441 N.E.2d 811 | Ohio Ct. App. | 1981
Appellant was divorced from Carl Vaught on September 15, 1971. Carl Vaught died on June 28, 1978, and, following the rejection of her claim *265 against Carl Vaught's estate, appellant filed a complaint against the executrix of the estate on October 18, 1978, seeking a judgment for alimony payments awarded to her by the divorce decree. The decree was attached to and made a part of the complaint.
Appellee answered, denying that the complaint set forth a claim upon which relief could be granted; she admitted all the allegations of the claim, except for the allegation that there were alimony payments due appellant subsequent to Carl Vaught's death.
Appellee filed a Civ. R. 12(C) motion for judgment on the pleadings, and the parties agreed that the matter should be submitted to the trial court upon memoranda, without additional hearing or oral argument.
The trial court held that the obligation for payment of alimony, as specifically awarded to appellant by the decree of divorce, terminated with the death of Carl Vaught and did not survive as a valid claim against the estate. The trial court granted judgment to appellee, and appellant timely filed her notice of appeal, asserting three assignments of error, to wit:
First assignment of error:
"The Common Pleas Court Erred in Refusing to Grant the Plaintiff's Claim for Continuing the Alimony Payments Where Such Payments Were Based on an Agreement Between the Plaintiff and Carl Vaught, and as a matter of Law, Obligated Carl Vaught's Estate to Make the Payments."
Second assignment of error:
"The Court Erred in Refusing to Grant the Plaintiff's Claim for Continuing the Alimony Payments While It was the Intention of the Court Decreeing the Divorce that the Payments Should Continue for Fifteen Years and Could Not be Modified, Obligating, as a Matter of Law, Carl Vaught's Estate."
Third assignment of error:
"The Court of Common Pleas Erred in Refusing the Plaintiff's Claim for Continuing the Alimony Payments When the Same Court Had Previously Declared that the Payments could not be Modified As They Represented A Division of Property, Thus Becoming An Obligation of Carl Vaught's Estate."
In the determination of the motion for judgment on the pleadings, pursuant to Civ. R. 12(C), appellant was entitled to have all of the material allegations in the complaint, with all reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom, construed in her favor as true. Rhoades v. McDowell (1927),
The trial court was precluded from looking beyond the pleadings and had only the decree of divorce as the factual base for its decision. As Judge Hill set forth in his opinion sub judice, "* * * [t]he real and personal properties were divided between the parties. Values are not set forth and the court now is unable to determine any basis for determining the equity of division of the assets of the marriage spanning some twenty-three years in that decree."
This court also must determine the nature of the alimony award from the totality of the decree and the separation agreement referred to therein. After examination of the divorce decree, we conclude that the relevant provisions therein established the following:
1. The parties, prior to or at the final hearing for divorce, had entered into an oral agreement which was intended to *266 fully settle and adjust all claims for alimony and division of property.
2. The divorce court was fully advised of the terms of the parties' agreement; it found the contract was fair and equitable; the court approved and confirmed the contract.
3. The divorce court then, in conformity with the parties' agreement, set forth that agreement in its decree of divorce as an order of the court and provided that the provisions of the judgment be final and binding upon the parties except as to certain matters, to wit: the custody and control of the minor children, which would be subject to the continuing jurisdiction of the court.
4. The divorce decree provided for the division of property and ordered that Carl Vaught pay to Margaret Vaught: "as alimony the sum of Fifty Dollars per week, said payment to continue for a period of fifteen (15) years from the date of this decree." There were no conditions impressed upon or attached to this obligation.
A separation agreement is a contract and such contract, if incorporated into a decree of divorce, becomes a judgment with force and effect of any judgment. Weeden v. Weeden (1927),
Property acquired during marriage is so interwoven with the marriage relationship itself that all rights and liabilities should be determined at the time of the final decree in contemplation of a final dissolution of the marriage contract and a final determination of the marriage relationship. Durham v.Durham (1922),
In addition to the language of the decree, wherein the court ordered the provisions of this judgment to be final and binding upon the parties, we must also consider the principle of the finality of judgments. This principle has been discussed inPopovic v. Popovic (1975),
"In order to provide stability the law looks with favor on the principle of `finality of judgments.' The reason for this principle is that persons must be able to rely on court rulings. If courts had continuing jurisdiction to modify all decrees, there would be confusion and uncertainty.
"This rule of finality of judgments is especially applicable to divorce judgments where there is an agreement which is incorporated into the journal entry of the trial court and where the trial court has not reserved jurisdiction to modify. The reason that such a decree is final and the court does not have continuing jurisdiction to modify it is that the parties voluntarily entered into a legally binding and enforceable contract. When parties enter into an agreement and it is submitted to the court, approved, and incorporated into a divorce decree, justice requires that the agreement be binding upon both parties. Newman v. Newman (1954),
Relative to alimony judgments, the Popovic court further noted:
"There is an exception to the finality of judgments principle with reference to the payment of alimony. This exception applies only when there is a court order for periodic alimony payments and when the award for such alimony provides for an unspecified or an indefinite total amount and there is no reservation of continuing jurisdiction because of changed circumstances. It does not apply, as previously stated, when there is an agreement incorporated into the journal entry, when there is a division of property or a property settlement, or when the provision for permanent alimony is in a lump *267 sum or a stated amount in stated installments." Id.
The term "alimony" in its original sense, signified an allowance for nourishment or sustenance of the wife. However, R.C.
Black's Law Dictionary (4 Ed. 1968) defines periodic alimony as "[a]n allowance payable at intermittent times, usually by the week or the month, in a definite amount over a definite or indefinite period. An award of periodic alimony is appropriate according to the needs of the spouse requesting alimony and the corresponding ability of the other spouse to pay."
The terms "alimony in gross" and "gross alimony" are applied to an amount agreed upon or determined in full or in lieu of all alimony and such amount is frequently payable in installments.Whitney v. Whitney (1957),
Courts have drawn distinctions between those alimony awards which are for a fixed sum, with a fixed terminal date, and those which are for an indefinite sum. Clelland v. Clelland (1959),
Thus, Hunt v. Hunt (1959),
The distinction between alimony and property settlement was more closely examined in Wolfe v. Wolfe (1976),
"* * * [I]t is our considered opinion that most awards of property incident to a final divorce are readjustments of the parties' property rights and whether such judgment is called alimony or division of property has not been considered important * * * by parties, bench or bar." (Citations omitted.)
In the Wolfe case, an agreement of the parties specified that the alimony award was not part of an overall property settlement, and was designated for the support and maintenance of Mrs. Wolfe. It is further noteworthy that the Wolfe court reaffirmed the holding in State, ex rel. Cook, v. Cook (1902),
"[T]he provision for alimony is an allowance. It is in the nature of a partition. Recognizing the right of the wife to participate in the accumulations which are presumably the result of their joint efforts and joint economies, and having in mind at the same time any property which may have come to the husband by the marriage, the law wisely awards the wife a just and equitable proportion of the whole, and for purposes of convenient execution and to meet all varying situations, this allowance may be made either in real or personal property, or both, or in *268 money, payable in gross or in installments, as to the court may seem reasonable. The court does not decree alimony as a debt to the wife, or as damages to be paid to her by her late husband, but as a part of the estate standing in his name in which she has a right to share, fixed by the court in its discretion, and thus appropriated to her, and to which she thereupon becomes legally entitled."
Ohio courts have distinguished decrees which embody a prior agreement of the parties from those decrees which were court-ordered. Popovic v. Popovic, supra, collected and analyzed the authorities relative to this issue and held in paragraph two of the syllabus as follows:
"* * * A. If the parties to a divorce proceeding agree to an indefinite amount of permanent alimony and the trial court finds that the agreement as to permanent alimony is fair, just and equitable and therefore incorporates it into the journal entry, but the court does not reserve continuing jurisdiction to modify said award, the trial court does not have authority to modify the decree for permanent alimony because of changed circumstances. Because the parties voluntarily entered into a valid contract without mistake, misrepresentation or fraud, and because at their instance the agreement was submitted to the court, duly approved, and incorporated into the decree, plain justice required that it bind both parties thereto.
"B. If there is no agreement between the parties as to permanent alimony of an indefinite amount, and the trial court makes an alimony award after hearing all the evidence, but the court does not expressly reserve jurisdiction to modify, it is implied that the trial court does have continuing jurisdiction to modify the award for permanent alimony because of change of circumstances."
To the extent that Wolfe v. Wolfe, supra, would change this holding, it is not applicable for the reason that its holding is to be applied prospectively.
In summary, Ohio courts will not modify alimony awards for a definite amount of money without contingencies when those judgments have been granted pursuant to an agreement of the parties. The Vaught judgment could not have been modified during the lifetime of the deceased.
In the instant case, the trial court applied the law applicable to that line of cases referring to court-awarded alimony rather than the law which applies to decrees which were based upon agreement of the parties. The trial court's ruling was erroneous inasmuch as the decree was based upon an agreement, and whether that agreement was written or oral is not relevant. Does it then follow that a non-modifiable award of alimony continues as an obligation after death?
Hassaurek v. Markbreit (1903),
"When upon the trial of a suit for divorce the court finds from the evidence that the wife has been wilfully absent for more than three years and that the husband is entitled to a decree upon that ground, the court has jurisdiction under Section 5700, Revised Statutes, to adjudge to her such share of the husband's property as it deems just and reasonable, and if the parties thereupon agree that such division shall be made by adjudging that he shall pay to her a sum named every month during her life and such agreement is carried into the decree, there is imposed upon him, and upon his estate in case of his death before hers, a valid obligation according to the terms of the decree." (Emphasis added.)
That holding was reaffirmed in DeMilo v. Watson, supra, wherein the court, after surveying Ohio case law, noted that Snouffer v.Snouffer (1937),
We conclude that the parties entered into a valid separation agreement; that the separation agreement was a valid and binding contract between the parties; that the agreement was found to be fair and equitable by the court and incorporated into the order of the court, thereby vesting the rights of the parties and, specifically, vesting appellant's right to receive a sum certain.
We further hold that the alimony award for the payment of a sum certain in installments over a definite period of time without contingencies, was a part of the division of property, regardless of how denominated, which vests when it is merged into the final decree and is, accordingly, a valid claim against the estate of the deceased spouse.
In accordance with our decision herein, the appellant's second and third assignments of error are not well-taken; appellant's first assignment of error is sustained.
It being the judgment of this court that the trial court committed error prejudicial to the appellant and that the appellant is entitled to have a judgment rendered in her favor as a matter of law, judgment of the Clermont County Court of Common Pleas is reversed and judgment for appellant is hereby rendered pursuant to App. R. 12(B).
Judgment reversed.
CASTLE, P.J., and HENDRICKSON, J., concur.
