MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
Plaintiffs Adelino Vieira and Monica Medeiros pursue this action on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated against Defendant First American Title Insurance Company, alleging that First American has “routinely overcharged Massachusetts homeowners by charging premiums for title insurance far in excess of First American’s established Massachusetts rates, and by failing to disclose to these customers that they are entitled to hundreds of dollars in savings when they purchase title insurance in connection with a refinance transaction.” (Am. Compl. ¶ 1.) This conduct is alleged to constitute a breach of contract and to give rise to violations of Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 93A, § 2 and the common law. First American has filed a motion (Doc. No. 15) to dismiss these claims.
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
For purposes of this motion to dismiss, I must take as true all well-pleaded facts in the operative pleading (Plaintiffs’ Amended Class Action Complaint) (Doc. No. 13) and draw all reasonable inferences arising therefrom in Plaintiffs’ favor.
Phoung Luc v. Wyndham Mgmt. Corp.,
A. First American’s Rates in Massachusetts
Title insurance is an “unavoidable cost” of any mortgage refinancing. (Am. Compl. ¶ 2.) Lenders generally require title insurance in connection with a refinancing loan for a residential mortgage because title insurance protects lenders’ collateral in the event of a title challenge. (Id.) First American’s 2003 Massachusetts Rate Manual (“2003 Rate Manual”) sets forth the premium rates for title insurance policies, and provides a refinancing discount that is 60% of the full rate when certain conditions are met. (Id. at ¶ 29.) The manual provides that “First American will grant a special refinancing premium to its insured ... If the Borrower refinances within 15 years, for either the original loan amount, or less than the original loan amount the special refinancing premium charge will be 60% of the current premium based on the new loan amount.” (Am. Compl., Ex. A at 4.) The rationale behind discounted refinance rates is that refinance policies involve less work for title companies and also insure against less risk than the original policy. (Am. Compl. ¶ 4.)
Plaintiffs allege that First American failed to disclose to Massachusetts homeowners that they qualified for the discounted rate when they purchased title insurance in connection with a refinance transaction, and consequently charged these customers rates in excess of First American’s established rates. The overcharging and non-disclosure of discounted refinance rates in general is a “widespread practice” that has resulted in substantial profits for title insurers. (Id. at ¶¶ 5-6.) The discount could save a borrower hundreds of dollars in premiums. (Id. at ¶ 3.)
*286 B. Plaintiffs ’ Mortgage Refinancing
Plaintiffs Vieira and Medeiros, citizens of Massachusetts, purchased their home in Woburn, Massachusetts on or about August 10, 2005. (Id. at ¶¶ 12-13, 34.) Vieira entered into a mortgage loan with Countrywide Bank, FSB in the amount of $260,000. (Id. at ¶34.) Plaintiffs paid a total of $1,470.75 1 to purchase title insurance issued by Defendant First American, a California corporation with a principal place of business in California (Id. at ¶¶ 14, 35); the total premium included both lender’s coverage and owner’s coverage. (Id. at ¶ 35.) The loan closing was handled by First American’s agent, Sharaf, Kelley, and Maloney, P.C. (“SKM”). (Id.)
On or about March 29, 2006, Plaintiffs refinanced their home mortgage and obtained a new loan from Countrywide for $301,500. (Id. at ¶36.) Plaintiffs again used First American as their title insurer, and SKM again handled the closing. (Id.) As part of the refinancing, Plaintiffs paid a premium of $830.50, the full rate for lender’s coverage; they were not given the discounted refinance rate. (Id. at ¶ 37.) Prior to paying the title insurance premium at the closing, Plaintiffs reviewed the HUD-1 form (Am. Compl., Ex. C) which included a statement of the $830.50 premium for the title insurance policy. (Am. Compl., ¶ 38.)
First American’s 2003 Rate Manual allegedly contained the company’s rates in effect at the time of Plaintiffs’ loan transaction. (Id. at ¶ 28.) First American furnished its agents with state-specific guidelines; in Massachusetts, a recorded institutional mortgage in the chain of title during the prior fifteen-year period is sufficient to qualify a borrower for the discounted refinance rate. (Id. at ¶ 33.) Plaintiffs allege they qualified for and were entitled to receive this discount because a loan policy had been issued and their home was previously insured within fifteen years from the date of issue of their new loan policy. 2 (Id. at ¶ 40.) As a result, Plaintiffs contend they should have been charged a discounted refinance rate of $495.00 for title insurance. (Id. at ¶ 37.)
Plaintiffs claim that First American, through its agent SKM, concealed from Plaintiffs that they qualified for and were entitled to receive the discounted refinance rate, and supplied false, misleading, inaccurate, and incomplete information about the applicable rate for title insurance. (Id. at ¶ 39.) The non-disclosures and misinformation were material to Plaintiffs’ transaction. (Id.) Because the refinancing was reflected in the chain of title and closing documents for Plaintiffs’ and Class members’ properties, First American knew or should have known that Plaintiffs and Class members qualified for, and were entitled to receive, a discounted refinance rate; particularly in Plaintiffs’ ease where First American had issued their prior loan policy. (Id. at ¶ 42.) First American consequently caused Plaintiffs financial harm by overcharging them for this premium when they were entitled to receive the discounted refinance rate. (Id. at ¶ 43.)
*287 C. Litigation History
On August 5, 2008, Plaintiffs sent a demand for relief, pursuant to Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 93A, to First American on behalf of themselves and a class of others similarly situated, seeking relief for First American’s unfair and deceptive practices. (Id. at ¶ 44; Ex. D.) First American received the demand on August 8, 2008 and had thirty days to respond; but First American never responded or offered any relief. (Id. at ¶ 45.)
The operative pleading, the Amended Class Action Complaint, 3 was filed by the Plaintiffs to recover for harm caused by First American’s “pattern of deceptive acts and practices,” and asserts claims for breach of contract, unjust enrichment, money had and received, and a violation of Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 93A. (Id. at ¶ 15.) 4 Plaintiffs allege that, from August 5, 2002 to the present, First American engaged in deceptive acts and practices and defrauded Plaintiffs and Class members by overcharging for premiums and/or by failing to disclose their entitlement to discounted premiums. (Id. at ¶ 16.) Plaintiffs and Class members seek, inter alia, damages for the difference between the amount of the title insurance premiums charged by First American without the discounted refinance rate and the amount of the title insurance premiums had the discount rightfully been applied. (Id. at ¶ 48.)
On October 20, 2008, First American filed the instant Motion (Doc. No. 15) to Dismiss Plaintiffs’ Amended Complaint with prejudice for failure to state a claim under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6), as well as for failure to plead a fraud claim with particularity under Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b). 5
II. STANDARD FOR MOTION TO DISMISS
Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a complaint must contain a “short plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief....” Fed. R. Crv. P. 8(a)(2). To survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, the complaint must nevertheless allege “a plausible entitlement to relief,”
FitzGerald v. Harris,
The court considering the merits of a motion to dismiss “may look only to the facts alleged in the pleadings, documents attached as exhibits or incorporated by reference in the complaint and matters of which judicial notice can be taken.”
Dedude, Inc. v. Perry,
III. DISCUSSION
A. Title Insurance in Massachusetts
Title insurance premiums and rates are not regulated in Massachusetts. Certain types of insurance companies have state-regulated rates as designated by statute, but unlike the statutory regime for incorporating insurance companies, the statutory designation for rates omits title insurance companies from the list of insurance providers which the legislature regulates. Compare Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 175 § 47, cl. 11 (permitting the incorporation of title insurance companies) with id. at ch. 175A § 4 (regulating rates for certain types of insurance but omitting title insurance).
In contrast, other states — including Texas, Connecticut, Idaho, and Ohio — fix mandatory premium rates for title insurers, including the mandatory discounted refinance rate.
See, e.g., Mims v. Stewart Title Guaranty Co.,
B. Breach of Contract (Count I)
Under Massachusetts law, “[i]t is axiomatic that to create an enforceable contract, there must be agreement between the parties on the material terms of that contract, and the parties must have a present intention to be bound by that agreement.”
Situation Mgmt. Sys., Inc. v. Malouf Inc.,
In order to plead a viable breach of contract claim under Massachusetts law, “plaintiffs must prove that a valid, binding contract existed, the defendant breached the terms of the contract, and the plaintiffs sustained damages as a result of the breach.”
Brooks v. AIG SunAmerica Life Assur. Co.,
1. The Contract
From the face of the Amended Complaint, it is unclear what contract First American is alleged to have breached. The Amended Complaint states that Plaintiffs and Class members entered into a contract with First American in which they paid a premium to First American in exchange for a lender’s policy of title insurance for their mortgage refinancing. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 51-52.) In opposing First American’s Motion to Dismiss, Plaintiffs contend that two contracts can be inferred from the facts in the Amended Complaint: first, an express contract in the form of First American’s title insurance policy issued to Plaintiffs’ lender, and second, an implied contract between Plaintiffs and First American.
The Plaintiffs appear to contend that pursuant to the express contract, as with the implied contract, First American agreed to issue a title insurance policy to Plaintiffs’ lender, in consideration for Plaintiffs’ payment of the title insurance premium at the loan closing. The express contract, to which Plaintiffs agreed, however, contains the rate to which they object. Plaintiffs contend that “[b]y issuing such a policy, First American implicitly assented to the terms of the implied contract, which implicitly provided that the title insurance premium would be in accordance with First American’s rate manual.” This inference is no doubt plausible in similar cases arising in states — for example, Idaho and Ohio — ’that have mandatory statutory or regulatory schemes that bind title insurers to specific published rates.
See, e.g., Leivis,
Plaintiffs’ breach of contract claim lacks the necessary statutory or regulatory foundation for incorporating the 2003 Rate Manual as a term in their alleged implied contract; consequently there was no breach of an implied contract because no implication is supportable. The express terms of the title insurance policy, of course, repudiate the implied term the Plaintiffs seek to import into the agreement. There is, in short, no breach of the express terms of the contract
2. Meeting of the Minds
Moreover, even if I accept as true Plaintiffs’ allegation that the contract “in-
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eluded, without limitation, First American’s obligation to charge a premium in accordance with the 2003 Massachusetts Rate Manual,” (Am. Compl. ¶ 53), Plaintiffs fail to plead any facts — much less with “substantial certainty” — that there was mutual assent such that this obligation and the 2003 Rate Manual became terms of the contract.
See Doyle,
In fact, Plaintiffs’ contradictory alternative allegations underscore the difficulties inherent in their breach of contract claim under either an express or implied theory. On one hand, Plaintiffs claim that they were unaware of the discounted refinance rates to which they were entitled. (Am. Compl. ¶47.) On the other hand, Plaintiffs allege that a contract term obligated First American to charge them the discounted refinance rate in the 2003 Rate Manual
(Id.
at ¶ 53), and that First American breached that term by failing to inform Plaintiffs that they qualified for these discounted rates and thus overcharging them.
(Id.
at ¶ 56.) But if Plaintiffs were unaware that the discounted refinance rates applied to their transaction, then there could not be a “meeting of the minds” with respect to a contract term requiring First American to charge the discounts. Put simply, Plaintiffs could not agree to a contract term obligating First American to provide a discount if Plaintiffs did not even know such a discount existed at the time they entered into the contract. Plaintiffs have not alleged with “substantial certainty” facts showing the existence of a binding contract that included the term that First American allegedly breached.
See Doyle,
C. Violation of Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 93A (Count IV)
Plaintiffs alternatively claim that First American violated Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 93A, § 2 by engaging in unfair or deceptive practices. This statute proscribes “unfair or deceptive acts or practices in the conduct of any trade or commerce.”
6
Id.
at § 2(a). To prove a claim under Chapter 93A, § 2, “it is neither necessary nor sufficient that a particular act or practice violate common or statutory law.”
Mass. Eye & Ear Infirmary v. QLT Phototherap., Inc.,
1. Legal Obligation of Disclosure
Plaintiffs cite factually analogous cases in other jurisdictions where the title insurers’ practices of nondisclosure of available lower rates were found to be unfair or deceptive.
See, e.g., Woodard v. Fidelity Nat’l Title Ins. Co.,
No. CIV 06-1170-RB/WDS,
That Massachusetts law does not impose mandatory rates on title insurers does not automatically preclude a finding that First American violated Chapter 93A by nondisclosure.
See Mass. Eye & Ear Infirmary,
Moreover, even if treated as within the pleadings, the web advertizing undermines Plaintiffs’ theory of this case and hence any effort to amend the complaint to include would be rejected as futile. The web site expressly provides: “To qualify for a premium discount rate: At the time of the application, Insurer must be presented with either: (a) a copy of an existing owner’s policy of title insurance, which insures the present owner, or (b) the current lender’s title policy, which insures the present loan on the property.” (Sur-Reply, Ex. A) (emphasis added).
Because Plaintiffs concede they, in fact, did not comply with these prerequisites to obtaining the discounted rate, those facts cannot properly be pled in the Amended Complaint. The allegation that the refinancings were reflected in the chain of title and closing documents does not equate to a presentment of these documents to the insurer at the time of the application. (Am. Compl. ¶ 42.) The fact of conditional eligibility, which appears on First American’s website, plainly contradicts the allegation that First American had any legal obligation to disclose the discount because the advertized discount is not mandatory but depends upon predicate actions undertaken by those seeking title insurance from First American.
2. General Principles of Unfairness and Deception
Nor do the circumstances of Plaintiffs’ case fall within the general principles of unfairness or deception. A “deceptive” act or practice under chapter 93A is one that “could reasonably be found to have caused a person to act differently from the way he otherwise would have acted.”
Brennan v. Carvel Corp.,
a) Deception
I find that Plaintiffs have failed to allege deception by First American as de
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fined by chapter 93A. “A violation of the statute requires a ‘material, knowing, and wilful nondisclosure.’ ”
Mayer v. Cohen-Miles Ins. Agency, Inc.,
In support of its argument that First American’s acts were deceptive, Plaintiffs have submitted
Campbell v. First American Title Insurance Co.,
In the instant case, while the Amended Complaint contains the identical allegation that “First American knew or should have known that Plaintiffs ... qualified for, and were entitled to receive, a discounted refinance rate” (Am. Compl. ¶ 42), I do not find this “knowledge” allegation meaningful. Plaintiffs do not allege how First American’s own knowledge regarding applicable rates is material to the Plaintiffs where the discounted rates are neither mandatory nor a term in the title insurance policies. I therefore find, on this basis, that First American’s alleged failure to disclose the discounted rate is not deceptive within the meaning of Chapter 93A.
b) Unfairness
Similarly, I find that the pleadings do not support a claim that First American engaged in unfair acts or practices. Prior to paying the standard premium at the closing, Plaintiffs had an opportunity to review the HUD-1 form, which included the standard premium for the title insurance policy. After that review, they agreed to pay that price. (Am. Compl. ¶ 38.) That Plaintiffs did not receive a discount for which they may be eligible is not unfair where there is no automatic, mandatory entitlement to such discount in connection with a refinancing. Charging Plaintiffs’ the usual price of title insurance is not “oppressive or otherwise unconscionable” in violation of 940 Mass.Code Regs. *294 § 3.16(1), where Plaintiffs cannot show that rate was necessarily an overcharge.
3. Conclusion
To read Chapter 93A to import a pricing obligation and correlative regulation, which the state legislature plainly declined to include for title insurance in Chapter 175A § 4, would improperly permit a general statutory enactment (Chapter 93A) that evidences no specific concern with title insurance to displace a fully reticulated statutory scheme for insurance regulation.
See Harry C. Crooker & Sons, Inc. v. Occupational Safety & Health Review Comm’n, 537
F.3d 79, 84 (1st Cir.2008) (“It is a conventional canon of legal interpretation that specific provisions trump more general ones.”);
Edmond v. U.S.,
To be sure, Chapter 93A may provide an independent grounds to govern pricing when a business entity is required to adhere to some broadly defined regulatory obligation.
Cf. In Re Pharm. Indus. Average Wholesale Price Litig.,
D. Unjust Enrichment (Count II)
In order to state a claim for unjust enrichment under Massachusetts law, Plaintiffs must prove: (1) a benefit conferred upon First American by Plaintiffs; (2) an appreciation or knowledge of the benefit by First American; and (3) the acceptance or retention of the benefit by First American under circumstances which make such acceptance or retention inequitable.
Stevens v. Thacker,
First American seeks dismissal of Plaintiffs’ unjust enrichment claim because there is an express contract-the title insurance policy-covering the same subject matter.
Cf. Zarum v. Brass Mill Materials Corp.,
Nevertheless, I find Plaintiffs have failed to state a claim under their alternative theory of unjust enrichment. Plaintiffs have failed to plead adequately that they were entitled to the discounted refinance rate in the 2003 Rate Manual, and without demonstrating that the rates therein necessarily applied to their transaction, Plaintiffs cannot prove that First American was unjustly enriched at their expense.
Cf. Mims,
E. Money Had and Received (Count III)
Under Massachusetts law, a claim for money had and received “lies to recover money which should not in justice be retained by the defendant, and which in equity and good conscience should be paid to the plaintiff.”
Cannon v. Cannon,
The Amended Complaint pleads as follows with respect to this count. First American wrongfully charged Plaintiffs monies in excess of the discounted refinance rates. (Am. Compl. ¶ 63.) As a result, Plaintiffs paid the monies to First American inadvertently and by mistake, and had no moral or legal obligation to make this payment. (Id. at ¶ 64.) First American therefore is said to be wrongfully in possession of the monies it has no right to retain, and Plaintiffs are entitled to the return of the monies under principles of equity and good conscience. (Id. at ¶¶ 65-67.)
First American seeks dismissal of this claim on the basis that an equitable cause of action cannot rewrite an express contract term. Again, while Rule 8(d) permits Plaintiffs to plead alternative and inconsistent claims even if recovery under both theories is ultimately barred, I find that the Amended Complaint fails to allege facts which, if true, would support the
*296
claim for money had and received for the same reasons that the unjust enrichment claim fails. By insufficiently pleading First American’s obligation to charge-or correspondingly Plaintiffs’ entitlement to-the discounted refinance rate in Plaintiffs’ transaction, Plaintiffs cannot show that First American wrongfully overcharged Plaintiffs and therefore is wrongfully in possession of Plaintiffs’ monies.
Cf. Mims,
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth more fully above, I GRANT First American’s motion to dismiss (Doc. No. 15).
Notes
. The HUD-1 Settlement Statement, attached to the Amended Complaint as Exhibit B, states that Plaintiffs paid $1,470.75 for title insurance. At the motion hearing on this matter, Plaintiffs’ counsel conceded that paragraph 35 of the Amended Complaint is in error and the correct figure appears in Exhibit B.
. Similarly, all putative Class members are said to have entered into comparable transactions in which they qualified for and were entitled to receive a discounted refinance rate because their homes had been insured previously within fifteen years from the date of issue of their new loan policies. (Am. Compl. ¶ 41.)
. Plaintiffs filed the original Class Action Complaint (Doc. No. 1) on August 4, 2008.
. The putative Class is comprised of "persons who, at any time from August 5, 2002 to the present (the 'Class Period’) refinanced mortgages on residential property in Massachusetts and paid an amount more than the refinance rate for a lender’s title insurance policy issued by First American during the class period but qualified for the refinance rate because they had a prior insured mortgage within the previous fifteen years (the ‘Class’).” (Id. at V 17 (emphasis in original).)
. I need not analyze whether the Plaintiffs have complied with Rule 9(b) because, as discussed below, I find they failed to meet the pleading standard under Rule 12(b)(6).
. The Amended Complaint alleges that First American has acted in the conduct of trade or commerce as defined in Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 93A, § 1 (Am. Compl. at II 69), and that this conduct is part of a general business practice that constitutes unfair and deceptive acts in violation of Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 93A, § 2. (Id. at ¶¶ 75-77.)
. Plaintiffs allege that First American’s practices violate regulations issued pursuant to chapter 93A, including but not limited to 940 *291 Mass. Code Regs. §§ 3.04, 3.05, and 3.16. (Am. Compl. ¶ 76.) In general, under § 3.16 an act or practice violates Chapter 93A if: (1) it is "oppressive or otherwise unconscionable in any respect;” (2) it involves a failure to disclose to a buyer “any fact, the disclosure of which may have influenced the buyer ... not to enter into the transaction;” (3) it fails to comply with existing statutes, rules, regulations or laws meant to protect the public's health, safety, or welfare; or (4) it violates federal consumer protection statutes within the purview of chapter 93A, § 2. 940 Mass. Code. Regs. § 3.16.
More specifically, the regulations prohibit deceptive pricing and general misrepresentations about products. See id. at § 3.04 (prohibiting a claim or representation "made by any means which has the capacity or tendency or effect of deceiving buyers or prospective buyers as to the value or ... price of a product, or as to any reduction in price of a product, or any saving relating to a product”); id. at § 3.05(1) (prohibiting a claim or representation "made by any means concerning a product which directly, or by implication, or by failure to adequately disclose additional relevant information, has the capacity or tendency or effect of deceiving buyers or prospective buyers in any material respect”); id. at § 3.05(2) (prohibiting misleading advertisements).
. Additionally, Plaintiffs allege that First American "wrongfully misrepresented] the applicable rate for title insurance by failing to inform customers who qualify for refinance rates that they qualify for such rates.” (Am. Compl. ¶ 74.) This misrepresentation allegation essentially restates the nondisclosure allegation because Plaintiffs have not pointed to an affirmative misrepresentation made by First American or SKM.
. Nor do the open textured regulations of the Attorney General under Chapter 93A, see Note 6 supra, support a finding of unfair and deceptive practices in the particular circumstances of this dispute.