160 F. 707 | U.S. Circuit Court for the District of Northern West Virginia | 1908
(after stating the facts as above). Under the facts set forth as above, two novel and perplexing questions have been raised by counsel, neither of which has been heretofore determined by either federal or state court. These questions are: First. Under the statutory laws of West Virginia, is the Auditor of vState constituted an attorney in fact for this Pullman Company, upon whom service of process can be legally made and jurisdiction over it thereby obtained? Second. Is the defendant “doing business” within the state of West Virginia, within the meaning of chapter 39 of its Acts of 1905 (Code 1906, §§ 3805-3810) ?
Under section 1046 of the Code of 1906 corporations in this state are classified into domestic, nonresident domestic, and foreign ones. Domestic ones are those chartered under the laws of the state, and having their principal place of business within the state. Nonresident domestic ones include those chartered under the laws of the state, but having their principal place of business outside of the state. All others are classed as foreign corporations. Under section 2322 of the Code foreign corporations are permitted to do business in the state upon
The Legislature of the state, by Act Feb. 22, 1905, p. 401, c. 39, embodied in sections 3805 to 3810, inclusive, of the Code of 1906, provided:
“Section 1. The Auditor of this state shall be, and he is hereby constituted, the attorney in fact for and on behalf of every foreign corporation doing business in this state, and of every nonresident domestic corporation. Every such corporation shall, by power of attorney, duly executed, acknowledged and filed in the Auditor’s office of this state, appoint said Auditor, and his successors in office, attorney in fact to accept service of process and notice in this state for such corporations, and by the same instrument it shall declare its consent that service of any process or notice in this state on said attorney in fact, or his acceptance thereof indorsed thereon, shall be equivalent for all purposes to, and shall be and constitute, due and legal service upon said corporation.
“Sec. 2. Provides that such corporations shall pay the Auditor an annual fee of ten dollars for acting as such attorney in fact, such fees to be turned into the state treasury by him.
“Sec. 3. The postoffice address of such corporation shall be filed with the power of attorney, and there shall be filed with the Auditor from time to time statements of any changes of address of said corporation. Immediately after being served with, or accepting, any such process or notice, the Auditor shall make and file with said power of attorney a copy of such process or notice with a note thereon indorsed of the time of service, or acceptance, as the case may be, and transmit such process or notice by registered mail to such corporation at the address last furnished as aforesaid. But no such process or notice shall be served on the Auditor or accepted by him less than ten days before the return thereof.
“Sec. 4. In addition to the Auditor, any such company may designate any other person in this state as its attorney in fact, upon whom service of process or notice may be made or who may accept such service. And, when such local attorney is appointed, process in any suit or proceeding may be served on him to the same effect as if the same were served on the Auditor.
“Sec. 5. Failure to pay the attorney’s fee as hereinbefore required shall have all the force and effect, and subject such corporation to the same penalties and forfeitures, as are or may be prescribed by law for failure to pay the license tax required to be paid by such corporation.
“Sec. 6. Any corporation failing to comply with the provisions of this act in so far as it relates to the appointment of the Auditor as its statutory attorney, within ninety days from its incorporation shall forfeit one hundred dollars as for such failure, and upon a failure to pay such penalty the charter of such corporation shall thereby be forfeited and be void.”
To test the constitutionality of the provisions of this act the St. Mary’s Franco American Petroleum Company refused to comply with its requirements, and thereupon the state sued out a writ of mandamus from the Supreme Court of Appeals to require it to do so. This writ was sustained, and the constitutionality of the act upheld. State v. Petroleum Co., 58 W. Va. 108, 51 S. E. 865, 1 L. R. A. (N. S.) 558, 112 Am. St. Rep. 951. From this decision a writ of error was sued out to the Supreme Court of the United States where the state court’s decision was affirmed. 203 U. S. 183, 27 Sup. Ct. 132,
Under these circumstances was the service of this process upon the Auditor legal and sufficient to obtain personal jurisdiction over this company ? . It is earnestly insisted by plaintiff’s counsel that the first section of the act of 1905, without qualification and in express terms, constitutes the Auditor attorney in fact for and on behalf of every foreign corporation doing business in the state, and that therefore the inherent power as well as the legal obligation vested and was imposed upon such Auditor to act as such attorney. The very serious fallacy with this contention, it seems to me is that, if it were true, the act would not only clothe the Auditor with ministerial duties, but with judicial powers of the highest character. It would then be his prerogative without due process of law to determine whether any or many foreign corporations were or were not “doing business in the state.” The ascertainment of this, it must be conceded, under given circumstances, would be a mixed question of law and fact which a judicial tribunal alone would have right to decide. To say that the Legislature could thus constitute one of its ministerial officers the sole arbiter of this question, it seems to me, would unquestionably transgress constitutional limitations. On the other hand, it seems clear that under the terms of section 2322 every foreign corporation has the right to determine for itself, in the first instance, whether it will “do business in the state,” and therefore, necessarily, what acts of its will, and what ones will ilot, constitute such “doing business” on its part. It makes this decision at its peril, subject to die state’s right to prosecute, and by due process of law punish it in case its acts be jrtdicially determined to have been a doing of business m the state. This seems to me to have been clearly understood by the Legislature in framing the act of 1905, as shown by its subsequent provisions.
All these provisions must be read and construed together. The state had full control over its Auditor, and had full power to impose upon him any new ministerial duties it might see fit to so impose. By this first section it does impose upon him the new duty of acting as attorney in fact for all these foreign corporations doing business in the state. But when it comes to the corporation itself, recognizing its right to determine whether or not it will do business in the state, it simply says to it, if you do, you shall accept, and by power of attorney duly executed, acknowledged, and filed appoint such Auditor your attorney in fact, clothing him with power to act in manner, to the extent and under the conditions set forth in the act. It seems to mo very clear, after careful consideration of the matter, that this was as far as the Legislature could go. It is noted that judge Sanders in his dissenting opinion in State v. Petroleum Co., supra, thought it could not go this far. It seems to me Judge Brannon very clearly
“If the corporation do not see proper to conform to it, it must discontinue business, as the Legislature cannot force it to do business under the change.”
In short, under the freedom of contract guaranteed by constitutional provisions a corporation cannot be compelled by law to appoint and constitute any particular person as agent, or any agent at all, to perform this duty of accepting process, but it can be prevented from doing business in the state unless it does appoint such agent upon the principles so well settled in Bank v. Earle, 13 Pet. 519, 10 L. Ed. 274, that a corporation can have no legal existence out of the boundaries of the sovereignty by.which it is created. Its right to do business in a state other than its own depends solely upon the permission ■of the latter state, and such permission may be upon such terms, conditions, and restrictions as it may prescribe. It is therefore clear to me that this foreign corporation defendant, not having complied with the requirements of these statutes, is not allowed to do business in the state, and has no legal existence in the state such as would authorize the courts of the state or this court to take jurisdiction over it in any way except in rem by foreign attachment. But even if it were doing business in the state illegally, I am clearly of opinion that the Auditor cannot, under this statute, undertake to act as its agent to accept service of process until he shall have been constituted by power of attorney executed by such company such agent. Having reached this conclusion, it is unnecessary to consider the second question presented as to whether or not the defendant is in fact doing business in the state. If it is it is subjecting itself to the criminal penalty, and with this we can have no concern. It is sufficient for us to find that it is not entitled to do business in the state because it has not constituted the Auditor its attorney in fact, and until it shall so appoint such Auditor its agent he cannot act as such, and service upon him could have no more valid legal effect than such service would have if made upon any other stranger to the defendant company and its management.
■ The motion to quash the return of service upon the summons will be sustained.
