Plaintiff, Ron Virden, worked in the maintenance department of Indianola High School. On the first day of school in 1997, Virden’s supervisor asked him to reinstall an angle iron that had fallen frоm the ceiling of the school’s new wrestling room. As Virden was bolting the angle iron into place, he fell from the top of the ten-foot ladder on which he was standing. He sustainеd severe injuries to his left leg, requiring several surgeries.
Virden sued the contractors, defendants Betts & Beer Construction and Stroh Corporation, who earlier in the year had installed the wrestling room ceiling. Over Virden’s objеction, the district court granted these defendants summary judgment. It held their negligence, if any, was not the proximate cause of Virden’s injuries. Vir-den appealed and the court of appeals reversed. We granted further review and, now, vacate the court of appeals decision and affirm the judgment of the district court.
I. Scope of Review/Issue on Appeal.
Because this case reaches us on appeal from a summary judgment ruling, our task is to determine whether the record made before the district court demonstrates “nо genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.981. We are obliged to “view the evidence in the light
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most favorable to the plaintiff, giving him the benefit of every legitimate inference the evidence will bear.”
Walls v. Jacob North Printing Co.,
While negligence cases do not ordinarily lend themselves to summary adjudication, see
id.,
summary judgment may be rendered when the material facts fail to show a causal link between the negligence and the injury.
See Ruden v. Jenk,
is one in which after construing the evidence in its most favorable light and resolving all doubts in favor of the party seeking to establish proximаte cause, the relationship between cause and effect nonetheless is so apparent and so unrelated to defendant’s conduct that no reаsonable jury could conclude defendant’s fault was a proximate cause of plaintiffs injuries.
Johnson v. Junkmann,
II. Analysis.
To sustain his tort claim against these defendants, Virden would have to prove that the defendants owed him a duty of care, they breaсhed that duty, their breach was the actual and proximate cause of Virden’s injuries, and he suffered damages.
Walls,
The summary judgment record makеs plain that neither Virden nor his employer contacted the defendants about the fallen angle iron before attempting to effect repairs. Virden also concedes that he sought no help in positioning or securing the ladder, even though several pieces of weight-lifting equipment hampered clear accеss to the repair site. With this record in mind, we turn to the disputed elements of Virden’s claim: duty and causation.
A Duty. Although the defendants argue as a general proposition that they owed no duty of care to Virden, they are unable to defend the district court’s ruling on that ground. It is generally held that
a building or construction contractor is liable - for injuries tо, or the death of, third persons occurring after the completion of his work and its acceptance by the contractee, where the work is reasonably certain to endanger third persons if negligently prepared or constructed.
Thompson v. Burke Eng’g Sales Co.,
[T]he law imposes upon every person who undertakes the performancе of an act which, it is apparent, if not done carefully will be dangerous to other persons or the property of other persons the duty to exercise his sеnses and intelligence to avoid injury, and any such person may be held accountable at law for an injury to person or to property which is directly attributable tо a breach of such duty.
57A Am.Jur.2d Negligence § 96, at 150 (1989).
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The angle iron that fell from the ceiling of the -wrestling room was six feet in length and weighed roughly ten pounds. It can hardly be disputed that lack of due cаre in welding the angle iron in place would put the foreseeable occupants of the room at considerable risk of injury. In other words, the defendants had a duty to Virden, and others using the room, to construct a ceiling that did not fall apart and injure someone.
See Thompson,
Virden did not suffer, however, from being hit by the angle iron or tripping over it once it fell from the ceiling. In his words, he was injured when the ladder he stood on to replace the fallen hardware “suddenly kicked out from under [him] and [he] fell.” That brings us to the crux of the case.
B. Causation.
Defendants’ breach of their duty of care only constitutes actionable negligence if it is “also the proximate cause of the injury.”
City of Cedar Falls v. Cedar Falls Cmty. Sch. Dist.,
With respect to the first component, a plaintiff must at a minimum prove that the damages would not have occurred
but for
the defendant’s negligence.
City of Cedar Falls,
The but-for test is not the end of the inquiry, however. Virden must also tender proof that defendants’ negligent welding of the angle iron was a
substantial factor
in bringing about his injury.
City of Cedar Falls,
We have observed that the line between “what is sufficiently proximate and what is too remote is often a thin one.”
Hollingsworth,
An injury that is the natural and probable consequеnce of an act of negligence is actionable, and such an act is the proximate cause of the injury. But an injury which could not have been foreseen or reasonably anticipated as the probable result of an act of negligence is not actionable and such an act is either the remote cause, or no cаuse whatever, of the injury.
Scoggins,
Here, the district court assessed defendants’ role in Virden’s mishap as remote rather than foreseeable. Its conclusion stemmed from the undisputed fact that the instrumentality causing Virden’s injury *809 was a tipping or collapsing ladder, not a defective angle iron. We agree. The Restatement describes this distinction аs the difference between the “negligence problem” and the “cause problem”:
[W]here the negligence of the act consists in its recognizable tendenсy to subject another to a particular hazard, the actor cannot be subject to liability for any harm occurring otherwise than by the other’s exposure to that hazard.
Restatement (Second) of Torts § 430 cmt. a (1965) (citing Restatement (Second) of Torts § 281 cmt, e). Applying this concept to the case before us, we observe thаt the duty to construct a solid ceiling is not to protect repairmen from perching on tall ladders but to prevent collapsing parts of the ceiling from falling on рersons below.
To summarize, the unfortunate outcome of Virden’s self-help remedy cannot be said to fall naturally within the scope of the probable risk creаted by the defendants’ failure to properly install the ceiling. Because Virden’s fall was not a reasonably foreseeable or probable consequenсe of defendants’ negligence, the district court correctly granted judgment in their favor. We therefore vacate the court of appeals’ contrary decision and affirm the judgment of the district court.
COURT OF APPEALS DECISION VACATED; DISTRICT COURT JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.