254 F. 32 | 9th Cir. | 1918
This case is related to Vane v. United States, 254 Fed. 28, - C. C. A. -, where plaintiff in error was convicted of conspiracy to rob. By this writ of error, brought by William Vane, he seeks a reversal of conviction of robbery under an indictment which charged:
That he and three others did, on or about September 8, 1914, in the county •of Barnum, Northern district of Idaho, “willfully, unlawfully, and feloniously” make an assault, and then and there “willfully, unlawfully, and feloniously did rob the said Hugo De Witz of certain mail matter; that is to say, they * * * then and there willfully, unlawfully, and feloniously as aforesaid, and by force and violence, did take, steal, and carry away from the possession of, and against the will of, him, the said Hugo De Witz, the .aforesaid mail matter, which said mail matter then and there consisted of letters and parcels constituting a part of the United States mail then and there under the control of the post office establishment of the United States, and then abd there in the lawful charge and custody of him, the said Hugo De Witz; and they, * * * in effecting the robbery of such mail matter as aforesaid, did then and there put the life of the said Hugo De Witz in jeopardy by the use of dangerous weapons, to wit, a certain pistol and certain rifles then and there loaded with gunpowder and leaden bullets, with which said weapons the said William Vane * * * did then and there •threaten him, the said Hugo De Witz, and did put his life in peril.”
There is no bill of exceptions in the record, and it does not appear that there ever was a demurrer to the indictment, or a motion in. ar
“Whoever shall assault any person having lawful charge, control, or custody of any mail matter, with intent to rob, steal, or purloin such mail matter, or any part thereof, or shall rob any such person of such mail or any part thereof, shall for a first offense he imprisoned not more than ten years; and if in effecting or attempting to effect such robbery he shall wound the person having custody of the mail, or put his life in jeopardy by the use of a dangerous weápon, or for a subsequent offense, shall be imprisoned twenty-five years.”
The position of the plaintiff in error is that upon the face of the indictment, and upon the stipulation of facts, there was a fatal defect in the indictment, and that there was a fatal variance of proof, from which it must follow that plaintiff in error has been deprived of his constitutional rights to be advised of the nature and cause of the accusation against him. But there is a section (332) of the Penal Code which provides that:
“Whoever directly commits any act constituting an offense defined in any law of the United States, or aids, abets, counsels, commands, induces, or procures its commission, is a principal.” Comp. St. 1916, § 10506.
It being the law that one who aids or induces the commission of an act made an offense under the law of the United States is a principal, distinctions which once existed between classes of offenders, accessories before the fact and principals, are abrogated, and therefore an indictment which charges one with doing the overt act substantially informs him of the nature and cause of the accusation rgainst him. In Rosencranz v. United States, 155 Fed. 38, 83 C. C. A. 634, and Rooney v. United States, 203 Fed. 928, 122 C. C. A. 230, the question was discussed and the authorities cited. The Supreme Court, in Ruthenberg v. United States, 245 U. S. 480, 38 Sup. Ct. 168, 62 L. Ed. 414, has recently held that under section 332, heretofore quoted, an indictment which charged a defendant as an aider and inducer and abettor of the one who did the direct act made a crime states the offense against him as principal, even though the offense be a misdemeanor and though at common law there was no accessory to a mis
By the statutes of Idaho (section 7980, Idaho Revised Code) it is provided that after a verdict of guilty, if the judgment be not arrested or a new trial granted, the court must appoint a time for pronouncing a judgment, which in cases of felony must be at least two days after the verdict, if the court intend to remain in session so lo;ng, but, if not, then at as remote a time as can reasonably be allowed, Error is assigned because it is said the court passed sentence upon plaintiff in error on the same day that the Verdict was received, and within less than two days after return of the verdict against the plaintiff in error. Assuming, but not conceding at all, that the statute quoted governed the practice of the federal court sitting in Idaho, the statute itself is not mandatory, except where the court intends to remain in session for two days or more after rendition of the verdict, and there is nothing in the record to show when the District Court adjourned.
The other principal points made in behalf of the plaintiff, in error are sufficiently covered by the opinion in Vane v. United States, supra.
The judgment is affirmed.