111 Va. 313 | Va. | 1910
delivered the opinion of the court.
In our view of this case, the only assignment of error which calls for extended notice is the action of the trial court in over-ruling the motion of the plaintiff in error, the defendant below, to set aside the verdict of the jury on the ground that the contributory negligence of the plaintiff’s intestate was the proximate cause of the accident.
It is insisted in that connection that if it be conceded that the crossing at which the accident occurred was a public crossing, which imposed upon the railway company the duty of giving signals of the approach of its trains, and that it negligently failed to give such signals by blowing the whistle or ringing the bell, and to keep a reasonable lookout for persons on the crossing, as charged in the declaration, nevertheless the plaintiff’s own evidence shows such contributory negligence on the part of his intestate as would bar a recovery.
’ The engineer testified that he saw Tolley on the track at the crossing and Clawson at the side of the track a few feet above, but did not know of his attempt to cross in front of the engine until after the accident. It is clear from all the evidence that it was not possible for the engineer to have discovered Clawson’s peril in time to have saved him.
Clawson being under fourteen years of age at the time of the accident, the burden rested upon the defendant to rebut the legal presumption that he was incapable of contributory negligence. To meet that burden, the defendant, without con
Ordinarily a less degree of care is required of an infant than an adult, but his responsibility is always to be measured according to his maturity and capacity, and determined by the circumstances of the case as shown by the evidence. Washington, &c. R. Co. v. Quayle, 95 Va. 741, 30 S. E. 391; Roanoke v. Shull, 99 Va. 419, 34 S. E. 34, 75 Am. St. Rep. 791. See also 29 Cyc. 535.
In McDaniel v. Lynchburg Cotton Mills Co., 99 Va. 146, 37 S. E. 781 (an elevator case), a boy twelve years and eight months old was held guilty of contributory negligence, “with which he was properly chargeable by reason of his maturity and intelligence,” and his administrator was denied a recovery for an accident which occasioned his death.
So also, in Seaboard, &c. R. Co. v. Hickey., 102 Va. 394, 46 S. E. 392, it was held, “that an intelligent boy upwards of eight years of age, who was familiar with railroad trains and who had been repeatedly warned to keep off of moving cars,” was guilty of contributory negligence, in attempting to get on a flat car while the train was in motion, and could not recover for resulting injury.
These cases serve to illustrate the general principles with respect to the age and degree of intelligence and capacity
While the law sedulously guards the safety of an infant who is too young and inexperienced to be conscious of danger or to exercise judgment and discretion in protecting himself, the rule is otherwise where he has attained sufficient age and experience to observe and avoid danger. In the latter case, the law imposes upon him the obligation of using the reason he possesses, and of exercising a degree of care for his protection commensurate with his maturity and capacity, and for failure to do so will visit upon him the consequences of his own negligence.
In Thompson on Negligence, section 1492, the author observes : “In case of a child old enough to be in the language of the law sui juris, which roughly speaking means able to take care of himself, the question of his contributory negligence in attempting to cross a railroad track would be a question for a jury under much the same circumstances that it would in case of an adult.”
The evidence, which as we have seen was undisputed on the point, leaves no room to doubt that plaintiff’s intestate possessed ample capacity to have appreciated the danger of his surroundings, and his own negligence proximately contributed to the accident which cost him his life.
The oft-repeated language of Riely, J., in Johnson v. Chesapeake, &c. R. Co., 91 Va. 171, 179, 21 S. E. 238, 240, is very much in point: “The track itself was a proclamation of danger. It was his duty before going upon it to use his eyes and ears. He should have both looked in either direction from which a train could come and listened; and if his faculties warned him of the near approach of a train, it was his duty to keep off the track. If he had done so in this instance he could not have failed to hear and see the coming train, and be m,ade sensible of the danger of going upon the track. It was in plain view. And if he failed to look and listen, as duty
In the instant case there was an unobstructed view of the track in the direction from which the engine was coming for more than fifteen hundred feet.
In Southern Railway Co. v. Daves, 108 Va. 378, 61 S. E. 748, it was said: “A railroad company cannot be held liable for the failure of its engineer to anticipate that a person, whether infant or adult, approaching a crossing is going to step upon the track immediately in front of a moving engine, unless there is something to suggest to the engineer that such person does not intend to remain in a place of safety until the train has passed.”
As the case must go back for a new trial, it is proper to say, that upon evidence similar to that at the first trial instruction No. 1 — that the duty to keep a reasonable lookout does not necessarily require that both the engineer and fireman should be on the lookout at the same time — ought to be given. Brammer v. N. & W. Ry. Co., 104 Va. 150, 51 S. E. 211.
For these reasons the judgment complained of must be reversed, the verdict of the jury set aside, and the case remanded for a new trial.
Reversed.