The complainant, an Indiana corporation, began this action by filing, January 16, a bill against the Toledo Machine & Tool Company, an Ohio corporation, known herein as the “defendant company,” and ten individual defendants, William Gable< and others, who, with John J. Quinlivan and two others, and the Central Labor Union of Toledo and Toledo Lodge No. 105, International Association of Machinists, additional defendants brought in by an amended bill of complaint, filed January 21, before answer, will be known as the “labor defendants.” On the coming in of the amended
As to the second ground, so much thereof as relates to the sufficiency of fact to create jurisdiction in this court is answered by what we have already said touching the first ground, adding the suggestion that complainant is a nonresident of this district while all the defendants are residents herein. As we are left without advice by any argument from counsel of labor defendants as to what is the alleged vice of the amended complaint respecting parties, we can only surmise that it is thought that there is apparent upon the bill an- inconsistent alignment upon the assumption that the resident defendant the Toledo Machine & Tool Company should be aligned with the complainant, thus destroyingr our jurisdiction.
The complainant alleges that it has contracts for the construction of machinery by the defendant company involving over $200,000, to be executed at expiration dates which are now respectively more than four months old; that the delay in execution is producing distinct damages to complain ant and its customers; that the products to be manufactured are machines covered by patents owned by defendant company, and that licensees would be unable to prepare for the manufacture of those ordered within any reasonable time, to the accruing irreparable damage of the complainant and its customers; that the only reason given by defendant company for its default upon these contracts is that the full control of its business has been interfered with by the unlawful conduct of the labor defendants and their associates, who are, it is alleged in the bill, conspiring to unlawfully interfere with defendant’s business in execution of which conspiracy they are picketing the defendant company’s plant, intimidating and abusing its employes, and thereby not only greatly interfering with the output of the defendant company with its present force of employes, but preventing defendant company from enlarging its working force to meet the demands of its engagements; that the picketing in question is not carried on in the interest of any employes of the defendant company, and that no labor dispute exists between the labor defendants in this case or parties whom they represent and the defendant company; that the defendant company has not taken, and refuses to take, any steps to secure the protection of the authorities of Ohio to preserve its lawful business from unlawful molestation; that the machinery which is the subject-matter of com
The prayer is for a mandatory injunction against the defendant company compelling it to execute these contracts and to protect itself in that behalf by resort to those agencies of protection to which it is entitled to appeal, and for an order against the labor defendants and all parties colluding and in sympathy with them, restraining a continuance of picketing and the pursuit of the alleged conspiracies while the latter is engaged upon the execution of complainant’s contracts. A temporary restraining order was allowed after notice and upon testimony, since which time the record has been enlarged by the filing of an answer and cross-bill of the Toledo Machine & Tool’Company and joint and several answers to the pleadings of plaintiff and of the defendant company have been filed in behalf of all of the labor defendants. These pleadings are considered now as affidavits, only, upon the motion for a temporary injunction, so far as they aver affirmative matters of fact. Considering for all purposes, however, the answer and cross-bill of the defendant company, we see no reason to sympathize with the continued notion of the labor defendants that the action is collusive between the defendant company and the complainant. In the Overland Case, upon the authority of Venner v. Railroad Co.,
“The fact that the Overland should be satisfied to enjoy the relief coming to it, if its contractor should invoke the successful operation of a federal court’s protective power, is not enough to charge it with collusion with the latter in bringing this action, or even to require it to be aligned with the latter.”
This observation is equally applicable to the situation here, and the coming in of its answer and cross-bill does not make it a necessary party to the issue the complainant has with the labor defendants. The defendant company owed to the complainant a duty to protect itself against thpse unlawful acts of the labor defendants which were interfering with the execution of its contracts with the complainant, and that fact makes it an antagonist to the latter respecting an issue which the complainant could raise without making the labor defendants parties. Upon the authorities already cited, we see that the complainant has an independent right of action against the labor defendants themselves to require the latter to keep their hands off of contractual relationships, to which they are strangers, between the complainant and the defendant. Again, an observation we made in the Overland Case is pertinent here that—
“The cases cited support the point that the criterion is not merely that the complainant and that defendant who, it is alleged, should be aligned with complainant, have an interest of the same quality in the result prayed for, but it is whether they are privileged to assert their respective interests upon the same grounds.”
We are entirely supported in these conclusions by West v. United States,
“We think the petition, standing alone, was not subject to motion to dismiss for lack of diversity of citizenship. The Niles-Bement-Pond Company’s right to the exclusive sale of the tool company’s output, and the former’s interest in the latter’s performance of subsisting contracts, tended to show an independent right to file a bill for relief.”
That is, of course, an independent right to file a bill against the labor defendants for relief as in the instant case. The facts in the amended bill herein, as well as shown in evidence, are much more strongly indicative of an independent cause of action against the labor defendants than those shown in the Niles-Bement-Pond bill.
This record was received on the present motion, and additional testimony was offered on both sides, and that in ’behalf of the defendants, several, not all, of the latter going on the stand, raised issues of fact as to the most vicious features alleged against the character of the picketing. Countercharges were also made that workmen in defendant company’s plant, including a foreman, had been guilty of abusive, vulgar, and insulting language toward the pickets. There was a main entrance to the factory, through which several hundred employes entered to and departed from their work. The pickets, 8 to 12 in number, congregated on the sidewalk immediately about this door, and it was admitted that by this gauntlet men doing business with this factory were obliged to pass and to hear observations, shouted generally or personally addressed, which had in them a threatening and insulting note. Workmen were told that they were being carefully looked over, with the inference that this was for future identification; that they were inferentially scabs and strike-breakers, because they were associating with and assisting such obnoxious people. By a strange oversight of the right of the defendant company to dominate the street abutting upon its own property to the center line against all uses thereof, except those which clearly were within the easement rights of the public, the city council so far encouraged the labor defendants as to permit erection and maintenance of a shanty between the curb and the sidewalk near this entry, in ^ which a stove was kept, that the pickets might warm themselves. The situation was so tense that for months the city maintained a substantial force of uniformed policemen near the entrance, arid there were several arrests made of workmen on complaint of the pickets. Thesé policemen testified that they neither saw nor heard anything that was objectionable on the part of the pickets. Some of the latter, however, on the stand frankly admitted that they used language which they considered necessary to deter men from entering the plant, and that this language was of a character already discussed, and that the purpose was to embarrass the defendant company.
Human nature being substantially a constant quality, reacting somewhat uniformly to influences of the same class, it is not difficult to believe that the antagonisms produced by the activities of the pickets, even should they have been minded to restrain themselves, were likely to develop harsh and contentious and abusive language. The situation was tense. The strike in question was plainly to assist the labor side of the Overland controversy, the facts of which are brought into this record because they created the atmosphere into which the instant transactions under present consideration were enveloped, and from which interpretative criteria are clearly derivable. The Overland difficulty had resulted in bloodshed, loss of lives, destruction of property, and much shameful abuse of private right. It was in this en
In ordinary conduct men use the vocabulary of their class, and, when their interests are actively aroused and their passions stimulated, the bonds of their own conventions are soon snapped, and their verbal weapons begin to lose refinement. We would expect a picxet line of college metaphysicians, or of theologians, who were really spiritually sweet and supernaturally self-controlled, to maintain, under extreme aggravation, a course of action which might be calmly persuasive and well within the theory of the law; but men of more vigorous pursuits, especially if their vocations, as well as their avocations, bring them into more robust and more worldly contacts, tend much more quickly, when milder measures seem to effect little of their aims, to what is known in radical parlance as “direct action,” and when that element comes into the picket line, even in vocal form, peaceful persuasion takes its flight.
It is because the passions of an acute labor controversy tend to mount beyond control, releasing conventional restraints upon social intercourse, that practical people question the possibility of peaceful persuasion through the practice of picketing. The observations of the late Judge McPherson in Atchison, T. & S. F. Ry. Co. v. Gee (C. C.)
“There is and can be no such thing as peaceful picketing, any more than there can be chaste vulgarity, or peaceful mobbing, or lawful lynching. When men want to converse or persuade, they do not organize a picket line. When they only want to see who are at work, they go and see, and then leave, and disturb no one physically or menially. But such picketing as is displayed in the case at bar by the evidence does, and is intended to, annoy and intimidate. The argument seems to be that anything short of physical violence is lawful. One man can be intimidated only when knocked down. But the peaceful, law-abiding man can be and is intimidated by gesticulations, by menaces, by being called harsh names, and by being followed, or compelled to pass, by men known to be unfriendly. Perhaps such a man may not be a bully, but is frail in size and strength, or he may be a timid man; but such a man is just as much entitled to go and come in quiet, without even mental disturbance, as has the man afraid of no one, and able with or without weapons to cope with all comers. The frail man, or the man who shuns disturbances, or the timid man, must be protected, and the company has the right to employ such.”
In Union Pac. Rd. Co. v. Reuf et al. (C. C.)
At the very best, it is easy to understand how the presence of pickets doing what it is here admitted they did would irritate and annoy the working force and thus disturb the morale of the factory personnel; that substantial friction was produced because of the practices. The charges against the loyal workmen themselves show that.
Without accepting as established the extreme characterization of the conduct of pickets found in the testimony, we find that proof enough of its objectionable character is in the record to indicate clearly the wisdom of a temporary injunctional order. There is no evidence, however, that it should run against defendants Quinlivan and the Central Labor Union.
In no case, however, does it seem possible that the definition of this term should be so wide as to make the employé a dictator to his employer respecting the manner generally, and beyond the above-indicated limitations, in which the latter should conduct his business. It is possible, of course, to conceive of things which have a collateral tendency to affect those considerations to which the employé is entitled. He may have a collateral interest in the success of a labor dispute with another employer, so that he nurses an impulse to help through a sympathetic strike against his own employer, with whose conditions of employment he is entirely satisfied. But to enter the field of collateral possibilities is to explore a territory without boundaries, where lurk immeasurable and unbearable restraints upon industrial freedom. A certain line must be drawn somewhere. It surely is at the place where a man whose asset is his daily toil has guaranteed to him sufficient recompense and proper environment. Therefore no conceits or whims, or mere prejudices, of the employé, may be by him elevated to the dignity of terms and conditions of employment, to be protected in any degree by the statute in question, and thereby to become the basis for a demand under it of a discriminatory nature. The employé may refuse to work — that is, he may strike— for any reason, however frivolous; but, if he strikes for a whim, the controversy so brought about does not gain that status whicli would bring into operation the act in question.
In the present instance, the testimony sho-ws that on the 13th of August, last, certain employés of the defendant company struck, not because they objected to hours of labor, not for better wages, not for new classifications, not because there was anything objectionable in physical or sanitary conditions at the factory, not because they were interfered with in any degree respecting their privilege for bargaining, but simply and solely because they did not like a customer with whom the employer was doing business — only because they did not care to work on certain contracts their employer had. It is true that a new working agreement to supersede the one whose term had expired, and upon which the men were insisting, had not been
"Where a party gives a reason for his conduct and decision touching anything involved in a controversy, he cannot, after litigation has begun, change his ground, and put his conduct upon another and a different consideration. He is not permitted thus to mend his hold. He is estopped from doing it by a settled principle of law.”
This rule is well established, and its application is compellable, by close analogy, to the situation here. To say that a situation created for the reason given is under favor of the law in question is to.make ■this legislation a weapon for socialization of industry. If the “shop committee” can direct the stopping of the employer’s business on the ground that the latter’s customer is offensive, there is no limit upon its domination over the employer’s- affairs. Such an organization as a “shop committee” becomes, in substance, if not in name, a “soviet”; for the employer would become at its mercy to paralyze any substantial detail of his business, however remotely that might affect th'at welfare of his workmen which the law very properly attempts to secure. Congress surely never intended to so cripple the industries of the country — to so broadly and unfairly discriminate in favor of a class— to so violate the clearest public policy. \
Considering, as we must, the insufficiency of the reason given for leaving their employer’s service to bring defendant company’s striking workmen within the provisions of the Clayton Act, it follows necessarily that they must be regarded, from the day of their abandonment of that service, to be strangers to théir late employer’s business.' If, indeed, the law just considered at length favors striking employés for a time after the crisis by continuing to them the status of employés, notwithstanding they were not at work, and idle because they preferred to strike, these particular men were not to be so considered, respecting defendant company, after August 13.
To the labor defendants, therefore, and to the defendants representing them, become applicable those settled principles respecting organized picketing which a long line of adjudications already referred to has established. They have the privilege of free men, which means that what rights they claim for themselves they must allow to others. They cannot be permitted to annoy any individual who peaceably seeks to obtain or retain employment with the defendant company. They must not obstruct the free exercise of the right of the defendant company to transact its lawful business, by harassing in any degree its workmen, or those attempting to do business with it.
While the evidence is not so strong as in the Overland Case as to the extent to which defendant company had made good the loss of force and lowering of output resulting from the strike, it does appear here that the company had so far overcome its difficulties that the futility of a continuance of the “dispute” by the defendants was most apparent. What, therefore, we have said in the Overland Case touching the decision whether a substantial “dispute” continues applies here. Before this action was commenced this court had decided that the Overland strike was over, in that the effort by certain of its late employes to force that company to certain terms of employment had manifestly failed. As the contention raised by the labor defendants here was in support of the lost cause at the Overland, it is unnecessary to demand more proof of the absurd uselessness of keeping up the quarrel ón a picket line than we have in this record.
Respecting another phase, the right to ask for in junctional relief is apparent. Defendants, other than the comxiany, are charged, sustained
It is clear, in the judgment of the court, that the evidence before the court on the motion tends to show that (a) employés of defendant company, in whose behalf the labor defendants here are acting, struck, August 13, for a reason which was not under the favor of any law; (b) that thereby all employment relations between them and defendant company terminated absolutely; (c). that the labor defendants and those represented engaged forthwith in a conspiracy to unlawfully obstruct the business of defendant company; (d) that the picketing shown in this case is a continuing overt act in the consummation of the purpose of such conspiracy; (e) that the conduct of the several defendant pickets is, independent of its purpose, unlawful, in that it is intimidating and coercive in character, intended to bring about, and is accomplishing, the annoyance and incensing of employés of defendant company and of those seeking employment with said company. A temporary injunction shall issue.
The court has not had time to consider tire issues arising between the complainant and the defendant the Toledo Machine & Tool Company. It is plain, however, that, assuming obedience to the temporary injunction granted against the labor defendants,1 the special defenses of the defendant company to the application of the complainant for a mandatory order against it will have little weight, and it is anticipated, of course, that the defendant company will proceed to the execution of the contracts in question with the complainant company with no further delay. Right is accorded to the complainant to bring this matter to -the court’s attention at any time, should there be occasion in its judgment.