Vineyard Investigations v. E. & J. Gallo Winery, 510 F.Supp.3d 926

Case Information

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA VINEYARD INVESTIGATIONS, No. 1:19-cv-01482-NONE-SKO Plaintiff,

v. ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS E. & J. GALLO WINERY,

(Doc. No. 13)

Defendant. INTRODUCTION

Plaintiff Vineyard Investigations initiated this action by filing a complaint on October 18, 2019 against defendant E. & J. Gallo Winery. (Doc. No. 1.) Therein, plaintiff alleges that defendant infringes upon U.S. Patent Nos. 8,528,834 (“’834 Patent”) and 6,947,810 (“’810 Patent”) (collectively, the “Asserted Patents”) relating to the “intelligent monitoring and management of crops such as grapevines.” ( Id. ¶ 33.)

Plaintiff seeks: 1) judgment that the Asserted Patents have been and continue to be infringed by defendant; 2) an accounting of damages resulting from defendant’s infringing acts; 3) a finding that defendant’s infringement is willful and enhancement of damages under 35 U.S.C. § 284; 4) a mandatory future royalty on each and every future sale by defendant of grapes grown using technology that is found to infringe one or more of plaintiff’s patents; 5) attorney’s fees; 6) costs; and 7) any further relief the court deems proper. ( at 43–44.) On December 27, 2019, defendant filed a motion to dismiss on the grounds that the Asserted Patents are patent-ineligible under 35 U.S.C. § 101 (“§ 101”). (Doc. No. 13.) Plaintiff filed its opposition on January 24, 2020. (Doc. No. 17.) Defendant filed its reply on February 7, 2020. (Doc. No. 19.)

The court has determined the motion to dismiss is suitable for decision based on the papers under Local Rule 230(g) and, for the reasons explained below, will deny defendant’s motion to dismiss. ^[1]

BACKGROUND

A. The Parties

Plaintiff is a corporation organized under California law with its principal place of business in St. Helena, California. (Doc. No. 1 ¶ 4.) Dr. Paul W. Skinner founded plaintiff Vineyard Investigations, a consulting company formerly known as Terra Spase, Inc. ( Id. ¶ 13.) Plaintiff “provides consulting and scientific expertise to the wine industry in California and worldwide” on matters relating to “soil management, irrigation requirements, canopy management, crop load, and fruit and wine quality management.” ( Id. ¶ 5.) Plaintiff “owns a portfolio of patents [including the Asserted Patents] and patent applications claiming inventions of Dr. Skinner in the field of intelligent automated monitoring and maintenance of growing crops.” ( Id. ¶¶ 6, 22.)

Each of plaintiff’s patents and applications, including the Asserted Patents, “derives from, and shares patent specification disclosures with, parent United States Patent No. 6,874,707, which was filed on May 31, 2001 and was issued by the USPTO [United States Patent and Trademark Office] on April 5, 2005.” ( Id. ¶ 23.)

Defendant is a corporation organized under California law with its principal place of business in Modesto, California. ( ¶ 7.) “Defendant grows and sells grapes for use in its own and in others’ wines, in vineyards in California and in the Eastern District of California.” ( Id. ) B. The Idea

In 2000, while on a cross-country flight, Dr. Skinner arrived at an idea to design an automated system to “supply every vine with exactly what it needed from a nutrition, water, canopy vigor, and insect and disease prevention standpoint.” ( Id. ¶ 20.) “He began to develop a ‘smart’ drip irrigation system that would be controlled by an advanced system of sensing technology, along with vine growth and disease risk models, to apply water and potentially multiple other chemicals to individual vines when and where they needed them.” ( Id. ) “On that flight, Dr. Skinner began sketching his ideas for this automated vineyard management system, creating drawings and initial notes of the invention.” ( Id. ) “Dr. Skinner’s original sketches contained core ideas that would eventually make up his invented system, including . . . various sources for sensor and external data inputs on plant growth characteristics used to control the system.” ( Id. ) “Dr. Skinner’s contemplated data sources included sensors for soil moisture, soil N (nitrogen) and K (potassium) status, soil pH, as well as vine canopy density (sun/shaded area, i.e. , NDVI), vine evapo-transpiration (ET o ), vine microclimate ( e.g. , temperature, relative humidity), vine insect populations, cluster volume, growing degree days (GDD), yield and harvest forecasts.” ( Id. )

C. The ’834 Patent

The ’834 Patent is entitled “Plant Growing System Using External Data and Having Sensors Associated with Plants.” ( Id. ¶ 24.) Plaintiff alleges the ’834 Patent “was duly and lawfully issued by the USPTO on September 10, 2013.” ( Id. ) Plaintiff avers it is the owner of all right, title, and interest in the ’834 Patent. ( Id. )

The ’834 Patent claims a “‘system for monitoring and managing plant growth’ in which: ‘Combinations of data from sensors local to a vineyard, and from optional remote stations and sensors, is combined with a control system to accurately control the dispensing of water and chemicals such as insecticides, disease prevention fungicides and fertilizers.’” ( ¶ 25 (citing ’834 Patent at Abstract, 1:15–17, 3:9–15).)

///// Plaintiff alleges that while the innovative systems of the ’834 Patent could be applied to many different crops, “some applications of the system are particularly adapted to improve the growing of grapevines in a vineyard.” ( Id. (citing ’834 Patent at Abstract, 3:9–10, 3:52–55).) “The systems and methods disclosed and claimed in the ’834 patent provide significant advantages in such an environment, where smart automation reduces the high cost of vine growth management, and where soil and vine growth variability need to be addressed to improve yield and fruit quality.” ( Id. (citing ’834 Patent at Abstract, 6:19–26).)

An example configuration of the ’834 Patent “contains various types of in-field sensors . . . and emitters . . . for dispensing water and other materials. In addition to real-time data from the in-field sensors, the controller [] of the example system also can receive and utilize external data from a number of sources .” ( Id. ¶ 26 (emphasis added).) The “external data” in the invented system can include “remotely sensed weather data, evapo-transpiration coefficients, crop development data, and other information.” ( Id. (citing ’834 Patent at Abstract, 5:1–9).) “Sensor and external data can be processed through a number of advanced modeling techniques described in the patent.” ( Id. (citing ’834 Patent at Abstract, 5:10–35).) “This data and modeling are then used as inputs into the automated, fine-grained control of the variable rate irrigation and nutrient application system.” ( at Figure 1.)

Claim 1 of the ’834 Patent recites:

1. An apparatus for dispensing materials to vegetation, the apparatus comprising:

a conduit having a channel, wherein the channel is positioned in proximity to the vegetation; an outlet coupled to the channel for conveying a material from the channel to the vegetation under the control of a central controller, wherein the central controller is responsive to external data for controlling material dispersing from one or more emitters in fixed proximity to the vegetation; one or more sensors in fixed proximity to the vegetation, wherein each sensor is associated with one or more particular ///// /////

plan[t] ^[2] in the vegetation, wherein signals from me [sic] sensors are transmitted to a central control system and are used to control conveyance of the material to the vegetation.

’834 Patent at 8:62–9:10.

Claim 15 of the ’834 Patent recites:

15. A method for dispensing materials to vegetation, wherein one or more sensors for sensing a growth condition of the one or more plants are in fixed proximity to the one or more plants, wherein each sensor is associated with one or more particular plan[t] in the vegetation, the method comprising:

obtaining external data for controlling material dispensing; using a controller to receive signals from at least one of the sensors; and

using the controller to control dispensing of a material via the one or more emitters in response to the external data.

Id. at 10:16–26.

Plaintiff alleges that the inventions of the ’834 Patent presented an “important advance from existing vineyard drip irrigation systems at the time, which were manually controlled or were automated in simplistic ways with a timer or computer.” ( Id. ¶ 27 (citing ’834 Patent at 1:29–38).) The existing systems “did not ‘provide a high level of automation’ like the systems of the [’834 Patent], and did not address soil variability problems by ‘selectively provid[ing] different amounts of water to different plants’ or plant areas.” ( Id. (citing ’834 Patent at 1:39– 44).) Moreover, plaintiff contends the ’834 Patent provided “new and unconventional ways to automatically integrate ‘sophisticated information’ about plant sizes, weather conditions and forecasts, and soil conditions—which previously had only been used in the growing process, if at all, via ‘human intervention’ that was ‘prone to errors and inefficiencies.’” ( (citing ’834 Patent at 1:44–57).) Plaintiff avers that “Dr. Skinner’s patented innovations advanced the field and solves these and other problems in the prior art—including through his use of real-time sensor and external data, processed according to various agricultural models, as control inputs to a variable rate irrigation system.” ( Id. (citing ’834 Patent at 8:13–22).)

Plaintiff asserts that Dr. Skinner understood at the time he developed his inventions that the “sophisticated sensor and external data to automate vineyard management would have significant positive effects and would be extremely valuable to growers.” ( Id. ¶ 28.) For example, “Dr. Skinner knew that properly adjusting water and chemical application in response to weather data, soil moisture data, and other information can prevent crop failure, improve crop quality and yield, and save growing and harvesting costs.” ( Id. (internal citation omitted).) Additionally, the “patented systems and methods provide the benefit that ‘delivery of materials can be more precisely directed to where it is needed,’” resulting in improvements in yield and grape quality because “each vine receives a more accurate and effective application of nutrients,” further resulting in the ability to grow and sell more grapes at higher prices for those high quality grapes. ( Id. ¶¶ 28–29.) Plaintiff contends this invention was particularly valuable in “drought- prone growing regions where water costs are a significant factor to profitability.” ( Id. ¶ 30.) D. The ’810 Patent

The ’810 Patent is entitled “System for Automated Monitoring and Maintenance of Crops Including Sensors and Emitters Associated with Plants.” ( Id. ¶ 31.) Plaintiff alleges the ’810 Patent “was duly and lawfully issued by the USPTO on September 20, 2005.” ( Id. ) Plaintiff asserts it is the owner of all right, title, and interest in the ’810 Patent. ( Id. )

The ’810 Patent claims inventions relate to the overall system described in the ’834 Patent and “includes specific claims relating to use of in-field sensors providing inputs to the smart automated control system.” ( Id. ¶ 32 (citing ’810 Patent at 9:28–41 (claim 2)).) “These in-field sensors can be attached to the conduit providing water and/or other nutrients.” ( Id. (citing ’810 Patent at 3:24–31).) “They can also be placed at other locations in the vineyard, such as for soil nutrient and moisture monitoring sensors that may need ground contact.” ( (citing ’810 Patent at 5:46–51).) “The [’810 Patent] also discloses that the control for the system can be centralized or distributed, and that control can be associated with individuals or groups of sensors and emitters in order to assess and respond to variability in the vineyard.” ( Id. (citing ’810 Patent at 5:52–67).)

Claim 2 of the ’810 Patent recites:

2. A system for application of a material to a plurality of plants, the system comprising:

a plurality of sensors, wherein each sensor is associated with, and in fixed proximity to, one of the plants; a control system coupled to one or more of the sensors for receiving a signal from the sensors;

emitters for emitting the material to a plant, wherein each emitter is associated with, and in fixed proximity to, one of the plants; and a control system for controlling emission of the material to a particular plant via the particular plant’s associated emitter in response to a signal from the particular plant’s associated sensor. ’810 Patent at 9:28–41.

According to plaintiff, the inventions claimed in the ’810 Patent “improved on the prior art and provided the same benefits as discussed above with respect to the ’834 Patent.” ( Id. ¶ 33.) Plaintiff alleges that “[i]ndividually and together, the claimed inventions provide new and unconventional techniques for intelligent monitoring and management of crops such as grapevines—and do so by enabling the system to variably and ‘accurately control the dispensing of water’ and other chemicals and nutrients.” ( Id. (citing ’810 Patent at Abstract).) E. The Alleged Theft

At an unspecified time after plaintiff obtained patents on Dr. Skinner’s inventions, plaintiff and Dr. Skinner discussed and advertised the benefits of the inventions to winemaking professionals, including defendant’s executives and viticulturists. ( ¶ 34.) Plaintiff alleges that defendant then began infringing the Asserted Patents as early as 2013. ( Id. ¶ 47.)

LEGAL STANDARDS

A. General Patent Concepts

A patent must “describe the exact scope of an invention and its manufacture to secure to [the patentee] all to which he is entitled, [and] to apprise the public of what is still open to them.” See Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc ., 517 U.S. 370, 373 (1996) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). A patent application must contain a “specification” and at least one drawing. 35 U.S.C. § 111. There are two distinct parts of a patent specification. The first is a detailed “written description of the invention and of the manner and process of making and using it,” set forth “in such full, clear, concise, and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the art . . . to make and use the same.” 35 U.S.C. § 112(a). The written description also “shall set forth the best mode contemplated by the inventor or joint inventor of carrying out the invention.” Id . Second, a patent “specification shall conclude with one or more claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter which the inventor or a joint inventor regards as his invention.” 35 U.S.C. § 112(b). The claims define the scope of a patent grant, Markman , 517 U.S. at 372, but “do not set forth the invention in all of the detail required by the written description.” Lava Trading, Inc. v. Sonic Trading Mgmt . , LLC , No. 03 CIV. 842 (TPG), 2004 WL 1145833, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. May 20, 2004).

B. Motions to Dismiss for Patent Eligibility

Under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a defendant may move to dismiss a cause of action where the plaintiff has failed to “state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6); see also Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly , 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). In deciding a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the court must assume the truth of all non- conclusory, factual allegations made in the complaint and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff. Ashcroft v. Iqbal , 556 U.S. 662, 679–80 (2009). Next, the court must determine whether the complaint is “plausible on its face,” allowing the court to “draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” “The plausibility standard is not akin to a ‘probability requirement,’ but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id.

Pursuant to statute, “[a] patent shall be presumed valid.” 35 U.S.C § 282. Generally, “[a] party seeking to establish that particular claims are invalid must overcome the presumption of validity in 35 U.S.C. § 282 by clear and convincing evidence.” State Contracting & Eng’g Corp. v. Condotte Am., Inc. , 346 F.3d 1057, 1067 (Fed. Cir. 2003). Courts within the Ninth Circuit are split regarding the applicability of the clear and convincing standard in the context of a motion to dismiss brought in this context. Compare Modern Telecom Sys. LLC v. Earthlink, Inc. , No. CV14-0347-DOC, 2015 WL 1239992, at *7–8 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 17, 2015) (noting clear and convincing evidence standard does not apply in motion to dismiss but holding defendant “still bear[s] the burden of establishing that the claims are patent-ineligible under § 101”); Timeplay, Inc. v. Audience Entm’t LLC , No. CV 15-05202-SJO (JCx), 2015 WL 9695321, at *5 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 10, 2015) (same), with Genetic Techs. Ltd. v. Agilent Techs., Inc. , 24 F. Supp. 3d 922 (N.D. Cal. 2014) (“The affirmative defense of patent ineligibility . . . must be established by clear and convincing evidence, because every patent is presumed to be properly issued.”); Wolf v. Capstone Photography, Inc. , No. 2:13-CV-09573, 2014 WL 7639820, at *5 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 28, 2014) (holding that the clear and convincing standard should be applied to motions to dismiss under § 101). Unsurprisingly, the parties here also disagree as to whether the moving party must prove invalidity by clear and convincing evidence at this stage of the litigation.

Assuming without holding that the heightened clear and convincing standard does not apply, “[d]efendant’s burden in seeking to dismiss plaintiff’s claims based on patent ineligibility is high because of the Patent’s presumptive validity.” Boar’s Head Corp. v. DirectApps, Inc. , No. 2:14-cv-01927-KJM-KJN, at *3 (E.D. Cal. July 28, 2015) (citing CLS Bank Int’l v. Alice Corp. Pty. , 717 F.3d 1269, 1304 (Fed. Cir.), aff’d 573 U.S. 208 (2014)); Timeplay , 2015 WL 9695321, at *5; Earthlink , 2015 WL 1239992, at *8). “Additionally, in applying § 101 jurisprudence at the pleading stage, the Court construes the patent claims in a manner most favorable to Plaintiff.” Timeplay , 2015 WL 9695321, at *5.

C. Section 101

“Section 101 defines the subject matter that may be patented under the Patent Act.” Bilski v. Kappos , 561 U.S. 593, 601 (2010). “Whoever invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, may obtain a patent therefor.” 35 U.S.C. § 101; see also Fort Properties, Inc. v. American Master Lease, LLC , 671 F.3d 1317, 1320 (Fed. Cir. 2012). However, § 101 specifically excludes from patent eligibility laws of nature, natural phenomena, and abstract ideas. Ass’n for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc. , 569 U.S. 576, 589 (2013); Fort Properties, Inc., 671 F.3d at 1320. Without this exception, “there would be considerable danger that the grant of patents would ‘tie up’ the use of such tools and thereby ‘inhibit future innovation premised upon them.’” Mayo Collaborative Servs. v. Prometheus Labs., Inc. , 566 U.S. 66, 86 (2012); American Axle & Manufacturing, Inc. v. Neapco Holdings LLC , 967 F.3d 1285, 1292 (Fed Cir. 2020). “This would be at odds with the very point of patents, which exist to promote creation.” Myriad , 569 U.S. at 589 (citing Diamond v. Chakrabarty , 447 U.S. 303, 309 (1980)).

However, the Supreme Court has also recognized that because “all inventions at some level embody, use, reflect, rest upon, or apply . . . abstract ideas,” this exclusionary principle cannot be so broad as to make something un-patentable simply because it involves, at some level, an abstract concept. Mayo , 566 U.S. at 71; see also Neochloris, Inc. v. Emerson Process Management LLLP , 140 F. Supp. 3d 763, 769 (N.D. Ill. 2015). If the concept has been applied to “a new and useful end,” transforming the abstract idea into an actual invention, the result may be eligible for patent protection. Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank , 573 U.S. 208, 217 (2014) (quoting Gottschalk v. Benson , 409 U.S. 63, 67 (1972)); see also XY, LLC v. Trans Ova Genetics , LC, 968 F.3d 1323, 1330 (Fed. Cir. 2020).

DISCUSSION

In moving to dismiss the complaint in this action, defendant argues that the claims in the Asserted Patents are not patent-eligible under 35 U.S.C. § 101. Defendant argues that the claims are directed to an abstract idea and lack an inventive concept. (Doc. No. 13 at 10.) Defendant also contends that the “abstract idea is delivering water and chemicals to a plant as needed—an activity humans have performed for a long time . . ..” ( Id. at 10, 16.) Defendant further argues that the claims “lack an inventive concept because the claims merely automate the abstract idea using generic computers and conventional irrigation equipment components, and do not claim or disclose any improvements in the computer itself or those components.” ( Id. ) In other words, defendant argues that the “patents simply use a generic computer ( i.e. , control system) and known equipment working conventionally ( i.e. , sensors and emitters) to automate routine irrigation tasks humans have been performing for decades, if not centuries.” ( at 14.) Defendant also asserts that Claim 2 of the ’810 Patent is representative of all the claims in the Asserted Patents.

Plaintiff counters by arguing that defendant has failed to meet its burden of proving patent-ineligibility by clear and convincing evidence. (Doc. No. 17 at 4.) Specifically, plaintiff contends: 1) patents are presumptively valid ( id. at 4–6); 2) improved agricultural systems, including the ones at issue here, are routinely found to be patent eligible ( id. at 12–15); 3) whether claimed inventions are unconventional is a question of law inappropriate for resolution by way of motion to dismiss brought pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) ( id. at 15–18); 4) defendant failed to meet its burden proving that Claim 2 of the ’810 patent is representative of all the Asserted Claims ( id. at 18–20); 5) defendant has ignored the requirement to consider the claims as ordered combinations ( id. at 20–21); 6) defendant has failed to show claim construction is unnecessary ( id. at 21–23); and 7) the Asserted Patents are patent-eligible ( id. at 23–31).

A. Claim Construction

As a threshold matter, the court must determine whether a claim construction hearing is necessary in connection with the pending motion. The purpose of claim construction is to determine the meaning and scope of the patent claims asserted to be infringed. Oplus Techs., Ltd. v. Sears Holding Corp ., No. 12-cv-5707-MRP, 2013 WL 11521845, at *2 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 14, 2013). “In some cases, the ordinary meaning of claim language as understood by a person of skill in the art may be readily apparent even to lay judges, and claim construction in such cases involves little more than the application of the widely accepted meaning of commonly understood words.” Phillips v. AWH Corp. , 415 F.3d 1303, 1314 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (citation omitted).

“Patent eligibility under § 101 is a question of law that may, in appropriate cases, be decided on the pleadings without the benefit of a claims construction hearing.” Earthlink , 2015 WL 1239992, at *6 (citing Content Extraction & Transmission LLC v. Wells Fargo Bank, Nat. Ass’n , 776 F.3d 1343, 1349 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (affirming the grant of a motion to dismiss based on patent-ineligible subject matter under § 101 where no claim construction hearing was held)). However, it may be “desirable—and often necessary—to resolve claim construction disputes prior to a § 101 analysis, for the determination of patent eligibility requires a full understanding of the basic character of the claimed subject matter.” Bancorp Servs., L.L.C. v. Sun Life Assurance Co. Can. (U.S.) , 687 F.3d 1266, 1273–74 (Fed. Cir. 2012). But see Content Extraction , 776 F.3d at 1349 (“Although the determination of patent eligibility requires a full understanding of the basic character of the claimed subject matter, claim construction is not an inviolable prerequisite to a validity determination under § 101.”).

Based on the undersigned’s review of the claims at issue in this case, the Asserted Patents concern the relatively non-technical concepts of sensors, external data sources, control systems, and emitters, which do not appear to be so “opaque such that claim construction would be necessary to flush out [their] contours” before determining whether the claims are patent eligible. See Lumen View Tech. v. Findthebest.com, Inc. , 984 F. Supp. 2d 189, 205 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) (finding a claim construction hearing unnecessary before analyzing claims under § 101); (Doc. No. 17 at 7 (describing the Asserted Claims, as a whole, as directed to an improved “system for monitoring and managing plant growth” in which “[c]ombinations of data from sensors local to a vineyard, and from optional remote [external] stations and sensors, is combined with a control system to accurately control the dispensing of water and chemicals such as insecticides, disease prevention fungicides and fertilizers.”) (citing ’834 Patent at Abstract, 3:9–15, 8:62–9:10).) As such, the court concludes that a claim construction hearing is unnecessary in this case for a determination of the patent eligibility of the Asserted Patents.

B. The Alice/Mayo Two-Part Test

The Supreme Court has established a two-step process for resolving § 101 patent eligibility issues. Alice , 573 U.S. at 217–18 (citing Mayo , 566 U.S. at 77–78). First, a court must “determine whether the claims at issue are directed to one of those patent-ineligible concepts,” such as an abstract idea. Id . at 217 (citing Mayo , 566 U.S. at 77–78). If so, then the court must ask “[w]hat else is there in the claims,” which requires consideration of “the elements of each claim both individually and as an ordered combination to determine whether the additional elements transform the nature of the claim into a patent-eligible application.” Timeplay, Inc. , 2015 WL 9695321, at *3 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). “In this second step, the court must ‘search for an inventive concept’—i.e., an element or combination of elements that is ‘sufficient to ensure that the patent in practice amounts to significantly more than a patent upon the [ineligible concept] itself.’” (quotation marks omitted). Courts have recognized that “the two steps of the Alice/Mayo test are easier to separate in recitation than in application.” (citing Ameranth, Inc. v. Genesis Gaming Sols., Inc. , No. CV 11-00189-AG, 2014 WL 7012391, at *2 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 12, 2014)); see also Elec. Power Grp., LLC v. Alstom S.A. , 830 F.3d 1350, 1353 (Fed. Cir. 2016). Indeed, as one district court has observed “the proper application of the Supreme Court’s Alice standard is an evolving and sometimes hazy area of law.” United Cannabis Corp. v. Pure Hemp Collective Inc. , No. 18-cv-1922-WJM, 2019 WL 1651846, at *5 (D. Colo. Apr. 17, 2019).

The Supreme Court “has not established a definitive rule to determine what constitutes an ‘abstract idea’ sufficient to satisfy the first step of the Mayo/Alice inquiry.” Enfish, LLC v. Microsoft Corp. , 822 F.3d 1327, 1334 (Fed. Cir. 2016). “Rather, the Supreme Court and the Federal Circuit ‘have found it sufficient to compare claims at issue to those claims already found to be directed to an abstract idea in previous cases.’” Iron Gate Security, Inc. v. Lowe’s Cos., Inc. , No. 15-cv-8814-KBF, 2016 WL 4146140, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 3, 2016) (quoting Enfish , 822 F.3d at 1334). Courts often examine the purpose of a challenged claim to determine whether it is abstract. See Cal. Inst. Tech., v. Hughes Commc’ns, Inc. , 59 F. Supp. 3d 974, 991 (C.D. Cal. 2014) (concluding that the court should “identify the purpose of the claim—in other words, what the claimed invention is trying to achieve—and ask whether that purpose is abstract,” making the Alice/Mayo step one “a sort of ‘quick look’ test, the object of which is to identify a risk of preemption and ineligibility”); DDR Holdings, LLC v. Hotels.com, L.P. , 773 F.3d 1245, 1258–59 (Fed. Cir. 2014). The court considers the patent’s claims as a whole to determine what their focus is. See Diamond v. Diehr , 450 U.S. 175, 188 (1981).

C. Patent Eligibility Under § 101

1. Step One of the Alice/Mayo Test

Under the first step of the Alice/Mayo test, the court must determine whether the claim at issue is directed to a “patent-ineligible concept,” including an abstract idea. See Alice , 573 U.S. at 217. When engaging in the first step analysis, courts should not “oversimplif[y]” key inventive concepts or “downplay” an invention’s benefits. Enfish , 822 F.3d at 1337–38; see also McRO, Inc. v. Bandai Namco Games Am. Inc. , 837 F.3d 1299, 1313 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (“courts ‘must be careful to avoid oversimplifying the claims’ by looking at them generally and failing to account for the specific requirements of the claims.”) (quoting In re TLI Commc’ns , 823 F.3d at 611).

Defendant cites the following language from the Asserted Patents: the invention “automat[es] the growing of crops, such as grapevines,” using “data from sensors local to a vineyard . . . combined with a control system to accurately control the dispensing of water and chemicals such as insecticides, disease prevention materials and fertilizers.” (Doc. No. 13 at 18 (quoting ’810 Patent at 3:16–22; ’834 Patent at 3:7–15).) Defendant argues that this language represents an abstract idea because it is directed to both a “longstanding activity (humans for centuries have been adjusting the amounts of water and fertilizer provided to plants based on seeing how well they are growing or the weather) and a fundamental business practice (collecting, processing, and analyzing data), automated using only generic components.” (Doc. No. 13 at 18– 19 (citing Valmont Indus., Inc. v. Lindsay Corp. , No. 15-42-LPS, 2018 WL 5962469, at *6 (D. Del. Nov. 14, 2018)); BSG Tech LLC v. Buyseasons, Inc. , 899 F.3d 1281, 1285 (Fed. Cir. 2018); Intellectual Ventures I LLC v. Symantec Corp. , 838 F.3d 1307, 1318 (Fed. Cir. 2016); Smart Sys. Innovations, LLC v. Chicago Transit Auth. , 873 F.3d 1364, 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2017); Content Extraction , 776 F.3d at 1347; In re TLI Commc’ns , 823 F.3d at 613).)

In opposition to defendant’s contention in this regard, plaintiff argues that improved agricultural systems much like the ones plaintiff asserts here are routinely held to be patent eligible and are not directed to an abstract idea. (Doc. No. 17 at 12–15, 19–28 (citing Capstan AG Sys. v. Raven Indus., Inc. , 228 F. Supp. 3d 1235, 1244–45 (D. Kan. 2017); Agri-Labs Holding LLC v. Taplogic, LLC , 304 F. Supp. 3d 773, 785 (N.D. Ind. 2018).)

The court finds defendant’s argument unpersuasive because it is based on an oversimplification of the Asserted Patents. In Capstan AG , the asserted patents were “directed to an improved system and method for dispensing controlled amounts of liquid agricultural product through a plurality of valves that [were] individually controlled or controlled in groups.” Capstan AG , 228 F. Supp. at 1241. In other words, the two asserted patents aimed to “improve agrochemical spraying technology by allowing users to control each sprayer nozzle, either individually or by groups of nozzles.” Id. Analyzing step one of the Alice/Mayo test, the court held in Capstan AG that the asserted patents “set out to solve a problem that is itself patent- eligible: lack of precision in agrochemical spraying caused by the inability to control sprayer nozzles individually.” Id. at 1244. While the asserted patents in Capstan AG utilized a mathematical formula, the court nevertheless concluded that the formula was used to improve an existing technological process—one where no system or method previously existed for controlling the flow rate of individual nozzles in agrochemical spraying systems—and therefore that the asserted patents were directed to patent-eligible subject matter. Id. at 1245–46.

In Agri-Labs , the asserted patent involved a method and system for soil sampling to determine nutrient levels across various areas in fields. See Agri-Labs , 304 F. Supp. 3d at 781. After the samples were collected and tested for nutritional deficiencies, the results would be transferred to a fertilizer applicator, which would then adjust the flow of nutrients according to recorded geographic positions. See id. Previously, a farmer who wanted to evaluate the nutritional needs of soil would be required to collect samples from various places and mark them with individual identifiers to memorialize the precise geographic position from which each sample was collected, a method that was both time-consuming and prone to errors. See id. At the summary judgment stage of the litigation in that case, the district court held that the asserted patent was not directed to an abstract idea but instead was “directed to a specific technique regarding soil sampling . . . [that] purport[ed] to solve issues associated with existing techniques by coming to the end result more efficiently and accurately.” Id. at 785–86. The court concluded that the invention embodied in the asserted patent “improve[d] the technological process of soil sampling and the manner in which soil sample containers [were] tracked and associated with the geographic location in the field from where the samples [were] obtained,” which was a method and system that accomplished something the industry had not been previously able to accomplish and resolved a particular problem related to collecting soil samples. at 786.

Here, the ’834 Patent contains various types of in-field sensors and emitters for dispensing water, fungicide, pesticide, and other materials to one or more plants while using real-time data from in-field sensors and external data sources. (’834 Patent at Fig. 1; 5:1–9, 5:10–35.) Both the localized sensor and external data can be processed through advanced modeling techniques described in the patent. ^[3] ( See id. at 5:10–35.) “The data and modeling are then used as inputs into the automated, fine-grained control of the variable rate irrigation and nutrient application system.” ( See e.g. , id. at Fig. 1, 5:42–57 (“This is useful where different parts of a vineyard need different degrees of irrigation”), 3:9–15 (“Combinations of data from sensors local to a vineyard, and from optional remote stations and sensors, is combined with a control system, to accurately control the dispensing of water and chemicals such as insecticides, disease prevention materials, and fertilizers”); Doc. No. 1 ¶ 26.)

The Asserted Patents claim that they made specific improvements to the existing vineyard drip irrigation systems that existed at the time, which were manually controlled or automated with timers or computers. ( See ’834 Patent at 1:29–38, 42–44 (“it is difficult to selectively provide different amounts of water to different plants, or even plant rows or areas”).) As plaintiff argues, “[s]uch prior systems did not ‘provide a high level of automation’ like the systems of the patented invention, and did not address soil variability problems by ‘selectively provid[ing] different amounts of water to different plants’ or plant areas.” (Doc. No. 17 at 25 (citing ’834 Patent at 1:39–44; Doc. No. 1 ¶ 27).) Accepting the claims as true, the Asserted Patents here, like those in Capstan AG and Agri-Labs , are directed to improve a system and method for the precise dispensing of water, fungicide, pesticide, and other chemicals to individual plants, in different areas of agricultural fields, in ways that were previously unavailable. See Capstan AG , 228 F. Supp. at 1239, 1241, 1244–46; Agri-Labs , 304 F. Supp. 3d at 781, 785–86.

The court has reviewed the cases that defendant relies upon in support of its argument and finds that they are distinguishable. In Valmont , for instance, the district court held that the asserted patent which involved the use of a hand-held portable device to remotely display and control irrigation systems was patent-ineligible. Valmont , 2018 WL 5962469, at *7. At step one, the court held that the invention was directed to the abstract idea of “remotely monitoring and controlling irrigation equipment.” Id. at *6. Here, however, the Asserted Patents do not simply remotely monitor and do not require human intervention to control the irrigation equipment. Rather, the Asserted Patents appear to improve upon the prior art which did not “provide a high level of automation” or “address soil variability problems ‘by selectively provid[ing] different amounts of water to different plants’ or plant areas.” (Doc. No. 17 at 25 (citing ’834 Patent at 1:39–44; Doc. No. 1 ¶ 27).) The Asserted Patents utilize various types of in-field sensors and emitters for dispensing water, fungicide, pesticide, and other materials to one or more plants while using real-time data from in-field sensors and external data sources, including weather data, crop growth models, growing degree days, evapo-transpiration coefficients, degree day insect models, disease risk models, irrigation requirements, crop nutrition requirements, and crop development data. (’834 Patent at Fig. 1; 5:1–35.) Using that real-time data from both in-field sensors and external data sources, the Asserted Patents then deliver precise amounts of water and specific chemicals to the individual plants as necessary, as “different parts of a vineyard need different degrees of irrigation,” and where “[s]ome plants may be exposed to insects or disease and not others.” ( See id. at Fig. 1, 5:42–57, 3:9–15; Doc. No. 1 ¶ 26.) Moreover, “[w]ind and weather sensors can be used to prevent dispensing of harmful chemicals when a chance of unwanted high dispersion is likely,” and application can be immediately stopped “[s]hould a high wind come up during application of chemicals.” (’834 Patent at 8:27–33.) As plaintiff argues, this results in greater efficiency, higher yield and higher equality grapes, and less human error that existed with the prior art. ( at 1:50–57, 6:19–26.) The court therefore finds the decision in Valmont to be distinguishable from the present case.

In BSG Tech , the Federal Circuit held that patents related to systems and methods for indexing information stored in “wide access” databases were patent-ineligible, reasoning that “methods of organizing human activity” are abstract. 899 F.3d at 1283, 1285–86. However, BSG Tech is readily distinguishable from this case. The asserted claims in BSG Tech purported to overcome shortcomings in the way data is organized and categorized by, among other things, suggesting to database users ways in which to categorize and describe information based on historical usage. See id. at 1286. As the Federal Circuit explained there:

[The claimed invention] amounts to having users consider previous item descriptions before they describe items to achieve more consistent item descriptions. Whether labeled as a fundamental, long-prevalent practice or a well-established method of organizing activity, this qualifies as an abstract idea. See also CyberSource Corp. v. Retail Decisions, Inc ., 654 F.3d 1366, 1372–73 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (holding that a claim whose “steps can be performed in the human mind, or by a human using a pen and paper” is directed to an “unpatentable mental process[ ]”).

Id .

Here, however, the Asserted Patents do more than merely perform steps that could be accomplished within the human mind or by a human using pen and paper. The Asserted Patents include elements of physical technology, including the use real-time in-field sensors and external data sources to provide the precise delivery of water and certain chemicals to individual plants in different areas of fields as they require. ( See id. at Fig. 1, 5:42–57, 3:9–15; Doc. No. 1 ¶ 26.) As such, BSG Tech does not support defendant’s motion to dismiss in this case.

In Smart System Innovations , the Federal Circuit held that patent claims related to a computerized mass transit payment system were patent ineligible. 873 F.3d at 1368. The court reasoned that because the claims were directed to the “formation of financial transactions in mass transit and data collection related to such transactions,” these were merely directed to the abstract idea of “collection, storage, and recognition of data” that did not “provide a method for processing data that improve[d] existing technological processes.” Id. at 1372. Here, however, the Asserted Patents claim to make specific improvements to the existing vineyard drip irrigation systems that existed at the time, which were manually controlled or automated only with timers or computers. ( See ’834 Patent at 1:29–38, 42–44.) As plaintiff argues, “[s]uch prior systems did not ‘provide a high level of automation’ like the systems of the patented invention, and did not address soil variability problems by ‘selectively provid[ing] different amounts of water to different plants’ or plant areas.” (Doc. No. 17 at 25 (citing ’834 Patent at 1:39–44; Doc. No. 1 ¶ 27).)

For these same reasons, the court finds the decisions in Content Extraction and In re TLI Communications , relied upon by defendant, to be distinguishable from this case. See Content Extraction , 776 F.3d at 1347 (holding that claims involving collection, recognition, and storage of data were directed to abstract idea); In re TLI Commc’ns , 823 F.3d at 613 (holding that a patent was directed to an abstract idea where it related to the method and system for taking, transmitting, and organizing digital images). Defendant has therefore not met its burden under § 101 at step one of the Alice/Mayo test in moving to dismiss plaintiff’s complaint. The court could end its analysis at step one and deny defendant’s motion to dismiss on that basis alone. Nevertheless, in an abundance of caution, the court will examine the second step below.

2. Step Two of the Alice/Mayo Test

Even assuming, arguendo, that the ’834 Patent is directed to an abstract idea, the undersigned concludes that in moving to dismiss the complaint defendant has not met its burden of establishing that the elements of the ’834 Patent, alone or in combination , do not contain an “inventive concept” sufficient to “transform the nature of the claim” from a purported abstract idea into a patent-eligible application. Alice , 573 U.S. at 221 (citing Mayo , 566 U.S. at 72, 79– 80); Bascom v. AT&T Mobility LLC , 827 F.3d 1341, 1349–50 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (holding that an ordered combination of claim limitations revealed an inventive concept that transformed an abstract idea of filtering content into a patent-eligible invention where the prior art filters were susceptible to hacking and the filter implementation was alleged to be versatile enough to adapt to many users’ preferences while also installed remotely) (citing Alice , 572 U.S. at 217); Cellspin Soft, Inc. v. Fitbit, Inc. , 927 F.3d 1306, 1316–19 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (holding that claims setting forth a method of connecting data capture device to a mobile device allowing users to automatically publish content from a data capture device to a website revealed inventive concept sufficient to transform an abstract idea into patent-eligible subject matter).

“The second step of the Alice test is satisfied when the claim limitations involve more than performance of well-understood, routine, [and] conventional activities previously known to the industry.” Berkheimer v. HP, Inc. , 881 F.3d 1360, 1367 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (quoting Content Extraction , 776 F.3d at 1347–48) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Aatrix Software, Inc. v. Green Shades Software, Inc. , 882 F.3d 1121, 1128 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (“If the elements involve ‘well-understood, routine, [and] conventional activity previously engaged in by researchers in the field,’ they do not constitute an ‘inventive concept.’”) (quoting Mayo , 566 U.S. at 73). “The question of whether a claim element or combination of elements is well-understood, routine and conventional to a skilled artisan in the relevant field is a question of fact . . . that . . . must be proven by clear and convincing evidence.” Berkheimer , 881 F.3d at 1367; Cellspin Soft, Inc. v. Fitbit, Inc. , 927 F.3d 1306, 1317–18 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (“We have no basis, at the pleadings stage, to say that these claimed techniques [of employing a hypertext transfer protocol at a specific location using an intermediary mobile device] were well-known or conventional as a matter of law”).

Defendant argues that the Asserted Claims fail step two for the following reasons: 1) the Asserted Claims do not provide an inventive concept because the claim elements “merely automate a process otherwise performed by humans, using only generic of functionally described generic components operating conventionally” (Doc. No. 13-1 at 17); 2) the “control system” limitations fail to supply an inventive concept because they are simply generic computer components (essentially akin to processors, interfaces, memory, and data that perform basic computing functions without describing any specialized or innovative hardware or software ( id. at 18–20); 3) the “sensor” limitations fail to supply an inventive concept because they are merely generic sensors operating conventionally and do not comprise technological improvements over known sensors, citing three other patents ( id. at 20–24); 4) the “sensor” limitations further fail to supply an inventive concept because the specifications contain no details of how the sensors can be implemented ( id. at 23); and 5) the “emitter” limitations fail to supply an inventive concept because they are merely generic emitters operating conventionally ( id. at 24–25).

In response, plaintiff argues that: 1) defendant fails to consider plaintiff’s claims “as a whole” in light of their claimed advances and specific improvements over existing systems; 2) defendant’s arguments raise questions of fact unsuitable for resolution a motion to dismiss; and 3) use of the external data inputs were inventive and helped solve problems in the prior art. (Doc. No. 17 at 29.)

The court agrees that the question of whether each of the claim elements of the Asserted Patents (including the control systems, sensors, or emitters), were well-understood, routine, and conventional at the time of the invention, is a question of fact that is not suitable for resolution by way of a motion to dismiss. This is particularly true where plaintiff’s complaint (including the Patents themselves), plausibly alleges facts that would satisfy the second step of Alice . ^[4] See Cellspin Soft, Inc. , 927 F.3d at 1317–18 (“We have no basis, at the pleadings stage, to say that these claimed techniques were well-known or conventional as a matter of law”); Berkheimer , 881 F.3d at 1369–70 (vacating an order granting summary judgment in part as to certain claims because “[w]hether something is well-understood, routine, and conventional to a skilled artisan at the time of the patent is a factual determination.”); Vaporstream, Inc. v. Snap Inc. , No. 2:17-cv- 00220-MLH, 2018 WL 1116530, at *6 (S.D. Cal. Feb. 27, 2018) (denying defendant’s motion for summary judgment, finding that questions of fact existed where plaintiff offered competing expert testimony indicating the claim elements of the patents-in-suit, including the separate displays, separate transmissions, and display-based keyboard, were well-understood, routine, and conventional at the time of the invention).

In any event, the court finds merit in plaintiff’s argument that defendant has failed to adequately acknowledge that each claim in the ’834 patent incorporates external data and appears to use that data, in combination with the in-field sensors, to provide precise watering, pesticide, /////

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and other chemicals to the individual plants based on their needs. ^[5] At the pleadings stage, plaintiff’s plausible assertion that such improvements were not available in the prior art is sufficient. (Doc. No. 17 at 29–31; see also Doc. No. 1 ¶ 33.) For example, the ’834 Patent states: “While such irrigation systems have been proven effective, they do not provide a high level of automation” and “require[] much human participation and [are] prone to errors and inefficiencies.” ^[6] (’834 Patent at 1:29–57.) Moreover, the “invention provides more accurate timing of applications and better coverage of the vines, resulting in better disease management— one of the primary factors of quality and yield.” (’834 Patent at 6:19–27; see also Doc. No. 1 ¶ 33.) The ’834 Patent further provides:

By using the system of the present invention, efficiencies not possible in the prior art can be realized. The control system can accurately measure the pressure and volume of delivery of water and chemicals. The delivery of materials can be more precisely directed to where it is needed. The delivery is also performed as needed so care of the crops is more accurate and effective and there is less waste. No human intervention is necessary. Heavy mechanical devices are eliminated at a concomitant savings in fuel and maintenance costs. (’834 Patent at 8:13–22.) Accepting plaintiff’s allegations as true, as the court must on a motion to dismiss, the complaint and the patent claims, considered as a whole, sufficiently state an inventive concept. Defendant’s motion to dismiss the complaint therefore fails step two of the Alice/Mayo test as well.

3. Representative Claims

Defendant’s arguments mainly relate to the patent ineligibility of Claim 2 of the ’810 Patent, which defendant argues is “representative” of the Asserted Claims. (Doc. No. 13-1 at 10 n.2.) Plaintiff disputes the representativeness of Claim 2. (Doc. No. 17 at 18–20.)

A court “need not expressly address each asserted claim where the court concludes that particular claims are representative because all the claims are ‘substantially similar and linked to the same abstract idea.’” Voip-pal.com, Inc. v. Apple Inc. , 411 F. Supp. 3d 926, 941 (N.D. Cal. 2019) (quoting Content Extraction , 776 F.3d at 1348 (quotation marks omitted); Mortg. Grader, Inc. v. First Choice Loan Servs. Inc. , 811 F.3d 1314, 1324 n.6 (finding that the district court did not err by discussing only one claim where the claims did not “differ in any manner that is material to the patent-eligibility inquiry”); Alice , 573 U.S. at 224–25). Here, however, the court will deny defendant’s motion to dismiss on the merits. Therefore, it is not necessary to determine at this stage of the litigation whether the specific claim defendant has directly, but unsuccessfully, attacked is representative of other claims in the disputed patents. ^[7]

CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, defendant’s motion to dismiss (Doc. No. 13) is denied.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: December 30, 2020

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

Notes

[1] The undersigned apologizes for the excessive delay in the issuance of this order. This court’s overwhelming caseload has been well publicized and the long-standing lack of judicial resources in this district has reached crisis proportion. Unfortunately, that situation sometimes results in the court not being able to issue orders in submitted civil matters within an acceptable period of time. This situation is frustrating to the court, which fully realizes how incredibly frustrating it is to the parties and their counsel.

[2] Based upon a review of the ’834 Patent and ’810 Patents, the court assumes the use of the term “plan” in Claim 2 of the ’834 Patent was a typographical error and that the Patent intended to use the term “plant.” The same apparent typographical error occurs in Claim 15 of the ’834 Patent in a similar context. However, Claim 2 of the ’810 Patent references “a plurality of sensors, wherein each sensor is associated with, and in fixed proximity to, one of the plants.” The language in the ’810 Patent strongly suggest that the drafter(s) intended to use the term “plant” in the ’834 Patents. Even if the court is incorrect in this assumption, the distinction does not appear to be material to resolution of the pending motion.

[3] Plaintiff provides several examples of the modeling techniques, including through entering 26 external data manually, receiving external data automatically via a communication link or a network such as the Internet, and using sensor data in combination with methods that are 27 described in certain academic papers regarding the control of irrigation and application of other 28 chemicals and materials. ( See ’834 Patent at 5:10–35.)

[4] Defendant argues that the sensors were conventional at the time of the invention, citing the Hall, Douglas, and Reusch patents ( see Doc. No. 13-1 at 22 n.6). While the court may take judicial notice of the patents as matters of public records, see Advanced Steel Recovery, LLC v. X- Body Equipment, Inc. , No. 2:16-cv-00148-KJM-EFB, 2016 WL 4192439, at *3 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 9, 2016), the court will not on a motion to dismiss determine whether the sensors were conventional at the time of the invention based on the Hall, Douglas, and Reusch patents. See Berkheimer , 881 F.3d at 1369 (“Whether a particular technology is well-understood, routine, and conventional goes beyond what was simply known in the prior art. There mere fact that something is disclosed in a piece of prior art, for example, does not mean it was well-understood, routine, and conventional.”).

[5] For this same reason, the court finds the decision in Neochloris, Inc. v. Emerson Process Mgmt. LLLP, 140 F. Supp. 3d 763 (N.D. Ill. 2015), to be distinguishable from the present case. In Neochloris , the court held that a patent that described the process of collecting and monitoring water data was directed to an abstract idea and the system’s ability to reduce human error was not an inventive concept sufficient to transform the abstract idea into a patent-eligible invention. at 771–75. However, in the instant matter plaintiff’s patent involves more than “computer and software [that] simply make routine calculations to monitor and analyze water data.” See id. at 772. Rather, plaintiff has made a sufficient showing in opposition to the pending motion to dismiss that the combination of the external data and data from the in-field sensors transform the idea into an inventive concept. See Alice , 573 U.S. at 217 (“we consider the elements of each claim both individually and ‘as an ordered combination’ to determine whether the additional elements ‘transform the nature of the claim’ into a patent-eligible application.”) (quoting Mayo , 566 U.S. at 78–79).

[6] “[P]lausible and specific factual allegations [in the complaint] that aspects of the claims are inventive are sufficient” for purposes of a motion to dismiss. Cellspin Soft Inc. , 927 F.3d at 1317–18 (holding that plaintiff “made specific, plausible factual allegations about why aspects of its claimed inventions were not conventional, e.g. , its two-step, two-device structure requiring a connection before data is transmitted” and district court erred by not accepting those allegations as true) (citing Aatrix , 882 F.3d at 1128 (“There are concrete allegations in the second amended complaint that individual elements and the claimed combination are not well-understood, routine, or conventional activity.”)).

[7] “Erroneously determining that a claim is representative has constitutional consequences.” Nice 25 Ltd. v. Callminer, Inc. , No. 18-2024-RGA-SRF, 2020 WL 529709, at *4 (D. Del. Feb. 3, 2020), R. & R. adopted by 2020 WL 1502290 (D. Del. Mar. 30, 2020) (citing PPS Data, LLC v. Jack 26 Henry & Assocs., Inc. , 404 F. Supp. 3d 1021, 1033 (E.D. Tex. 2019)). “In contrast, an erroneous determination that a claim is not sufficiently representative ‘presents no comparable 27 counterweight’ because ‘incremental increases in judicial economy . . . should never come at the 28 cost of constitutionally secured rights.’”

Case Details

Case Name: Vineyard Investigations v. E. & J. Gallo Winery

Court Name: District Court, E.D. California

Date Published: Jan 4, 2021

Citations: 510 F.Supp.3d 926; 1:19-cv-01482

Docket Number: 1:19-cv-01482

Court Abbreviation: E.D. Cal.