149 Va. 177 | Va. | 1927
delivered the opinion of the court.
The parties will be designated as they stood in the trial court. Isaac White was the plaintiff, and the executors of J. K. Varner were the defendants. The action was in the form of a proceeding by notice to recover a judgment for the amount of a bond executed by White to Varner for a deferred payment on land, and which the plaintiff alleged that Varner had promised to cancel and deliver to him but had failed to do, and which White had been compelled to pay. There was a verdict and judgment for the plaintiff, and the defendants assign error.
In 1905, White married Varner’s daughter, and a few weeks thereafter Varner invited White to come and live on his farm and cultivate it. White accepted the invitation and went to live on the farm, and a few years thereafter built a house on a part of it and continued to live on and cultivate the farm for fifteen years. At the time White went there, Varner had another daughter, who married a few years thereafter, and two boys who were quite small. The first year it was agreed that White should have one-third of the crop as compensation for his services. The next year, according
Afterwards, Varner purchased the Fultz land at the price of $2,462, of which sum $500 was to be paid in cash, and for the residue three notes were to be given for $654 each, payable respectively April 1, 1921, 1922 and 1923. The deed to this land is dated July 15, 1919, and a vendor’s lien was reserved to secure the unpaid purchase money.
By deed bearing date December 24, 1920, Varner conveyed to Hattie White, the wife of the plaintiff, by way of advancement, a tract of twenty acres of land, which he valued at $2,000. By the same deed Varner conveyed to White fifty-seven acres of land, adjoining that conveyed to his wife, for the price of $3,705, to be paid as follows: $500 cash, $654 April 1, 1921; $654 April 1, 1922; $654 April 1, 1923; and $1,243 April 1, 1924. A vendor’s lien was reserved to secure the unpaid purchase money. It will be observed that the three notes of $654 are for the same amounts and mature on the same dates as the notes given by Varner for the Fultz land.
White testified as to the agreement between him and Varner, at the time this deed was made, as follows: “The agreement that we had about the $1,243 bond
The plaintiff paid the three bonds of $654 each, and then asked for the cancellation and delivery to him of his bond for $1,243, and he testifies that Varner then admitted to him that he had assigned the bond for $1,243 to a third person. He then paid that bond to the assignee and shortly thereafter instituted the present suit to recover the amount paid by him from Varner’s estate.
It further appears that Varner assigned the $1,243 bond without recourse, to the Highland Mercantile Company, on June 23, 1922, for an automobile which he gave to one of his sons. Prior to July 11, 1923, White had negotiated a loan from the Federal Land Bank of Baltimore, but its agent refused to deliver the check unless and until the vendor’s lien on his land for $1,243 was marked satisfied. The evidence is conflicting as to what took place between White and Varner looking to the satisfaction of this lien, but, at all events, Varner released the vendor’s lien on the margin of the deed where it was recorded, in the following language: “The debt secured by this vendor’s lien, having been paid in full, I hereby release the said lien. Given under my hand this 11th day of July, 1923. J. K. Varner.” It will be observed that this release was made more than a year after Varner had assigned the bond, but there was testimony for the defendants that he refused to make the release until he had assurance from responsible parties that he should not lose anything by reason thereof.
There was testimony for the defendants that Varner was a very honest and honorable man; that he owed no debts at the time of his death and was particular about paying his debts; that shortly after his death there were conferences between his two sons-in-law about trying to break his will; that White never stated to the assignees of his bond, or to anyone else, that he did not owe the $1,243 bond, and that no claim was asserted by White upon the estate of Varner, nor was the existence of such claim known to his executors until nearly a year after the death of Varner.
The errors assigned are, that the court erred (1) in admitting certain evidence tendered by the plaintiff and objected to by the defendants, (2) in refusing an instruction tendered by the defendants, and (3) in refusing to set aside the verdict of the jury as contrary to the law and the evidence. Of these in their order.
1. The improper admission of evidence. White was the chief witness in his own behalf to establish a claim against the defendant’s testator. Indeed, without his testimony his claim could not be established. In such ease, the statute declares there could be no judgment in his favor “founded on his uncorroborated testimony.
Corroborating evidence is such evidence as tends to confirm and strengthen the testimony of the witness sought to be corroborated — that is, such as tends to show its truth, or the probability of its truth. How much of this character of evidence is necessary to constitute corroboration is dependent o,n the facts and circumstances of the particular case, and while no hard and fast rule can be laid down on the subject, there must be sufficient to justify the belief that the witness sought to be corroborated has testified to the truth. Such corroborating evidence, however, must not have emanated from the mouth of the witness sought to be corroborated, nor be dependent wholly upon his credibility. It must be other evidence which adds to, strengthens, confirms and corroborates his testimony. Mills v. Commonwealth, 93 Va. 815, 22 S. E. 863; Burton v. Manson, 142 Va. 500, 129 S. E. 356; Davies v. Silvey, 148 Va. 132, 138 S. E. 513.
Evidence for this purpose rarely, if ever, consists of a continuous narrative by one or more witnesses. It usually consists of separate and independent items, no one of which of itself would probably be sufficient, but when joined together lead satisfactorily to the conclusion of the truth of the testimony of the witness sought to be corroborated. These separate items of evidence cannot all be introduced at once, but have to be brought in one at a time, and the test of admissibility is relevancy. The relevancy, however, is not always obvious when the evidence is offered, or it may
In the instant case, the only specific objection to evidence as not corroborative was to a question asked the witness, Hiner. The question was: “How long was it known there in the neighborhood that he was suffering in his mind. Tell the jury whether or not it was understood in the neighborhood that he was out of fix mentally?” The context plainly showed that the question was directed to the mental condition of J. K. Varner, and no question is made as to this. The objection was because the question “called for incompetent testimony and upon the well settled rule that the incompetency of a person cannot be shown by hearsay evidence, or by what is known about a person in the neighborhood where he lived.” The court overruled the objection, and the witness answered: “That is what I understood. He would be bad by spells.”
The plaintiff had testified that he had spoken to Varner twice about the bond, and when asked why he had not spoken to Varner again about carrying out his agreement, replied that he had found out from his visits to him that his mind was “out of fix” to transact
The trial court committed no error in receiving the testimony of Hiner for the purpose and under the restriction mentioned.
After the plaintiff had completed his evidence in chief and rested his case, the defendants moved the court to strike out the testimony of each and all of the witnesses for the plaintiff, except the plaintiff himself, naming twelve witnesses, some of whom had testified at considerable length, on the ground “that the testimony of each of said witnesses was not relevant, or competent, or sufficient in character.” The trial court overruled the motion, and the defendants excepted. In this there was no error.
Much of the testimony of these witnesses was not of great probative force, but was relevant to the cor
Furthermore, the bill of exception does not conform to Rule 22 of this court, nor to our well established holding. Norfolk & W. R. Co. v. Shott, 92 Va. 34, 22 S. E. 811; Kibler v. Com’th, 94 Va. 804, 26 S. E. 858; Kimball v. Carter, 95 Va. 77, 27 S. E. 823, 38 L. R. A. 570; Longley v. Com’th, 99 Va. 807, 37 S. E. 339; Robertson v. A. C. L. Realty Co., 129 Va. 494, 106 S. E. 521; Burgess v. Com’th, 136 Va. 697, 118 S. E. 273. It would be unfair to the opposing party and to the trial court not to point out specifically what testimony had been erroneously received, so that, if error had been committed, it could be corrected in that court. A litigant will not be permitted to make a general objection of this kind in the trial court, and to specify his objections for the first time in this court.
The plaintiff based his claim to have his bond for $1,243 surrendered to him on a valuable consideration, and not a mere parol promise of a gift. In order to show the consideration, it became necessary for him to show his dealings with J. K. Varner out of which the consideration arose, and their subsequent agreements by which the method of discharging the obligation was shifted from one thing to another, finally resulting in the alleged agreement to cancel and deliver to the plaintiff his bond aforesaid. With this end in
The following questions were specifically objected to: “State what arrangement or agreement you had with Mr. Varner when you went there to live?” “How many years did you stay there and work for Mr. Varner?” “What settlement, if any, or what agreement did you have in later years?” “Did you have a •clear and definite agreement as to this?” “So, then, as I understand you, your agreement when you went there was that, in addition to the one-fourth share •of the crop, he was to settle with you in land or money •and make you equal with the boys?” “You and he had an agreement that you were to settle your account by giving you the Sipe meadow?” “Did he carry that ■agreement out?” The answer to the last question was: “No, sir; he did not.”
Each one of these questions and the answers thereto were objected to by counsel for the defendants, but the ■objection was overruled, the trial court stating at the time: “All evidence tending to show the disposition "Varner made of his property, and the character and ■amount of the work White did for him, has been ■admitted for the purpose of showing the probability •or improbability of the existence of the preliminary ■agreements and of the final contract under which the plaintiff claims he is entitled to recover the amount ;paid by him on account of the $1,243 bond and for no ■other purpose. This is not a suit to recover for services performed, and for the further reason that the •court desired the jury to have a full understanding of the dealings between the plaintiff and J. K. Varner.” The evidence was relevant to the issue joined, and the trial court did not err in admitting it.
It is assigned as error that the trial court refused to give the following instruction offered by the-defendants:
“The court instructs the jury that claims and charges-set up against a dead man’s estate, such as the claim, in question here, áre to be considered with suspicion, and must be clearly established by a preponderance of’ the evidence.”
The instruction was improper because it invaded1.
Instruction I. — “The court instructs the jury that the "burden of proof is on the plaintiff to make out and prove to the satisfaction of the jury, by a preponderance ■of the evidence, every material fact necessary to "make out his ease, and if the jury, after considering all the evidence in the case both for the plaintiff and the defendants, believe that the plaintiff has failed to do "this, then they must find a verdict for the defendants.”
Instruction V. — “The court instructs the jury that verbal agreements, such as the agreement relied on here by the plaintiff, must be proved and established by a preponderance of the evidence to the satisfaction of the jury.”
Such a claim can hardly be said to be proved “to the satisfaction of the jury” unless it is clearly proved. The jury were fully instructed on the subject, and
It is also assigned as error that the trial court, refused to set aside the verdict because it is contrary to the law and the evidence. Whatever may be our views as to the preponderance of the evidence, we are unable to say that the judgment of the trial court, supporting the verdict is plainly wrong or without any evidence to support it. When this is the case, we are without authority to set aside the judgment of the trial court. Code, 1919, section 6363.
Upon the whole case, we are of opinion to affirm the judgment of the trial court.
. Affirmed.
“Section 6909. If one party incapable of testifying, testimony of other party to be corroborated; when memoranda, etc., of an incapable party to be received in evidence. — In an action or suit by or against a person who, from any cause, is incapable of testifying, or by or against the committee, trustee,, executor, administrator, heir, or other representative of the person so incapable of testifying, no judgment or decree shall be rendered in favor of