Villanueva v. BarcroftVillanueva v. Barcroft
MEMORANDUM OF OPINION AND ORDER (Resolving ECF Nos. 21, 35, 42, and 56.)
I. Introduction
Before the Court are four motions: Defendants’ Martin York and M Y Investments’ (collectively hereafter ‘York”) Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction, Improper Venue, or, Alternatively, to Transfer Venue, and to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim
(ECF No.
21). Plaintiff Bertha Villanueva’s (“Villanueva”) Motion for Partial Summary Judgment
(ECF No. 35),
York’s
Rule 56(f)
Motion to Withhold Ruling on Bertha Villanueva’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment
(ECF No. Ip2),
and Villanueva’s Motion for Default Judgment against Defendant Robert Marsh
II. Procedural History
On or about July 6, 2010, Villanueva filed this lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio. ECF No. 1. In the Complaint, Villanueva asserts ten causes of action against all of Defendants — York, Marsh, and Marcus Barcroft (“Barcroft”). ECF No. 1 at 4-10. Villanueva alleges breach of contract (Count One; ECF No. 1 at 4-5), breach of a fiduciary duty (Count Two; ECF No. 1 at 5), fraud (Count Three; ECF No. 1 at 6), unjust enrichment (Count Four; ECF No. 1 at 6), conversion (Count Five; ECF No. 1 at 7), promissory estoppel (Count Six; ECF No. 1 at 7), violations of the Ohio Securities Act (Count Seven; ECF No 1 at 8), violations of the Ohio Consumer Sales Protection Act (Count Eight; ECF No. 1 at 8-9), civil violations of the U.S. RICO Act (Count Nine; ECF No. 1 at 9-10), and punitive damages (Count Ten: ECF No. 1 at 10). ECF No. 1 at 4-10.
Since filing of the complaint, both York and Villanueva have moved the Court to take various actions. On October 15, 2010, York filed a Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction, Improper Venue, or, Alternatively, to Transfer Venue, and to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim. ECF No. 21. On November 11, 2010, Villanueva filed a Motion for Partial Summary Judgment. ECF No. 35, In response to Villanueva’s motion, on December 13, 2010, York filed a Rule 56(f) Motion to Withhold Ruling on Villanueva’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment. ECF No. 42. On May 12, 2011, Villanueva filed a Motion for Default Judgment against Marsh, who has failed to plead or otherwise defend himself in the instant lawsuit. ECF No. 56.
III. Background
This action arises out of an alleged investment scheme sold to Villanueva in early 2010. Villanueva alleges that in January of 2010 Barcroft approached her with an investment opportunity that would guarantee high yield returns. ECF No. 33 at 1.
The opportunity involved participating in an investment program, entitled “500k CMO Program.”
ECF No. 1 at 3.
As a condition of entry, the participant was required to invest a minimum of $500,000. These funds would then be wired to an escrow account — held by York, the Escrow Agent — to be used to purchase an approved collateral mortgage obligation (“CMO”) for trade.
ECF Nos. 1 at 3; 32 at 20-21; 1-2 at 2.
In consideration for the program participant’s substantial investment, the participant would be contractually guaranteed a high return evidenced by an “Escrow Agreement” between the participant — who is identified in the agreement as the “Depositor” — and the Escrow Agent, York.
ECF Nos. 1 at 3; 1-2 at 2.
The Escrow Agreement provided that if trading on the participant’s CMO did not commence within a specified period, the participant would receive a payment equal to her principal investment amount plus an additional 10%.
ECF Nos. 1 at 3; 1-2 at 2
(Non Performance Clause). If trading were, however, to commence pursuant to the terms of the Escrow Agreement, the participant would be entitled to 6 monthly
After becoming knowledgeable of the program, Villanueva told Barcroft that she had only $250,000 to invest and was, therefore, unable to meet the $500,000 minimum deposit amount required to participate in the 500k CMO Program. ECF No. 32 at 18. Barcroft responded by offering Villanueva the opportunity to invest in connection with him. Villanueva agreed. ECF Nos. 1 at 3 and 32 at 18. Villanueva and Barcroft agreed that each would be individually responsible for contributing $250,000 to meet the minimum deposit amount. Their agreement did not involve Villanueva contracting directly with York as a Depositor, under the terms of the Escrow Agreement, as originally dictated. 1 Rather, Villanueva and Barcroft consented to forming a separate contract — the “Profit Agreement” — by and between themselves. ECF Nos. 1 at 3 and 32 at 18.
According to Villanueva, the Profit Agreement ECF Nos. 1-1 at 2-3; 33 at 15-16 provided that, in consideration for Villanueva wiring $250,000 to York, the Escrow Agent, — so that York could use the funds to purchase the CMO for trade, 2 Barcroft would assign his rights under an Escrow Agreement that was entered into by and between Barcroft and York. ECF Nos. 1 at F 1-1 at 2-3. This understanding is not entirely clear from the text of the Profit Agreement, which like other documents material to this case, are not models of clarity. The Profit Agreement does appear, however, to clearly show that Villanueva is entitled to receive 50% of the net profits after payment of an escrow fee of 30% or 50% of the principal $500,000 plus 10% fee, if trading did not commence. ECF Nos. 1 at F 1-1 at 2-3.
The Profit Agreement repeatedly references the term Escrow Agent, a term defined in an Escrow Agreement entered into by Barcroft as “Depositor” and York’s business, M Y Investments. ECF Nos. 1 at F 1-1 at 2-3; 1-2 at 2-3. Additionally, both agreements contain the following identical sentence in nearly identical “Non Performance” [sic] clauses:
Any and all legal issues will be through the State of Michigan and will follow the laws and guidelines of the State of Michigan.
ECF Nos. 1-1 at 2-3 and 1-2 at 2-3.
After Villanueva wired $250,000 to York’s account, pursuant to the Profit Agreement, she was informed by Barcroft that trading had, in fact, commenced. ECF No. 32 at 25. Villanueva did not receive, however, any of the monies — including her initial investment — that were contractually guaranteed. Villanueva initiated the instant action to obtain relief. ECF No. 1 at F
Since filing this lawsuit, both York and Barcroft have blamed Defendant Marsh for Villanueva’s predicament.
ECF Nos. 32 at lp2; 1¡,3 at 7-8; 36 at 5-6.
Barcroft has attempted to distance himself from his role in the scheme, by stating that he was only an intermediary, working under the direction and instruction of Marsh to recruit investors to participate in the program.
3
ECF No. 32 at 51-52.
Barcroft asserts also that he never received any payment for his services.
ECF No. 32 at
York acknowledges that Villanueva’s funds were wired into his account and that he took some for his own use. (ECF No. 25-2 at 16-17). He nevertheless contends that he believed the money belonged to Marsh and was proceeds from a legitimate business transaction (ECF Nos. 25-2 at 12-13; 36 at 5). Moreover, York claims that his signature was forged on the Escrow Agreement by Marsh. ECF Nos. 21-1 at 2; 36 at 5-6. He also states that he was not aware of either the Escrow Agreement or the Profit Agreement until April 19, 2010, several months after Villanueva had wired her funds into his account. ECF Nos. 36 at 6-7; 21-1 at 2.
IV. Rule 12(b)(2) Standard of Review
Under
V. Discussion
York’s motion to dismiss presents two arguments. First, York contends that the Court lacks personal jurisdiction because neither he nor his investment company has sufficient minimum contacts with Ohio to meet constitutional due process requirements. He highlights that he never signed the Escrow Agreement nor did he take any action under the contract. ECF Nos. 21 at 3, 5-13; 36 at 2-11. Additionally, York argues that the action should be dismissed pursuant to “12(b)” 4 of the Federal Rule of Civil Procedure as both the Escrow Agreement and the Profit Agreement contain a forum selection clause which requires the action to be litigated in Michigan. ECF Nos. 21 at 8-9; 36 at 11-12. He, therefore, moves the Court to dismiss or, alternatively, transfer the case to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan. 5 ECF Nos. 21 at 9; 36 at 8-9.
Moreover, Villanueva rejects York’s reliance upon the “Non Performance Clause” to dismiss the case. 6 She argues that the language York relies upon does not evidence the existence of a forum selection clause. ECF No. 33 at 11-12. “[A]t best, the sentence is ambiguous, and thus would be interpreted as a choice of law provision or entirely unenforceable against the defendant drafters.” ECF No. 33 at 13. Villanueva further contends that even if the sentence were interpreted as a forum selection clause, its existence would not justify a transfer of venue, ECF No. 33 at U-15, and York would be estopped from invoking the forum selection clause because this defense is inconsistent with his previous position that the contracts, containing the clause, are unenforceable against him. ECF No. 33 at 12.
The Sixth Circuit has noted that “the use of a forum selection clause is one way in which contracting parties may agree in advance to submit to the jurisdiction of a particular court.”
Preferred Capital Inc. v. Associates in Urology,
A. Is the Forum Selection Clause Valid and Enforceable?
1. The ordinary and plain meaning of the language indicates that the sentence at issue contains both a forum selection clause — indicating the State of Michigan as the forum — and a choice of law provision — requiring Michigan State law to govern the dispute.
As a preliminary matter, the Court disagrees with Villanueva’s contention that the last sentence in the Non Performance Clause is ambiguous and should be deemed unenforceable.
ECF No. 33 at 11-12.
Whether contractual terms are ambiguous is a question of law for the court.
See Tennessee Consol. Coal Co. v. United Mine Wkrs. of Am.,
In the instant case, when the last sentence of the Non Performance Clause is read as a whole and its language given its ordinary and natural meaning, that sentence unambiguously contains both a forum selection clause and a choice of law provision.
a. The Last Sentence Contains Two Distinct Provisions
Villanueva argues that the sentence at best can be construed as a choice of law provision as it only speaks to “legal issues” and “laws,” which relate to the determination of matters within the lawsuit as opposed to the actual forum of the lawsuit itself. ECF No. 33 at 12-13. The Court finds, however, that Villanueva fails to appreciate the structure of the sentence, which indicates that there are two distinct provisions that are substantively different. Again, the sentence at issue states:
Any and all legal issues will be through the State of Michigan and will follow the laws and guidelines of the State of Michigan.
ECF Nos. 1-1 at 2-3 and 1-2 at 2-3. The sentence contains only one subject — “any and all legal issues.” Additionally, the word “and” — a conjunction, commonly used to connect two clauses or phrases 8 — is placed in between two future tense verbs — “will be” and “will follow”. This demonstrates that the sentence contains two separate provisions:
(1) Any and all legal issues “will be through the State of Michigan”
(2) Any and all legal issues “will follow the laws and guidelines of the State of Michigan”.
Additionally, construing the sentence as a whole and avoiding an interpretation that would render one of the provisions meaningless requires the Court to find that each section has a distinct meaning.
See Royal Ins. Co. of Am.,
b. The First Provision Is a Forum Selection Clause; Second P and Is a Choice of Law Provision
Contrary to Villanueva’s assertion, the first part is provision of the sentence refers to the appropriate forum for litigation as evidenced by the naming of an actual location — “State of Michigan” which is preceded by the preposition — “through.”
9
The word “through” in this context is often used to describe movement or passage
The second part or provision is a choice of law provision as it unequivocally states the applicable law to govern the dispute. Similar to the first provision, this part indicates a physical location — “State of Michigan.” However, unlike the former provision, the physical location is modified by the phrase “laws and guidelines of’ and the provision further instructs that “the laws and guidelines of’ are to be “follow[ed].” The language, taken in the totality, is harmonious with a choice of law provision.
Moreover, the Court’s interpretation that the sentence contains both a forum selection clause and a choice of law provision is consistent with the general anatomy of foreign selection clauses as they “are often ... designed to specify not only the site, but also the applicable law, for a given dispute.”
See Liles v. Ginn-La West End, Inc.,
2. The Forum Selection Clause is Enforceable
Having determined that both the Profit Agreement contains a forum selection clause, the Court’s next inquiry involves determining whether said clause is enforceable. When evaluating the enforceability of a forum selection clause, the Sixth Circuit has instructed the Court to look to the following three factors:
(1) whether the clause was obtained by fraud, duress, or other unconscionable means; (2) whether the designated forum would ineffectively or unfairly handle the suit; and (3) whether the designated forum would be so seriously inconvenient such that requiring the plaintiff to bring suit there would be unjust.
See Wong v. PartyGaming, Ltd.,
a. The Forum Selection Clause Was Not, by Itself, Obtained by Fraud, Duress or Other Unconscionable Means
Under the first factor, the party opposing the clause must show fraud in
b. The Designated Forum Would Not Ineffectively or Unfairly Handle The Suit
Under the second factor, plaintiff must show that the identified forum would ineffectively or unfairly handle the suit.
See Wong,
c. Enforcement of the Forum Selection Clause Would Not Be Unreasonable or Unjust
Under this step of the analysis, courts are to determine whether the chosen forum is so inconvenient such that enforcement of the clause would be unjust or unreasonable.
See Wong,
Villanueva’s argument against the enforceability of the clause under the third prong, however, hinges upon a showing of mere inconvenience, rather than the requisite showing that enforcement of the provision would be unreasonable or constitute an impediment to justice. Id. For instance, in support of her argument that the Court should not grant York’s alternative motion to transfer to Michigan, Villanueva offers the fact that she and several witnesses reside in Ohio. ECF No. 33 at 11-15. Villanueva’s additional proffered reasons to deny the transfer include the allegation that none of the Defendants would be inconvenienced as Michigan and Ohio are adjoining states, and that the Court’s ruling in favor of the moving Defendants will cause delay and duplication. ECF No. 33 at 15. While the listed reasons undoubtedly support Villanueva’s position that removing the instant case from Ohio may prove to be less convenient, it cannot be said that enforcement of the clause would be unjust or unreasonable. Id.
As Villanueva has not made an adequate showing under any of the aforementioned factors, the Court deems the forum selection clause valid and enforceable. Id. at 828-30.
B. Is the Forum Selection Clause Applicable?
Although the forum selection clause is enforceable, the Court must also determine whether the clause is applicable to the matter at hand. Specifically, the Court must inquire as to (1) which of Villanueva’s claims are covered under the clause and (2) which parties are either
1. The Forum Selection Clause Applies to All of Villanueva’s Claim
With respect to the first issue, the Court finds that the forum selection clause includes all of Villanueva’s claims. Foremost, the language of the clause is broad as it states “any and all legal issues will be through the State of Michigan.”
ECF Nos. 1-1 at 2-3
and
1-2 at 2-3.
Secondly, each of Villanueva’s causes of action arises out of the Profit Agreement. This is best evidenced by the Complaint, wherein each count incorporates by reference the allegation that Villanueva entered into a Profit Agreement with the Defendants
11
and references the terms and conditions of the Profit Agreement.
ECF No. 1. See Liles,
2. The Forum Selection Clause Applies to Both Villanueva and York
Concerning the second issue, the Court’s inquiry is complex. Although this is a contract dispute, not all parties were a signatory to the same agreement. The record reflects that Villanueva was a signatory party to the Profit Agreement. York was not a signatory to the Profit Agreement signed by Villanueva, which nearly mirrors the Escrow Agreement (entered into by York and Bareroft) that, if York’s allegation is to be given even minimal weight, contains a forgery of his signature. 12 ECF Nos. 1-1 and 1-2. In light of these circumstances, the Court resolves two inquiries: (a) whether Villanueva is bound by the forum selection clause contained in the Profit Agreement and/or Escrow Agreement and (b) whether York— an alleged non-signatory to the same agreements — is entitled to invoke that clause. 13
a. Villanueva Is Bound by the Forum Selection Clause
While the Sixth Circuit has determine that a non-signatory to a contract may be bound by “a forum selection clause in that contract if the non-signatory is so sufficiently ‘closely related’ to the dispute that it is foreseeable that the party will be bound.”
See Hitachi Med. Sys. Am. v. St. Louis Gynecology & Oncology, LLC,
It is clear that the Profit Agreement and Escrow Agreement are “closely related.” The facts disclosed at this early stage of litigation confirms that close relationship. There is also no dispute that York is the Escrow Agent referred to in those related documents.
It cannot be ignored, however, that the inartfully worded Profit Agreement fails to explicitly incorporate the Escrow Agreement or assign the rights of Barcroft to Villanueva, despite Villanueva’s assertions to the contrary. 14 The Profit Agreement does, however, indicate that rights are assignable.
It is also undeniable that the The Profit Agreement repeatedly references the Escrow Agreement. Although the record does not reflect that the Escrow Agreement was physically attached to the Profit Agreement, reviewing the facts in a light most favorable to Villanueva, she was obviously aware of the existence and contents of the Escrow Agreement prior to entering into the Profit Agreement with Villanueva. She also received a copy of the Escrow Agreement and acknowledged its contents by initialing it.
ECF No. 32 at 21-22,
Additionally, the Profit Agreement signed by Villanueva contains the very same forum selection clause that is present in the Escrow Agreement. Therefore, it cannot be said that binding Villanueva to the forum selection clause is unfair, as its language and its effect on Villanueva were certainly foreseeable.
See Baker,
b. York May Invoke the Forum Selection Clause
The Court finds that York is entitled to invoke the forum selection clause contained in the Escrow Agreement, despite his allegations that he did not sign the Escrow Agreement. In
Liles v. GinnLa West End, Ltd.,
While the Sixth Circuit has yet to decide whether the equitable estoppel doctrine
Additionally, as in
Liles,
the Sixth Circuit has recognized that forum selection clauses and arbitration provisions are substantially similar.
See Moses v. Business Card Express, Inc.,
Relying upon the aforementioned case law, the Court finds that the theory of equitable estoppel is indeed applicable in this context. The Court, therefore, adopts the test articulated in Liles which provides:
An equitable estoppel theory allows a nonsignatory [to invoke a forum selection clause] in two different circumstances. First, equitable estoppel applies when the signatory to a written agreement containing [a forum selection] clause ‘must rely on the terms of the written agreement in asserting [its] claims’ against the nonsignatory. When each of a signatory’s claims against a nonsignatory “makes reference to” or “presumes the existence of the written agreement, the signatory’s claims “arise[] out of and relate[] directly to the [written] agreement,” and [allowing the nonsignatory to invoke the forum selection clause] is appropriate. Second, “application of equitable estoppel is warranted ... when the signatory [to the contract containing the [forum selection] clause] raises allegations of ... substantially interdependent and concerted misconduct by both the nonsignatory and one or more of the signatories to the contract.”
Id
(quoting
MS Dealer Serv. Corp.,
Both circumstances giving rise to equitable estoppel exist here. First, all of Villanueva’s claims arise out of the Escrow Agreement containing the forum selection clause. Secondly, Villanueva’s allegations against York are primarily premised upon the theory of agency and that all of the Defendants — including Barcroft, a signatory to both the Escrow Agreement and Profit Agreement — acted in concert to defraud Villanueva. ECF Nos. 1; 33 at 8-11; 35 at I and 8-9.
Accordingly, York is entitled to invoke the forum selection clause contained in the Escrow Agreement and, by extension, as a closely related document, the identical clause in the Profit Agreement.
C. Is York Estopped from Invoking the Forum Selection Clause?
Lastly, the Court deems it appropriate to briefly address Villanueva’s remaining argument that York is estopped
As a preliminary matter, the Court notes that
Additionally, Villanueva’s view of estoppel is in error. The theory that she relies upon in making her argument is judicial estoppel, not to be confused with equitable estoppel described above.
15
ECF No. 33 at 12
(citing
Pro Edge L.P. v. Gue,
With respect to the theory of judicial estoppel, the Sixth Circuit has held that there is no set formula for assessing when judicial estoppel should apply, and that Courts should consider a variety of factors including whether “(1) a party’s later position is clearly inconsistent with its earlier position; (2) the party has succeeded in persuading a court to accept that party’s earlier position; and (3) the party advancing an inconsistent position would gain an unfair advantage if allowed to proceed with the argument.”
See United States v. Hammon,
Additionally and perhaps more directly to the point, the Court does not find York’s argument — asserting that Villanueva should be bound by the forum selection clause — inconsistent with his position that he did not sign the contract. As discussed above, the theory of equitable estoppel permits York to maintain his averment that he is not a signatory to the contract while simultaneously allowing him to invoke the provisions contained therein.
See Liles,
VI. Conclusion
Having found the forum selection clause enforceable and applicable to this lawsuit, the Court dismisses the claims against York without prejudice. Villanueva may refile these claims in the appropriate Michigan Court. As to the claims asserted against the remaining Defendants, the Court dismisses all claims asserted against them as well, in light of the Court’s finding regarding the enforceability and applicability of the forum selection clause.
Accordingly, for all of the reasons discussed above, the Motion to Dismiss, or, in the Alternative, to Transfer filed by York is granted. The pending motions are denied as moot and the case in its entirety is dismissed from the Court’s docket.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Notes
. In Concheck v. Barcroft, No. 2:10-cv-656 (S.D.Ohio filed on July 22, 2010), plaintiff Joseph Concheck presents similar allegations against the same Defendants. ECF Nos. 25-1 and 25-2. Unlike Villanueva, Concheck directly entered into the Escrow Agreement with York in consideration for a $500,000 investment. ECF No. 25-2 at 42-45.
. Presumably on Barcroft’s behalf to match the $250,000 Barcroft had allegedly already invested.
. Barcroft states "... everything I did was under Robert Marsh’s instructions.” ECF No. 32 at 42.
.
See Security Watch Inc. v. Sentinel Systems, Inc.,
. Additionally, York moves the Court to dismiss the Counts One through Nine pursuant to 12(b)(6) for several reasons including that he was neither signatory to the Escrow Agreement nor the Profit Agreement.
ECF Nos. 21 at 14
— 22;
36 at 10-14.
Because the Court finds that the preliminary issue of the Forum
. Non Performance Clause; Escrow Agent unconditionally and absolutely promises that if trading has not commenced within 60 days from the date of the-deposit of the $250,-000USD from the JV Partner providing for distributions, Escrow Agent shall be personally LIABLE for the FULL return of the $250,-000USD plus an additional $25,000 USD for a total of $275,000 USD to the JV Partner. Any and all legal issues will be through the State of Michigan and will follow the laws and guidelines of the State of Michigan.
.
See Wong v. PartyGaming, Ltd.,
. See Webster’s New International Dictionary, Unabridged 80 (1993).
. In
Concheck,
the Court found that no forum selection clause existed. The undersigned evaluated the same language and reached a different conclusion. The different conclusions appear to hinge upon the relevance of the phrase "through the State of Michigan.” The
Concheck
Court found that because the phrase "lacks any mention of specific courts or types of courts in Michigan, and does not, when read literally, mandate that resolution of [legal] disputes occur geographically within Michigan ... this sentence cannot be interpreted as a forum selection clause, but instead [the Court concedes] is best interpreted as indicating that any legal questions will be decided by Michigan law.”
Concheck v. Bar
. See http://www.learnersdictionary.com/ search/through% 5B1% 5D (last visited September 30, 2011). As indicated in the note above, Black’s Sixth Ed. (1990) defines "through” as follows:
“By means of, in consequence of, by reason of; in, within, over; from end to end as from one side to the other. By the intermediary of; in the name or as an agent of ... "Through” is function word capable of several meanings depending on its use; it may indicate passage from one side to another, means of communication or movement from point to point within a broad expanse in area.” (Citations omitted)
. Either directly or via assignment.
. York claims Marsh forged his signature onto the Escrow Agreement.
. Because the Profit and Escrow Agreements are closely related, as discussed below, and the forum selection clauses in each are identical, the Court’s analysis is interchangeable.
. In the instant case, York disputes Villanueva’s assertion that the Profit Agreement constituted an assignment (to Villanueva) of Barcroft's rights under the Escrow Agreement. ECF No. 36 at 10-11. York argues that Villanueva has failed to show (1) that Barcroft made an oral or written offer to assign his rights under the Escrow Agreement and (2) that consideration was provided for the Profit Agreement, ECF No. 36 at 10-11. Even if the Court were to find that the Profit Agreement did not constitute an assignment agreement, as York contends, Villanueva would still be bound by the forum selection clause contained in the Profit Agreement as a signatory. York would be entitled to enforce the forum selection clause in the Profit Agreement under the theory of equitable estoppel, which is discussed below. And, for the purpose of this exercise, viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Villanueva, the Court need not credit York’s claim that his signature was forged onto the related Escrow Agreement which contains the identical forum selection clause.
.
See United States v. Owens,