Voell v. Klein

184 Wis. 620 | Wis. | 1924

Vinje, C. J.

That the trial court held that the transaction must be a cash one in order to be valid appears from his opinion, wherein it is stated:

“So the question is not one of agency but of apparent agency. Possession itself does not warrant an inference of agency. But in this case defendants knew that Brennan had been Voell’s agent, and that he (Brennan) had sold one car in their vicinity. These facts might well have warranted belief on their part that he was VoelFs agent for the sale of the car and rendered Brennan’s acts binding on the plaintiff had the deal been purely a cash transaction. That is, these facts might have warranted a finding by the jury of apparent agency to effect a sale for cash. But the power to sell for cash does not confer the power to trade or accept anything but money in payment. Roberts v. Francis, 123 Wis. 78, 100 N. W. 1076; Kearns v. Nickse, 80 Conn. 23, 66 Atl. 779.”

It appears from the facts in Roberts v. Francis that the plaintiff had given his brother possession of a stallion for the purpose of using the same for breeding purposes. He had never given his brother authority to sell or trade the same. The brother traded it for another stallion and some other property, and the court held in that case that there was no apparent authority to make a trade. In this case the agent was intrusted with the property in question for the purpose of selling the same, and this was known to the defendants. The rule in cases of apparent authority of an agent is thus stated in McDermott v. Jackson, 97 Wis. 64 (72 N. W. 375), at p. 73:

“If a third person, because of appearances for which the principal was responsible, believes and has reasonable ground to believe that the agent possessed power to act for the principal in the particular transaction, if such third person was, in the exercise of reasonable prudence, justified in believing that the agent possessed the necessary authority, then the principal is responsible to such third person the same as if the agent possessed all the power he assumed to possess.”

This rule has subsequently been reiterated in Garlick v. Morley, 147 Wis. 397, 132 N. W. 601; Freeman v. Dells P. & P. Co. 150 Wis. 93, 135 N. W. 540, and is the accepted rule of law in this country. 21 Ruling Case Law, 56. Without questioning the correctness of the rule announced in Roberts v. Francis, under the facts of that case we are of the view that it does not govern the instant case for two reasons. In the first place it is a matter of common knowledge that in the sale of automobiles at the present time an. old car is frequently, if not usually, accepted as part payment. In the second place it is also a matter- of common knowledge that in business transactions as carried on at the present time the giving of a check is the equivalent of a payment in cash. The consummation of a sale according to trade usage may bind the principal where it would not were trade usage departed from. Roberts v. Francis, supra; Kearns v. Nickse, 80 Conn. 23, 66 Atl. 779, 10 L. R. A. n. s. 1118. Had the agent not absconded with the proceeds of the sale of the old car. and the proceeds of the check, but turned them over to the plaintiff, unquestionably this deal would have been consummated without any objections on the part of the plaintiff. The fact that plaintiff’s agent absconded and did not turn over the proceeds of the sale cannot be charged to the defendants, who had no knowledge of the agent’s intent to defraud his principal. The plaintiff, on the other hand, it appears from the evidence, did know that Brennan was not very reliable or trustworthy and nevertheless he gave him a car to sell, but, so he claims-, not to make a sale to any one but a specified person. It is well settled that secret limitations on the power of an agent cannot affect his apparent authority to the detriment of third persons who deal with him on the basis of his apparent authority and suffer loss thereby. Freeman v. Dells P. & P. Co. 150 Wis. 93, 135 N. W. 540. The giving of checks in business transactions at the present day is so common that it must be said that a transaction in which a check is given is a transaction carried on in the ordinary and usual way. The rule is thus stated in Kearns v. Nickse, 80 Conn. 23, 66 Atl. 779, 10 L. R. A. n. s. 1118:

‘’‘The creation of an agency carries with it the usual and appropriate means of accomplishing its object and clothes the agent with such authority as is proper and necessary to effectuate its purposes.”

In the present case the plaintiff had clothed Brennan with authority to sell cars. In the accomplishment of such object, under the present mode of conducting automobile sales, it is certainly customary and proper to take old cars as part payment, and it is certainly customary and proper if not necessary to take checks in payment. This transaction was carried on in a usual, customary, and proper manner according to the usage of automobile sales at the present time. Of course, it could have been done in another way, but the way in which it was done was the usual and customary manner of such transactions. Therefore we think that there was nothing in the manner in which the transaction was carried on likely to give any notice to the defendants that there was any want of authority on the part of plaintiff’s agent to carry out the transaction in the manner in which it was done. Where an agent in possession of a car and with apparent authority to sell it makes delivery of the car to the purchaser, a printed part of an order for a car providing that it must be approved by the owner is of but slight significance in determining the validity of the sale.

By the Court. — Judgment reversed, and cause remanded with directions to enter judgment for the defendants.