case turned only upon Simmons’ knowledge of the failure of the machines upon sale, we should hardly think the evidence sufficient to justify any inference that he did know, yet, since the fraud alleged was of the fact of sale alone, the evidence did not justify a directed verdict. Such a misrepresentation might have been material to Freeman in the execution of the contract, since, if he did learn that they had been on sale, he might well have insisted that the results of those sales should be disclosed before he proceeded. Sweetland’s testimony to the contrary only discredits Freeman’s statements; it can-' not be itself the basis of any recovery.

[4-6] The next question is as to whether any such misrepresentations were conclusively cured by the recital in the contract of purchase as follows:

“The party of the first part [the Simmons Company] has heen engaged in the manufacture of a certain type oC vacuum cleaning machines, and the parties of the first and second part [the National Suction Cleaner Company] have been engaged in the sale thereof.”

We all agree that an adequate retraction of the false statement before Freeman executed the contract would be a defense. Whether this be regarded as terminating the consequences of the original wrong, or as a correction of it, is of little importance. Further, we agree that, even if Freeman had in fact never learned of the retraction, it would serve, if given under such circumstances as justified, the utterer in supposing that he would. For ,example, a letter actually delivered into his hands containing nothing' but a retraction would be a defense, though it abundantly appeared that he had never read it. His loss might still be the consequence, and the reasonable consequence, but for the letter, of the original fraud; but the "writer would have gone as far as necessary to correct that fraud, and we should not be disposed to hold it as an insurer that its correction should be effective. Judge WARD and I, however, do not think that such a recital in such a place was certain to catch the eye of the reader, and that therefore neither was the defendant’s duty of retraction inevitably discharged, nor, what is nearly the same thing, did the defendant show beyond question that Freeman actually saw it. As a retraction the recital was a defense, and the defendant had the burden of proof. As notice to Freeman actually conveyed, it may have been only evidence upon the causal sequence between the wrong and tire injury; but we attach no great significance to that distinction. The fact that he signed the contract appears to us to be some evidence upon which the jury might say that he could not have seen the recital. That depends upon how much importance they think he attached to the original representation, and that depends in turn upon what they thought' of his story. If they did believe that the representation was of critical consequence in his decision, they might infer that he did not see it, or he would not have gone on without some explanation. The very silence of the testimony upon the question might be taken to infer that he had not noticed it, even at the trial, just as it might also be taken to indicate that he had fabricated the whole story, and- hoped the recital would escape the notice of the defendant. In any event, the interpretation of the whole transaction appears to us not to be so clear that reasonable people might not come to opposite conclusions upon it, and that involves a submission to the jury. It is perhaps of some importance that no allusion to the recital appears in the record.

[7, 8] It results from the foregoing that the judgment in the action for deceit must be reversed. In the action upon the notes the judgment upon the notes will be affirmed, because the Vulcan Metals Company, Incorporated, did not make any offer to return the machines, tools, and patents, which were not shown to be without any value, and consequently it was in no position" to rescind. The judgment in that action dismissing the counterclaim must, however, be reversed, since the counterclaim involved the same facts as the complaint in the action for deceit. Flynn’s agency appears in this record only by his declarations, and he was not shown to have any authority to speak for the Simmons Company. He was at most only a broker, and as such his representations in the negotiations as to the prior conduct of the Simmons Company touching sales of machines were not within his authority. The same applies upon this record to Barnes, the general counsel of the defendant. The proof of their authority may, of course, be different upon the next trial, as to which we naturally have nothing to say. However, no representations should be allowed as to the efficiency, durability, or economy of the cleaners, and the case should be tried upon the sole issue whether the defendant, through duly authorized agents, represented to Freeman that the goods had not been put on sale when in fact they had, whether this representation was material to Freeman’s execution of the contract, whether the insertion of the recital into the contract was all that was reasonably necessary by way of retraction, and, if not, whether Freeman, did not actually read it in the contract.

Judgment in the action of deceit reversed, and new trial ordered. Judgment in the action on the notes affirmed so far as it gives judgment on the notes, and reversed so far as it dismisses the counterclaim, and new trial upon the counterclaim ordered.

1 18 South. 217.

---

Dissenting Opinion

HOUGH, Circuit Judge

(dissenting in part). The one point on which I cannot agree with the majority is the effect of the statement (it makes no difference whether it is called a ‘'recital” or by some other name) contained in a contract which was signed by Freeman before lie suffered any loss and at the moment he entered into obligation. The opinion of the court holds that this retraction or correction cannot be judicially held adequate or sufficient to conclude Freeman, if “in fact [he] did not see it.” But he never denied seeing it; and the majority holding is in effect that, though signature of contract is ad-mitred, and reading of all of it not denied, yet, in the absence of a specific admission of reading with comprehension, a case was made for the jury, because there is no presumption of reading, or at least of the intelligent reading, of an admittedly signed contract.

A man is held to be bound'by a contract because he is presumed' to know what it means and says; as the greater includes the less, 1 should consider him bound to a comprehension of the ordinary meaning of the words employed. The present ruling seems to me but a direction as to how to give evidence upon another trial.

---

Dissenting Opinion

LEARNED HAND,, District Judge

(dissenting). I think the judgment on the notes should be reversed, along with the judgment on the counterclaim, and that both should go back for the new trial.

---

Rehearing

On Petition of Plaintiffs in Error for a Rehearing.

PER CURIAM.

We have concluded that the judgment in this action on the notes should be modified, so as to affirm the money judgment in favor of the plaintiff below, and to dismiss (but not upon the merits, as was done below) the counterclaim interposed. This counterclaim is substantially the action for deceit. That it did not constitute-a defense was sufficiently set forth in our previous opinion.

[9] Whether the same allegations of fact can be used as a counterclaim is a question that depends upon the construction of section 501, Code Civ. Proc. N. Y. The cause of action is on the contract evidenced by the notes in suit; the counterclaim is in tort, and therefore-the question is whether such tort causé of action arises out of the-transaction set forth in the complaint or is “connected with the subject of the action.” Underlying and governing this question of procedure is the legal fact that this action of deceit presupposes and recognizes a contract valid and enforceable. If there was not such a contract, this particular action of deceit could not exist, and no effort is- or can be made in this proceeding to set aside, invalidate, or nullify either the contract evidenced by the notes or the contract out of which the notes arose. That this countercláim did not, in the language of the-statute, arise out of the contract or transaction set forth in the complaint, is too plain for argument; whether it is “connected with the-subject of the action” is a question which we resolve in favor of plaintiff below. The question is often difficult, but, as was said in Carpenter v. Manhattan, etc., Co., 93 N. Y. 556, “the counterclaim must have such relation to and connection with the subject of the action that it will be just and equitable that” the controversy be settled, in one action. If a more rigid or formal test be looked for, the best is that of reciprocity. Adams v. Schwartz, 137 App. Div. 235, 122 NY. Supp. 41, and cases cited.

Making application of this test, could the payees of the notes, when-sued in deceit, set up the notes as a proper counterclaim? Certainly not. The action of the lower court in dismissing the counterclaim on the merits naturally -followed from its disposition of the action of deceit ; the writ of error herein complained of what was done. We sustain the writ only in so far as the counterclaim was dismissed on the merits, modifying the judgment below by striking out those words. The judgment is otherwise affirmed.