192 Wis. 249 | Wis. | 1927
These air-pressure tanks were taken by Smith to defendant’s factory and left with the foreman, Rosenow, so that they might be taken apart and new inner linings placed therein. The defendant at that time did not manufacture or repair high-pressure tanks, but was engaged in manufacturing and repairing milk cans and tanks, gasoline tanks, and other similar articles. Smith testified that Rosenow was fully informed by him, when the tanks' were so left for repair, that they were used in the manufacture of root beer, an aerated product, and that they would be required in the process of manufacture of such product to withstand an air pressure of 150 pounds to the square inch. That a cylinder subjected to such art unusual pressure may become a dangerous instrumentality if it is wanting in resisting power, constitutes a fact which requires no argument or explanation. That such an appliance when subjected to high pressure is no stronger than its weakest point is a well-known physical and scientific fact, which the great mass of mankind is well aware of, and of which courts may and do take judicial notice. The cylinder itself was constructed of fourteen-gauge steel, which, together with the inner lining, made it a cumbersome and weighty appliance, and which fact, when viewed in the light of the purpose for which it was used, had a tendency to convey to the manufacturer or repairer the idea of great resisting qualities. To replace an inner lining required a dismemberment of the cylinder; and the removal of the cover exposed to the repairer the full extent of the contact surfaces, which were of the width of about three inches, and also disclosed the method pursued to obtain a safe union by means of the soldering process. The inner lining was composed of block tin, a substance that will liquefy as readily as the composition used for soldering, on the application of intense heat.
Rosenow knew that if a blow-torch is applied to the rim and the outer surface of the cover, which overlapped the body, the inner lining would be melted and thereby put out
The repair of the cylinder and its replacement in a condition reasonably safe for its use was undertaken by the defendant, with ample opportunity to observe every requirement for a reasonably safe appliance. This knowledge was not only in the possession of the foreman, but of the expert workman who, under the direction and supervision of Rose-now and of Damrow, the president of the company, performed the work. But in order that there might be no misunderstanding with respect to the air pressure that these tanks would be subjected to, Smith, a part owner of these tanks, as the jury found, notified the foreman that these were high-pressure tanks, used in the manufacture of-root beer, and that they would be obliged to resist an air pressure of 150 pounds to the square inch. Both the plaintiff and Smith testified that when the tanks were delivered Rosenow’s attention was again called to the high pressure of these tanks in the mánufacture of root beer, and that in substance Rose-now replied that they were all right and had been tested. If the jury believed this testimony, both Smith and the plaintiff were warranted in inferring that an air-pressure test had been resorted to and that the tanks successfully withstood such test.
Under these facts and circumstances it is argued by de
There was ample evidence in the case to sustain the answers of the-jury wherein it found that Smith did not fail to inform the defendant that .the containers would be subjected to a pressure of 150 pounds .to the. square inch, and that the plaintiff ought not to have known that the defendant would be likely to be wanting in the skill or equipment necessary to properly, repair the containers. The argument of defendant’s counsel to the contrary therefore falls.
It appears to us that this expert testimony contained strong probative force, and that it was clearly explanatory of the reason why the work performed by the defendant was unsafe and defective. Having assumed to perform the work on an instrumentality which by reason of its use might become highly dangerous to , others, the defendant became charged with the duty of employing a reasonably safe method
This action, as was held by the trial court, is not one for the recovery of damages for breach of contract, but sounds in tort, and the tort consists of negligence in performing a repair job on the cylinder in question in an unsafe manner, with full knowledge of the danger to third persons when the instrumentality is used for the purpose for which it is designed.
The jury assessed plaintiff’s damages at $10,000, and it is argued by defendant’s counsel that the amount awarded is excessive. Dr. Clarke, one of plaintiff’s experts, testified in substance that plaintiff’s right leg'from the knee-down Was very much shattered from external violence and that plaintiff suffered a severe shock; that there was a long, ragged cut across the knee, severing the patella tendon; that he could feel through the wound a loose piece of the bone in the joint; that plaintiff also had a fracture extending downward over
During the trial the doctor also examined the limb, and he testified that neither the leg nor the knee was in good condition. The knee is somewhat ankylosed. The knee is not entirely stiff, but the plaintiff has only about forty per cent, of useful motion. In the injured ankle there is about twenty per cent, motion, and there is a loss of one hundred per cent, in the motion of the small bones of the foot. The large toe is quite ankylosed. There are adhesions of the tendons. At the point of the fracture there is an overriding of the bone, resulting in a shortening of the limb to the extent of an inch. He further testified that as to the future the injury is permanent, and that there would be no change in the knee; that there will be some improvement in the ankle.'
Dr. J. W. Helz, a medical expert, testified that in the month of August, 1925, he, in conjunction with Dr. Gavin,
Plaintiff at the time of the injury was a married man fifty-five years of age. Before the injury his limb was perfectly normal. He was a traveling salesman, and operated concession stands as a side line. At the time of the injury he was earning about $1,200 a year. The hospital and doctors’ bills amounted to about $400, and his loss of earnings up to the time of the trial amounted to several thousand dollars.
The trial court did not deem the amount awarded as excessive. The court and jury were in a better position to adjudge the extent of the injuries and their nature than is this court, which is confined in its consideration of the matter solely to the cold record. Under these circumstances, we agree with the conclusion of the trial court, and hold that the award must stand.
Defendant’s counsel assign as error the following instruction of the court to the jury:
“The plaintiff is entitled to recover, if he is entitled to recover at all, such sum as will reasonably and fairly compensate him for all the injuries resulting to him from the explosion. The items to consider and allow for are the physical suffering his physical injuries have caused him up to this time and such as he will suffer in the future from such cause; such mental suffering as his crippled condition*259 has caused and'will cause in the future if such you find; the expense he was put to for physicians’ and nurses’ services in. caring for his injuries'; his hospital expenses; and his loss of earnings up to this time and such as it appears to you he will lose in the future as the result of his injuries.”
It is argued by defendant’s counsel that “The jury should have been limited in assessing damages for future suffering, mental and physical, to such loss in that regard as the evidence satisfies them would be reasonably certain to result from the injury.”
The language above quoted is taken from the opinion in the case of Howard v. Beldenville L. Co. 129 Wis. 98, 108 N. W. 48. The rule as laid down in the Howard Case is one which has been repeatedly approved by this court, and we deem the standard of this rule safer and more satisfactory than the one adopted. In the instruction given, the jury in assessing damages for future pain and suffering was limited to such as the plaintiff will suffer from the causes therein referred to. Such instruction, therefore, is not confined to a showing based upon a reasonable certainty, but an absolute certainty. In other words, the error committed, if any, rather works in defendant’s favor than to its detriment. However, we cannot say from the evidence in the case that prejudicial error was committed. The medical experts testified that there was a permanent injury to plaintiff’s limb, as shown by their detailed testimony. A shortening of the limb constitutes a permanent injury which contains no element whatsoever of speculation. This is also true as to the partial loss of motion to the knee joint and the ankle, and the total ioss of motion in the foot. It is also established that the plaintiff will never be able to bear the weight of his body upon the injured limb without the aid of a crutch or cane; nor will he be able to balance himself without such aid. In fact, most of the injuries are as permanent in their náture as an injury which required the amputation of the limb.
So that we must and do conclude, under all the facts and circumstances in the case, that no prejudicial error was committed in giving the instructions complained of in the instant case.
The judgment of the lower court must therefore be affirmed.
By the Court. — It is so ordered.