Arturo Vicente-Elias and Jaime Vicente-Lopez petition for review of final orders for their removal to Guatemala. These cases involve very similar facts and legal issues and we have elected to resolve them together in a single decision. As explained below, we deny both petitions for review.
Mr. Vicente-Elias applied for asylum, restriction on removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture (CAT). After an Immigration Judge denied relief, he appealed the first two matters to the Board of Immigration Appeals.
1
The BIA affirmed without opinion under 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(4), making the IJ’s decision on asylum and restriction on removal the final agency determination for purpose of our review under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1).
Uanreroro v. Gonzales,
Economic Deprivation as Persecution
Petitioners are of Mayan ancestry and speak the Quiche language, which puts them at an economic disadvantage in Guatemala, where Spanish-speakers refuse to employ native Americans who communicate in indigenous languages. Petitioners’ resultant poverty, rather than the imposition or threat of physical harm, underlies their claims for relief from removal. Because both asylum and restriction on removal turn on a showing of persecution,
see Wiransane v. Ashcroft,
The BIA recently clarified that standard in
In re T-Z-,
24 I. & N. Dec. 163 (BIA 2007), issued after the IJ decisions in petitioners’ cases but while their administrative appeals were pending. The BIA noted it had at times referred to (1) “deliberate imposition of substantial economic disadvantage,” a formulation used by the Ninth Circuit in
Kovac v. INS,
It may seem that the Kovac test, which does not require that the economic deprivation necessarily threaten life or freedom, and the Acosta test, which does, are not mutually compatible. See generally Jonathan L. Falkler, Economic Mistreatment as Persecution in Asylum Claims: Towards a Consistent Standard, 2007 U. Chi. Legal F. 471, 484-85 (2007). But the BIA resolved this tension by indicating that these tests naturally apply to different situations; in particular, that the Kovac test can support asylum absent a threat to life or freedom if an alien has suffered a severe loss of an existing economic/vocational advantage:
[Tjhere may be situations in which, for example, an extraordinarily severe fíne or wholesale seizure of assets may be so severe as to amount to persecution, even though the basic necessities of life might still be attainable.... This form of persecution is covered by the “economic disadvantage” test in Kovac ...
[An alien] need not demonstrate a total deprivation of livelihood or a total withdrawal of all economic opportunity in order to demonstrate harm amounting to persecution [under] Kovac ... Government sanctions that reduce an applicant to an impoverished existence may amount to persecution even if the victim retains the ability to afford the bare essentials of life. A particularly onerous fine, a large-scale confiscation of property, or a sweeping limitation of opportunities to continue to work in an established profession or business may amount to persecution even though the applicant could otherwise survive.
In re T-Z-, 24 I. & N. Dec. at 171, 173-74; see also id. at 174-75 (noting several case-law examples of losses properly analyzed under Kovac test).
In sum, In re T-Z- reaffirmed a dual standard for economic deprivation that the BIA had applied, albeit at times unclearly (often under one alternative without explicit acknowledgment of the other), since Matter of Laipenieks. In some situations, the focus is on whether conditions for an alien have been or will be so impoverished as to support a finding of persecution, and Acosta’s “threat to life or freedom” test naturally applies; in other situations, the focus is on whether an alien has been or will be subjected to an economic loss that, though sparing the bare essentials of life, nevertheless supports a finding of persecution, and Kovac’s “imposition of severe economic disadvantage” test is appropriate. 2 With this understanding, we turn to the matters currently under review. 3
Petition of Mr. Vicenté-EIias
Mr. Vieente-Elias argues (1) that the IJ used an incorrect legal standard for *1090 economic persecution in his case, and (2) that under any standard, even the one used by the IJ, the facts in his case demonstrate persecution. Before getting into more specific points, we note that Mr. Vicente-Elias did not argue on appeal to the BIA that the IJ had used an incorrect legal standard in assessing his claim of economic persecution. Indeed, at that time Mr. Vicente-Elias himself invoked various formulations of that standard without voicing any objection regarding their variability. See Admin. R. at 7-13. In any event, even if his appeal of the IJ’s findings on persecution were deemed sufficient to preserve a tacit objection to the underlying standard, that would not avail him here. The IJ clearly applied the Acosta test, see id. at 41, 4 which was consistent with In re T-Z- under the circumstances (detailed below) involving general economic disadvantage but no seizure or loss of property, assets, or professional oecupation/status that would implicate the Kovac test. Indeed, the BIA summarily affirmed the IJ’s decision shortly after issuing its opinion in In re T-Z-. We turn, then, to the application of the Acosta test to the facts in evidence.
Mr. Vicente-Elias testified that he left Guatemala to escape extreme poverty. Admin. R. at 56. Employment opportunities for Quiche speakers were minimal. Id. at 57. Work could sometimes be found within the (poor) indigenous community, id. at 60-61, as his father’s experience showed, id. 63-64, but he explained that farther away the (wealthier) Spanish-speaking population “d[id] not allow us to work because they prefer to work with people who speak Spanish.” Id. at 57-58; see id. at 74 (“[T]he first thing they ask you is if you speak Spanish, and if you say no, then they tell you that there is no work for you.”). School was not free, so this cycle of linguistic limitation and economic disadvantage perpetuated itself: his Quiche-speaking father could not afford to send him to school and, as a result, he failed to learn the Spanish necessary to gain a foothold in the workplace as well. See id. at 57-58. He was able to find work in his teens when a labor recruiter, who spoke Quiche, would come through his village in a truck and drive men to the coast to clean up and cultivate the land. Id. at 65-66. But pay was less than a dollar a day. Id. at 73-74. Like others in the community,, his family also grew some crops, including corn, potatoes, and wheat, id. at 69, and raising animals such as sheep, cows, and chickens brought money for clothes, id. at 70. There were, however, times when there was not enough to eat, id. at 56, or money for clothing, id. at 59, and his family had to rely on home herbal remedies for medical care, id. at 59-60.
There was little testimony about discrimination against indigenous people distinct from the employment problems related to the Quiche-Spanish language barrier. Mr. Vicente-Elias stated that Spanish-speaking people “don’t treat [indigenous people] right” and “don’t like us,” id. at 61, but he did not flesh out these vague generalities with any specific incidents of ill treatment. Indeed, at other points he specifically denied that he had ever been harmed or threatened while living in Guatemala. Id. at 57, 70.
*1091 The 2004 State Department country report for Guatemala submitted to the IJ was consistent with the thrust of Mr. Vicente-Elias’ testimony about adverse conditions for indigenous people, but did not add much to it. As for the economy in general, the report noted there was “a marked disparity in income distribution, and poverty was pervasive.... Approximately 57 percent of the total population and 71 percent of persons in rural areas lived in poverty; 22 percent of the population lived in extreme poverty.” Id. at 84. This disproportionately affected indigenous people: “76 percent of the indigenous population lived in poverty, in comparison with 41 percent of the non-indigenous population.” Id. at 98. “Rural indigenous people had limited educational opportunities and fewer employment opportunities .... Many indigenous people were illiterate, and approximately a third did not speak Spanish[.]” Id. at 99.
The IJ found Mr. Vicente-Elias “a very credible witness,”
id.
at 39, and, based on his testimony and the country report, found that “there remains racial discrimination and discrimination due to language ability” with the result that the “[indigenous people of Guatemala do not have equal access to employment opportunities or educational opportunities.”
Id.
at 40. Applying the standard for economic deprivation discussed earlier, however, the IJ found “the economic and employment discrimination faced by [Mr. Vicente-Elias] does not reach the level of hardship which would qualify ... as persecution.”
Id.
at 41. The IJ also cited this court’s observation that, while deplorable in any free society, “ ‘[e]mployment discrimination ... does not without more constitute persecution’ ” for purposes of asylum.
Id.
(quoting
Vatulev v. Ashcroft,
While we review the IJ’s legal conclusions de novo, we review matters of fact using a deferential substantial-evidence standard under which the IJ’s findings “ ‘are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.’ ”
Tulengkey v. Gonzales,
Mr. Vicente-Elias comes from a family of five children. There is no evidence that their lives, or those of any others in the larger Mayan community, are or have been threatened by economic circumstances. Nor is there evidence that they face a potential loss of freedom through some form of confinement, enforced servitude, or the like. Paying work *1092 has been available at times, animal husbandry supplements income, and farming provides food. The community has an exchange economy that its members use in the absence of money. We do not minimize the real poverty faced by Mr. Vicente-Elias and other indigenous people in Guatemala. But, applying the appropriate standard from Acosta to the economic evidence, as the IJ did, we cannot say every reasonable fact-finder would be compelled to disagree with the IJ and find the economic disadvantages shown here to be so severe as to threaten life or freedom.
Mr. Vicente-Elias broadly objects that the IJ considered the economic deprivation in isolation from other disadvantages faced by the indigenous people of Guatemala.
6
There is no merit to this objection. In addition to specifically economic/employment-related problems, the IJ noted the limited educational opportunities for indigenous people, as well as the general social discrimination that Mr. Vicente-Elias himself had referred to in only vague terms. The IJ then applied both the
Acosta
standard and the general principle that discrimination is not the equivalent of persecution,
Vatulev,
In a similar vein, Mr. Vicente-Elias insists that the IJ did not adequately consider the “pattern or practice” of persecution against Mayans. This argument is also unavailing. The point of such evidence is to provide a broader basis for an objective fear of future persecution: an alien may establish a well-founded fear of persecution “by demonstrating his membership in a group ... subject to a pattern or practice of persecution. In other words, an applicant is permitted to show that a person in his position, as opposed to himself specifically, could be subject to persecution.”
Wiransane,
In addition to asylum based on future persecution — established directly or through reliance on a presumption of future persecution raised by past persecution that the government has not rebutted — an alien may seek “humanitarian asylum” based exclusively on past persecution “so severe that it demonstrates ‘compelling reasons for being unwilling to return.’ ”
Yuk v. Ashcroft,
Finally, Mr. Vicente-Elias complains at some length and with considerable indignation about historical U.S. involvement in the Guatemalan civil war. This is simply not relevant to the question of persecution that controls the disposition of his claims for asylum and restriction on removal.
For the above reasons, we discern no error in the IJ’s determination that Mr. Vicente-Elias did not suffer persecution in the past and does not have a well-founded fear of persecution upon his return to Guatemala. He was therefore properly found unqualified for asylum and (a fortiori) for restriction on removal.
Solomon v. Gonzales,
Petition of Mr. Vicente-Lopez
As noted earlier, the BIA issued an opinion in Mr. Vicente-Lopez’s case, so we review its decision. Moreover, the BIA issued its opinion here after it had clarified the standard for economic persecution in In re T-Z-. While the BIA did not refer specifically to In re T-Z-, it did not say anything to suggest that it was deviating from the standard it had recently taken pains to clarify. We therefore turn directly to the record and review whether the BIA’s decision is supported by substantial evidence in light of In re T-Z-.
The testimony about economic persecution here was weaker than it was in the case of Mr. Vicente-Elias. 7 Mr. Vicente-Lopez offered only generalities that were vague as to substance, scope of application, or both: he left Guatemala due to “[t]he poverty,” Admin. R. at 104; his family was “poor,” id. at 122; “there is no money over there,” id. at 110; “there are people that are poor and the other ones, don’t have clothes or shoes or anything,” id. at 111; and “we don’t have any money, we don’t have any clothes,” 8 id. at 112. He also testified that he had only three years of school, but did not attribute that to economic necessity. Id. at 114. This testimony was insufficient to establish economic persecution and certainly would not compel a factfinder to resolve the matter in a manner contrary to the finding of the BIA.
Mr. Vicente-Lopez admitted that no one ever harmed him, id. at 106, 108, but he did cite two incidents of physical harm to members of his family. He was told that *1094 his father had been sprayed in the eye with a toxic substance, causing a two to three week disability, for walking on property owned by Latinos. Id. at 106, 108-09, 121, 123-25. He also believes that his cousin was poisoned, though he does not know who did it or what happened (he speculated that it was because his cousin was poor). Id. at 110-12, 122. These incidents cannot support a claim of persecution, however, as the BIA found that Mr. Vicente-Lopez “did not demonstrate that this harm was on account of a protected ground, particularly one related to [himself],” id. at 25, and the scant factual record on the matter is plainly insufficient to compel a finding to the contrary.
The only specific testimony about ethnic mistreatment was that members of Mr. Vicente-Lopez’s family were subjected to verbal abuse, what he characterized as “bad words,” from Latinos.
Id.
at 108-10. Such conduct, though repugnant, is not a sufficient basis to compel a finding of persecution.
Vatulev,
Mr. Vicente-Lopez also includes in his briefing a general account of the Guatemalan civil war similar to that given by Mr. Vicente-Elias, evidently to support humanitarian asylum. But, as Mr. Vicente-Lopez limited his petition for review to the denial of restriction on removal, 9 humanitarian asylum is simply not before us. Of course, if it were, our conclusion here would be no different than it was in Mr. Vicente-Elias’s case.
Finally, Mr. Vicente-Lopez asserts a fairly novel substantive due process claim: “Do the massacres of the Mayans in Guatemala in [the] 1980’s sponsored by the United States shock the conscience and therefore require relief in this ease?” Aplt. Opening Br. at 75. He did not raise this claim to the BIA. Because aliens must, under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1), exhaust their administrative remedies, “we generally assert jurisdiction only over those arguments that [an alien] properly presents to the BIA.”
Sidabutar v. Gonzales,
Mr. Vicente-Lopez attempts to premise this claim on the “state created danger” or “danger creation” theory recognized as a basis for substantive due process claims in actions against state officers under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.
See generally Christiansen v. City of Tulsa,
For the above reasons, we discern no error in the BIA’s determination that Mr. Vicente-Lopez failed to qualify for restriction on removal.
The petitions for review in both of these matters are DENIED. Petitioners’ motions to proceed in forma pauperis are GRANTED. Mr. Vicente-Elias’s motion to file an oversized reply brief is GRANTED.
Notes
. Mr. Elias has ignored the question of CAT relief before this court as well. Of course, having failed to appeal the IJ's ruling in this regard to the BIA, he is now barred from pursing it based on exhaustion principles.
Rivera-Zurita v. INS,
. Of course, to qualify an alien for asylum as a refugee, the deprivation must be (1) “on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion,'' 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42), and (2) imposed “by the government [or] by a nongovernmental group that the government is unwilling or unable to control,”
Estrada-Escobar v. Ashcroft,
. As the parties have not questioned the clarified standard set out
In re T-Z-,
but only whether the decisions under review are consistent with it, "we assume, without deciding, that [this standard] is valid, and we have no occasion to decide what level of deference, if any, [it is] due.”
Albertson’s, Inc. v. Kirkingburg,
. The IJ specifically approved as "a correct explanation of the law” the rule that economic persecution may be found "where the applicant's life or freedom would be jeopardized.” Admin. R. at 41. The IJ also noted that "other cases” had held such persecution could be shown by the loss "of all the means of earning a living.” Id. Mr. Vicente-Elias objects that the latter formulation is unduly strict. But, as that formulation was used, if at all, merely to supplement rather than to supersede the Acosta test, this objection is not material to the result here.
. Some circuits deem this a mixed question calling for de novo review.
See, e.g., Sun Wen Chen v. Att’y Gen.,
. He also objects more specifically that the IJ did not discuss the lack of medical care. His testimony related one particular instance— that his mother died for want of medication. But this testimony was so conclusory, speculative, and lacking in foundation that we cannot say the IJ erred by not expressly considering it. Mr. Vicente-Elias admitted he did not even know what the cause of his mother's death was, and the only basis for attributing her death to a lack of medical care was that he said his father told him that he believed she died "because there was no medication to make her better.” Admin. R. at 64.
. The 2005 Country Report submitted by Mr. Vicente-Lopez was similar in material respects to the 2004 Country Report submitted by Mr. Vicente-Elias.
. The general references to indigenous people lacking clothing were clearly not literal; Mr. Vicente-Lopez also testified that Latinos could identify them because "our clothes are different than theirs,” Admin. R. at 107. And, as for references that might suggest that there are those so unfortunate as to truly lack clothing, these were not tied in any way to Mr. Vicente-Lopez himself.
. His application for asylum was denied as untimely, a matter that, absent a legal or constitutional defect, this court would have lacked jurisdiction to review.
Diallo v. Gonzales,