Plaintiff-Appellant Bernadine R. Vaughn (“Vaughn”) appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Defendant-Appellee Epworth Villa. At issue is Vaughn’s allegation that she was retaliated against by Epworth Villa for participating in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) process. We exercise jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Vaughn was employed by Epworth Villa as a Certified Nurses Aid/Certified Medication Aid from 1991 until 2005. “Ep-worth Villa is a not-for-profit, continuing care retirement community related to the Oklahoma Conference of the United Methodist Church.”
On April 28, 2004, Vaughn alleged that Epworth Villa discriminated against her and filed a complaint to this effect with the EEOC. According to Vaughn’s complaint, she was discriminated against because of her age (49) and her race (black). Vaughn alleged that this discrimination occurred when she was disciplined for making errors with respect to a patient’s medical records, while a younger, white employee was not disciplined for making the same errors.
At some point after filing her complaint with the EEOC, Vaughn provided the EEOC with several pages of unredacted medical records concerning an Epworth Villa patient. These records included a “medication sheet,” which detailed the patient’s medication regimen, and “an individual patient’s narcotics record,” which detailed the patient’s medication schedule. Vaughn provided these records to the EEOC believing they would bolster her discrimination claims. To that end, Vaughn asserted that the records contained errors similar to those for which she had been disciplined, but because the errors were committed by a younger, white employee, that employee had not been disciplined for the same conduct.
On May 23, 2005, over a year after Vaughn had filed her charge of discrimination with the EEOC (which remained pending), Epworth Villa learned about Vaughn’s disclosure of the unredacted medical records. Shortly thereafter, Ep-worth Villa reported the incident to the Oklahoma Department of Health, which advised Epworth Villa to open an investigation into the matter. 1 Vaughn ultimately admitted that she copied and released the unredacted medical records and that one of her responsibilities at Epworth Villa was “practicing] confidentiality concerning residents’ records, care and activities.”
On June 1, 2005, Epworth Villa terminated Vaughn’s employment. A subsequent letter from Epworth Villa to the Department of Health indicated that Vaughn was “[terminated ... for cause because she, without authorization and against policy and procedure, copied and removed from the property confidential document^]; i.e. medical records of [an *1150 Epworth Villa resident] and staff pay records, then disclosed said records to a third party.”
Following Vaughn’s termination, the Department of Health also investigated Vaughn’s conduct. After a hearing on the matter, an Administrative Law Judge concluded that Vaughn “violated [Oklahoma] law when she copied [the] records, in essence taking the information, which is a property right, without permission, and therefore is guilty of the act of misappropriation of property belonging to a Resident.” An annotation to this effect was made in Vaughn’s official record with the Oklahoma Nurse’s Aide Registry.
In response to her termination, Vaughn filed suit against Epworth Villa, asserting among other actions, that she was terminated in retaliation for her participation in the EEOC process. The district court granted Epworth Villa’s motion for summary judgment with respect to Vaughn’s retaliation claim. In doing so, the district court concluded that Vaughn had failed to establish a prima facie case of retaliation. The court also noted, however, that even if Vaughn had established a prima facie case of retaliation, she had not established that Epworth Villa’s purported non-retaliatory reason for terminating her was pretextual. At Vaughn’s request, the district court thereafter dismissed with prejudice her remaining causes of her action, thus resulting in a final judgment for purposes of appeal. Vaughn now appeals the district court’s dismissal of her retaliation claim.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review
“This court reviews the district court’s summary judgment decision
de novo,
viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party; in this case, in [Vaughn’s] favor.”
Herrera v. Lufkin Indus., Inc.,
B. Title VII Retaliation
“In analyzing retaliation claims, we apply the three-part test established in
McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green,
1. Prima Facie Case of Retaliation
To establish a prima facie case of retaliation, Vaughn “must show that: (1) she engaged in protected activity; (2) she suffered an adverse employment action; and (3) there was a causal connection between the protected activity and the adverse action.”
Timmerman v. U.S. Bank, N.A.,
The district court concluded that Vaughn did not engage in a protected activity when she supplied the unredacted medical records to the EEOC. In reaching this conclusion, the district court used a “rebuttable presumption” test. Under this test, the court reasoned that an employee’s “dishonest or disloyal conduct” while participating in a Title VII proceeding was presumptively unreasonable and an unprotected activity unless the employee had no other reasonable choice in order to advance the EEOC claim. Thus, in this case, the court specifically considered whether Vaughn had no other choice but to submit “a patient’s confidential personal health information ... to the EEOC.” The district court answered this question negatively, concluding that a variety of more sensible choices were available to Vaughn: “Plaintiff could have easily redacted the patient’s name from the records. She could have obtained the patient’s consent. Plaintiff could have simply prepared an affidavit attesting to what she believed were charting errors by other employees and defendant’s failure to discipline those employees.” With these potential alternatives in mind, the district court concluded “as a matter of law that [Vaughn’s] copying and disclosure of the confidential personal health information in defendant’s records was not ‘protected activity.’ ” We disagree with the district court’s utilization of this analysis under the participation clause.
“Protected activities fall into two distinct categories: participation or opposition.”
Laughlin v. Metro. Wash. Airports Auth.,
The “opposition clause,” meanwhile, provides that an employer may not retaliate against an employee “because he has opposed any practice made an unlawful employment practice” by Title VII. 42 U.S.C.A. § 2000e-3(a).
The distinction between participation clause protection and opposition clause protection, is significant because the scope of protection is different. Activities under the participation clause are essential to the machinery set up by Title VII. As such, the scope of protection for activity falling under the participation clause is broader than for activity falling under the opposition clause.
Laughlin,
This court has not yet interpreted the scope of the participation clause vis-a-vis the opposition clause. Nevertheless, a variety of our sister circuits have considered *1152 the matter, and to this end, the Third Circuit recently stated:
Courts that have interpreted the “participation clause” have held that it offers much broader protection to Title VII employees than does the “opposition clause.” See, e.g., Deravin v. Kerik,335 F.3d 195 , 203 (2d Cir.2003) (“[C]ourts have consistently recognized [that] the explicit language of § 704(a)’s participation clause is expansive and seemingly contains no limitations.”); Booker v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Co.,879 F.2d 1304 , 1312 (6th Cir.1989) (noting that “courts have generally granted less protection for opposition than for participation” and that the participation clause offers “exceptionally broad protection”); Sias v. City Demonstration Agency,588 F.2d 692 , 695 (9th Cir.1978) (stating that the opposition clause serves “a more limited purpose” and is narrower than the participation clause); Pettway v. American Cast Iron Pipe Co.,411 F.2d 998 , 1006 n. 18 (5th Cir.1969) (noting that the participation clause provides “exceptionally broad” protection for employees covered by Title VII).
Slagle v. County of Clarion,
“When interpreting the language of a statute, the starting point is always the language of the statute itself. If the language is clear and unambiguous, the plain meaning of the statute controls.”
McGraw v. Barnhart,
2. Legitimate, Non-Retaliatory Reason
Having concluded that Vaughn established a prima facie case of retaliation, *1153 we must next consider whether Epworth Villa can provide a legitimate and facially non-retaliatory reason for its decision to terminate Vaughn. Epworth Villa asserts that it terminated Vaughn because she violated the organization’s policies and procedures regarding confidentiality when without authorization, she provided the un-redacted medical records to the EEOC. 4 Vaughn does not appear to dispute that she committed such a violation and her brief cannot be readily interpreted to challenge the notion that such a violation would constitute a legitimate and facially non-retaliatory reason for her termination. Instead, Vaughn appears to argue that Epworth Villa’s reasoning was pretextual.
3. Pretext
Vaughn may show pretext by demonstrating “such weaknesses, implausibilities, inconsistencies, incoherencies, or contradictions in the employer’s proffered legitimate reasons for its action that a reasonable factfinder could rationally find them unworthy of credence and hence infer that the employer did not act for the asserted non-[retaliatory] reasons.”
Rivera v. City & County of Denver,
Unless Vaughn can show that other Ep-worth Villa employees were not terminated for engaging in the same or similar conduct — intentionally disclosing unredacted medical records to a third party — the fact that Epworth Villa was not required to terminate Vaughn does not give rise to an inference of pretext. In the absence of any evidence that similarly situated employees were treated differently, it is per *1154 fectly plausible that Epworth Villa would terminate Vaughn—whether it was required to or not—for intentionally disclosing the unredacted medical records rather than for some retaliatory purpose. It also seems to be of no moment that Epworth Villa had difficulties managing its records. Perhaps aware of these weaknesses in her argument, Vaughn contends that another Epworth Villa employee was not terminated when she engaged in similar conduct.
Although this argument is curtly developed in Vaughn’s brief, based on the record, it appears that an Epworth Villa employee named Julia Ann Carruth twice removed “activity monitor logs” from the Epworth Villa campus and was only reprimanded for her conduct. On one of these occasions, the activity monitor log was evidently lost, only to be found in Epworth Villa’s parking lot. Rather than containing any sort of patient medical information, however, the activity monitor logs only indicated the activities an Epworth Villa resident participated in. Based on these circumstances, we agree with the district court that Carruth’s conduct was not sufficiently similar to Vaughn’s to warrant an inference of pretext.
Critically, Vaughn and Carruth differ significantly in their levels of culpability. While Carruth’s conduct can generally be characterized as wrongly removing material from the Epworth Villa campus, Vaughn intentionally supplied unredacted medical records concerning an Epworth Villa patient to a third party. The egregiousness of Vaughn’s conduct vis-a-vis Carruth’s is demonstrated by the fact that Vaughn’s conduct likely violated both state and federal law by disclosing confidential information to a third party, while there is no indication that Carruth’s conduct was similarly unlawful. Accordingly, it was not inconsistent for Epworth Villa to believe that a more severe punishment was warranted in Vaughn’s case as compared to Carruth’s.
Accordingly, Vaughn has not met her burden in showing that Epworth Villa’s legitimate, non-retaliatory reason for terminating her was pretextual and therefore has failed to meet her burden under the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework.
C. Direct Evidence of Retaliation
As a final matter, Vaughn contends that instead of the
McDonnell Douglas
framework, this case should be analyzed under the framework developed by the Supreme Court in
Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins,
Under the
Price Waterhouse
framework, “[o]nce [a] plaintiff presents] [direct] evidence that retaliation played a motivating part in defendant’s decision to discharge him, it [becomes the] defendant’s burden to prove by a preponderance that it
‘would
have made the same decision’ notwithstanding its retaliatory motive.”
Medlock v. Ortho Biotech, Inc.,
“Direct evidence is evidence, which if believed, proves the existence of a fact in issue without inference or presumption.”
Hall v. U.S. Dep’t of Labor,
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
Notes
. Epworth Villa reported the incident to the Oklahoma Department of Health pursuant to § 310:677-l-4(a) of the Oklahoma Administrative Code, which provides that "[a]n employer shall report to the Department any allegation of ... misappropriation of client’s or resident's property against the employer’s nurse aide.”
. We have no occasion in this case to consider whether the participation clause would protect an employee whose participation in a Title VII proceeding is a sham or is fraudulent before the hearing officer. That situation is not before us and we express no opinion on whether the participation clause would protect such conduct — that is, whether “fraud on the court” should truly be considered "participation.”
. Although the participation clause may be nearly absolute in theory, it may seldom be absolute in fact. When an employee violates an employer's policies, or for that matter the law, it will often be the case that the employer can assert a legitimate, non-retaliatory reason for taking an adverse employment action against the employee. And unless the employee can show that this reason was a pretext for retaliation, the employee will fail to meet her burden under the McDonnell Douglas burden shifting framework. Indeed, such a circumstance occurs in this case.
. In addition to violating Epworth Villa’s policies and procedures, and perhaps Oklahoma law, it also appears that Vaughn's conduct may have violated federal law. Under the terms of the federal Health Insurance Portability Accountability Act ("HIPAA”), "[a] covered entity may not use or disclose protected health information, except as permitted or required by this subpart.” 45 C.F.R. § 164.502(a). "Protected health information” includes "individually identifiable health information” that is "[tjransmitted or maintained in any ... form or medium.” 45 C.F.R. § 160.103. "Individually identifiable health information,” meanwhile, "[i]s created or received by a health care provider ...; and ... [r]elates to the past, present, or future physical or menial health or condition of an individual ... and ... identifies the individual. ...” Id.
Vaughn does not appear to dispute that the medical information she transmitted to the EEOC was "protected health information” or that Epworth Villa is a "covered entity.” Instead, Vaughn contends that her conduct was excepted from HIPAA under 45 C.F.R. § 164.502(j), the whistleblower exception. This argument in unavailing for several reasons. Most basically, however, the whistle-blower exception only applies to disclosures made to "a health oversight agency or public health authority,” or "[ajn attorney retained by or on behalf of the” whistleblower, none of which is the EEOC. Id.
. Additionally, Vaughn asserts for the first time in her reply brief that the following circumstances are indicative of pretext: (1) there was a close temporal proximity between Epworth Villa’s discovery of Vaughn’s disclosure of the unredacted medical records and her termination, (2) Epworth Villa was angry about Vaughn’s conduct, and (3) Epworth Villa made allegedly inconsistent statements regarding Vaughn’s termination. “This court does not ordinarily review issues raised for the first time in a reply brief” and to the extent these allegations attempt to expand the arguments made in Vaughn's primary brief, we decline to consider them here.
Stump v. Gates,
. As previously indicated, Epworth Villa asserted to the Oklahoma Department of Health that Vaughn was “[flerminated ... for cause because she, without authorization and against policy and procedure, copied and removed from the property confidential docu-mentes]; i.e. medical records of [an Epworth Villa resident] and staff pay records, then disclosed said records to a third party.’’