Lead Opinion
This is an action for personal injuries. The plaintiff is a registered nurse employed under a contract by which she was paid ninety dollars per month with board, maintenance and proper medical аnd surgical 'attention. She became ill in August after partaking of food while on duty and entered the muses’ infirmary which occupied some rooms on one of the hospital floors. In order to stop plаintiff’s vomiting, which had continued *283 for nearly twenty-four hours, injections of magendie, a morphine solution, were there prescribed and administered.
There was used a decomposed and dangerous solution of magendie which had been pronounced unfit for use by the hospital nurse supervisor as early as the preceding February, but which had, nevertheless, been retained among the medical suppliеs in the drug cabinet in the infirmary with the request by the supervisor that it be not used and with her explanation that if a nurse were so ill as to require magendie she must go to the hospital proper. Following Iancings and, finаlly, an operation, plaintiff has lost practically the entire use of an arm, Recovery is sought against the city, which is the owner and operator of the hospital, on the theory that there wаs negligent performance of an administrative duty in that the city furnished and supplied the nurses’ infirmary with medication unfit for use. The facts as outlined stand uncontradicted. Judgment for plaintiff has been reversed upon the law and the complaint dismissed upon the grounds:
1. That plaintiff was debarred from prosecuting the action because of the exclusive applicable provisions of the Workmen’s Compensation Law (Cons. Laws, ch. 67).
2. That the negligence comрlained of was that of the nurses who administered the decomposed magendie and not that of the hospital in its administrative capacity.
3. That the hospital was protected by the doctrine of governmental immunity. ,
Defendant failed to plead in its answer that the Workmen’s Compensation Law was a bar to plaintiff’s recovery. A motion to amend the answer in that respect, made during the trial, was dеnied. The risk of the injury which plaintiff suffered was not incidental to her employment. It was a risk to which any one receiving like treatment at the hospital would have been subjected. The occurrencе of the injury was not made more likely by the fact of her employment; Consequently, the injury did not arise out of and in the course thereof.
(Matter of Heitz
v.
Ruppert,
As to the second ground for reversal, that the negligence was that оf the nurses and not that of the hospital in its
*284
administrative capacity. It is conceded that the doctrine of
respondeat superior
is not applicable between nurses, engaged in professional tasks in the treatment оf patients in a hospital, and their employer. Nevertheless, if a hospital be negligent in the performance of an administrative function, it is liable in damages.
(Schloendorff
v.
Society of New York Hospital,
In
Schloendorff
v.
Society of New York Hospital
(
*285 In Reidford v. Magistrates of Aberdeen (1933) (Scot. Cas. 276) the court said: “ All the managers undertake is to provide аn efficient, heated, clean, wholesome sick-house, equipped with the necessary furniture and fittings for the reception of patients; to employ a competent staff; and to provide the necessary medicine and food” (p. 281).
There was substantiаl evidence to sustain the finding by the jury that on the uncontradicted evidence the defendant was negligent in the performance of an administrative duty in failing to have available for the nurses a fresh morphine solution.
As to the third ground of reversal — governmental immunity. The city of New York in this case did not enjoy governmental immunity.
(Engels
v.
City of New York,
Plaintiff’s claim in the present case is similar to the claim-made in the Engels and Nathanson cases. It is that *286 defendant was negligent in the maintenance and operation of its hospital in that it made avаilable for use by the nurses a supply of medicine dangerous and unfit for use.
It is urged that the Engels and Nathanson cases may be distinguished because in both of them the injuries were caused by non-professional employees and in eaсh case plaintiff was visiting a paying patient as to whom the city was not maintaining a charity. There is no difference between an injury caused by a doctor or nurse and one caused by a non-prоfessional employee if the former be acting in an administrative capacity and not in a professional one.
The second distinction sought to be made, that in the Engels and Nathanson cases the city was not, as to the patient being visited, maintaining a charity, is withоut basis. Plaintiff at the time of the injury was not a recipient of charity. She was paying for her medical care by her services. She was more than a visitor; she was there in her own right. (Cf. N. Y. City Charter, § 587, effective Januаry 1, 1938.) In the fifth paragraph of the amended complaint plaintiff alleges the making of a contract with Bellevue Hospital under the terms of which she was to render services as a nurse in return for which she was to receive “ a salary of $90.00 per month with board and maintenance and proper medical and surgical attention.” That was admitted by the answer. Whether Bellevue Hospital is or is not for some purposes operated by the city in its governmental capacity is beside the point. The city was in this instance performing the terms of a contract which it admits in its answer. Presumably the city derived some benefit from the contract. Undoubtedly, if part of plaintiff’s compensation had not been board, maintenance and proper medical and surgical attention, the salary which the city wоuld have had to pay would have been more than ninety dollars per month.
Nor is it apparent how the operation and maintenance of the nurses’ infirmary was a governmental function. When the сity acts to protect the health of its citizens and *287 furnish medical and surgical treatment to those who cannot pay therefor, it is engaged in a governmental function. Here the infirmary was open only to nurses. The public was not admitted nor treated. It cannot be said that the operation of the infirmary was for the protection of the public’s health. It was operated, as far as plaintiff is concerned, in the performance of a contractual duty, not a governmental obligation.
The judgment of the Appellate Division should be reversed, and that of the Trial Term affirmed, with costs in this cоurt and in the Appellate Division.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting). The plaintiff’s injury, according to the allegations of the complaint and the evidence introduced to prove these allegations, was the result of negligent treatment administered by the hospital as required by the terms of the contract of employment made by the hospital with the plaintiff. It seems to me entirely clear that such an injury arises out of and in the course of the plaintiff’s employment and that the remedy afforded by the Workmen’s Compensation Law is there exclusive. Even assuming that the pleadings do not permit the defendant to urge that the plaintiff’s exсlusive remedy is for compensation under the Workmen’s Compensation Law, the plaintiff has failed, I think, to establish any cause of action against the defendant for damages caused by the negligenсe of its employees, for the only negligence which may have been the proximate cause of the injury was the negligence of the nurse in administering the drug. J
The judgment should be affirmed.
Loughran, Finch, Rippey and Lewis, JJ., concur with Conway, J.; Lehman, Ch. J., dissents in opinion in which Sears, J., concurs.
Judgment accordingly.