159 Wis. 460 | Wis. | 1915
Lead Opinion
The following opinion was filed April 9, 1914:
The demurrer to the complaint raises a number of important questions relative to the construction of our Income Tax Law. Some of these questions, it is deemed, can be briefly, yet adequately, stated in abstract form.
1. In the case of a going corporation engaged exclusively in-mining and marketing ore from its property, are ordinary dividends declared by its directors taxable as income without .reference to how much of them is derived from capital and how much from profit in the strict sense of those terms ? In. the present case the complaint alleges that if the reasonable value of the ore in the mine, together with the cost of mining and marketing, is deducted from the amount received forth e ore, there remains no profit or income from the business, of the corporation, hence it is claimed the corporation is distributing only its capital among its stockholders in the form of dividends.
The subject of what constitutes income in the technical or-true economic sense of the word is an interesting one, and also one upon which few economists and courts agree. Fortunately we are not called upon to enter that wide and somewhat vague field in the present inquiry. The word “income*”'
To give the term “income” its technical meaning would not only violate the evident intent of the constitutional amendment and of the legislature, but it would practically render the'Income Tax Act impossible of administration. The task of tracing dividends declared by all sorts of corporations to their source to determine how much came from capital and how much from ineome, strictly speaking, or how much from an enhancement of capital value, would be colossal in the amount of labor required, perplexing in character, and productive of almost endless litigation. No such construction should be given it unless absolutely demanded by the language ■of the act. On the contrary, its language requires that the word “income” be given its general and usual meaning. It follows that ordinary dividends declared by a going corporation, including mining corporations, will be conclusively presumed as against stockholders to be from earnings or profits for purposes of income taxation. Howes, Income & Principal, 18; Black, Income Taxes, sec. 41; Comm. v. Ocean Oil Co. 59 Pa. St. 61. This does not debar corporations from
2. If dividends are taxable as income, can the stockholder, under sec. 1087m — 4, sub. (a), (b), deduct therefrom the depreciation in the value of the stock caused by such distribution of dividends? Sub. (a) refers to the cost of carrying on the business from which the income is derived, and that is clearly not applicable. Sub. (b) provides for a deduction of losses during the year not compensated for by insurance or otherwise. In the first place, the distribution of dividends is not a loss within the meaning of the statute. In the second place, the book value of stock equals the value of the capital of the corporation plus the value of its undistributed surplus or profits. The depreciation in the book value of its stock is therefore in direct proportion to the distribution of surplus, and if that were allowed to be deducted there would be no income, for the book value of each share of stock before distribution exceeds its book value after distribution exactly by the amount distributed to it. ISTo deductions can therefore be made.
3. Are dividends declared and distributed during 1911 by a going mining corporation out of surplus on hand prior to January 1, 1911, when the Income Tax Law went into effect, taxable as income for 1911 ? An affirmative answer must be given to this question, because the statute (sec. 1087m — -1) provides that “there shall be assessed, 'levied, collected and paid a tax upon incomes received during the year ending December 31, 1911.” The plaintiff received this income during 1911. It was immaterial when it was earned by the corporation. As a stockholder he acquired no right to it until it was distributed in the form of a dividend. The profits of a
4. The total net income of the Pewabic Company for 1911 was $109,332. Its total net income in Wisconsin was $7,853 or 7.184 per cent, of its entire net income. Plaintiff was allowed a deduction on his dividends of 7.184 per cent. This-was correct. Sec. 1087m — 4, sub. (c), must be construed.as meaning a proportionate and not a total deduction of dividends when only a part of the income of a corporation is-assessed in this state. Such must be held to be the legislative-intent in order to do equity and avoid double taxation or no taxation. State ex rel. M., St. P. & S. S. M. R. Co. v. Railroad Comm. 137 Wis. 80, 85, 117 N. W. 846; Second Ward Sav. Bank v. Leuch, 155 Wis. 493, 144 N. W. 1119. That this is the correct construction is made clear by the amendment of 1913, which expressly so provides.
5. The dividends received from the Calumet & Arizona Mining Company were taxable for the same reason as were-the Pewabic dividends. So were also the dividends received from the Superior & Pittsburg Copper Company. The fact that the latter company had distributed its stock in exchange: for stock in the Calumet & Arizona Mining Company did not affect the character of the dividends -declared by it after the exchange had taken place. The capital of the corporation passed by the exchange of stock, the surplus moneys or profits on hand were distributed in the form of dividends and taxable as such.
6. Prior to 1911 plaintiff purchased certain bonds for which he paid a premium and on which bonds he received interest during 1911. The right is claimed to annually deduct from the interest received a pro rata share of such pre
7. Eor the year 1911 plaintiff paid a personal property tax of $3,292.26 and for the year 1912 he paid a personal property tax of $734.98. His income tax on his income for the year 1911 was $6,051.16. Against this he claimed the right to offset his personal property tax of $3,292.26 for the year 1911. This he was not allowed to do, but his personal property tax of $734.98 for the year 1912 was offset against his
*468 “Any person who shall have paid a tax on his personal property during any year shall he permitted to present the receipt therefor to, and have the same accepted hy, the tax collector to its full amount in payment of taxes due upon the income of such person during said year.” Sec. 1087m — 26.
Plaintiff’s personal property tax of $3,292.26 was a tax on his personal property for and during the year 1911. His income tax of $6,051.16 was a tax on his income for 1911. The former tax may be offset against the latter. The payment of a personal property tax “during any year” is a payment of the tax for the year which the property is assessed, and payment due upon income "during said year" means the income tax for the same year. It is the year for which the taxes accrue and not the time of payment that is specified in the statute. Any other construction, were there room for construction, would lead to double taxation on much personal property for the year 1911. Both an income tax and a .personal property tax would have to be paid on it. This the legislature provided against by allowing the latter to be offset against the former for that year as well as for subsequent-years.
By the Court.- — Order affirmed, and cause remanded for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.
Baenes', J., dissents.
The appellant moved for a rehearing. In addition to-briefs for the respective parties, a statement in support of the motion Avas submitted by the Wisconsin Tax Commission. The motion Avas granted October 6, 1914, and the cause was reargued on December 12, 1914.
Rehearing
The following opinions were filed January 12, 1915:
Upon the rehearing we have been favored with a brief in behalf of defendant and oral argument by its counsel and also by Mr. Lyons in behalf of the tax commission. The argument takes a threefold aspect. Statutory rules of construction permitting the one contended for by defendant are called to our attention. The construction given the statute by the tax commission is urged in its behalf, and an inconvenience in the administration of the law as construed by the court is alleged because the personal property tax and the income tax would appear upon different tax rolls.
No exception need be taken to the rules of statutory construction contended for. They are correct and useful where applicable. But when a statute, giving its language its ordinary and natural meaning, expresses a result neither absurd nor harsh, but on the contrary one in harmony with the general scheme of the law, namely, that an income tax shall, substantially, become a substitute for a personal property tax, then such natural and ordinary meaning should be given to the language used, and there is no room for construction. A tax was levied upon incomes for 1911. A tax upon personal property was levied for said year. The statute says that a person who has paid a tax upon his personal property during any year may have the same offset for the taxes due upon the income of such person during said year. Plaintiff paid a tax upon his personal property for 1911. Tie paid a tax upon his income during said year. The statute says the first may be applied in payment of the latter. Any other construction would lead to a double taxation of a vast amount of
The construction given laws by administrative departments is certainly entitled to weight — especially when long acquiesced in. But a practically contemporaneous construction of an administrative department cannot be successfully invoked to override a plain meaning of the statute. The inconvenience alluded to is more fanciful than real, as the tax receipt itself gives the right to offset, and that the taxpayer must produce. The conclusion reached in the former opinion is adhered to.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting). When this case was first decided I intended to state my reasons for dissenting, but pressure from other work was so great that I did not do so. I take this occasion to state my views.
I think the word “income” as used in the constitutional amendment and in the statute refers to net earnings or profits rather than to gross receipts, and that it does not include capital which is taxable under the uniformity rule. If a manufacturing company sells goods to the amount of $100,000
The statute, sec. 1087m — 2, sub. 2, defines income as including “all dividends" or profits derived from stock. Whether where the property of a corporation is sold and distributed among the stockholders the capital so distributed can be correctly called a dividend, is not very material. The constitution allows a tax to be assessed on incomes. The word “income” must be taken in the sense in which it was gener
As I understand the opinion, it is conceded that if the technical meaning of the word “income” be taken, a distribution of capital assets does not constitute income. But it is said that the word should be given its “general and usual meaning,” and that ordinary dividends of going corporations have, in the common acceptation of the term, been regarded as income whether declared from capital or profits.
It is true that the word “income” is sometimes used as meaning gross income or gross receipts instead of net receipts or profits. But I think it is ordinarily used and understood as being synonymous with gain or profit, and such is the meaning of the word as understood by economists who have written on income taxation and economics. Seligman, Income Tax, § 5 ; McCullough, Prin. of Pol. Econ. ch. 7, p. 530.
If the idea of the Income Tax Law as set forth in the Income Tax Cases, 148 Wis. 456, 505, 134 N. W. 673, 135 N. W. 164, be correct, the purpose was to distribute the burden according to ability to pay. There is no relation whatever between gross income and ability to pay. Imposing an income tax on gross income or receipts might be justified on the ground of overruling necessity if the state were in dire straits, but could be justified on no other ground. As a matter of fact the legislature has not pretended to tax gross income unless it has done so in the case of corporate dividends which are declared to distribute the capital of the corporation. Nearly all corporate dividends are declared to distribute profits or net earnings, and of course in such a case they are taxable. I cannot agree that the distribution of capital assets is generally regarded as income. Herein arises an interesting question. Can the gross income of one tax
“The rule of taxation shall be uniform, and taxes shall be levied upon such property as the legislature shall prescribe. Taxes may also be imposed on incomes, privileges and occupations, which taxes may be graduated and progressive, and reasonable exemptions may be provided.”
In my view of the law a decision of the question is not es--sential to a decision of the present case. It may not be out of place to remark that in a brief recently filed in another case in this court, the attorney general has taken the position that the rule of uniformity applies to income taxes, except that they may be graduated and progressive.
Under none of the definitions of income could the money derived from the sale of ore be considered income while in the hands of the Pewabic Company, unless it can be said that the change of one form of corporate assets into another creates income. This does not seem reasonable. What is capital in the hands of the company does not become profit because the company distributes it among its owners.
I agree that the word “income” as used in the constitution should not be given a narrow or technical construction. I think, however, that it does not mean gross income or gross receipts, but does mean net income or profits. Unless it be given the first meaning, I do not see how the dividend received by the plaintiff in this case was taxable.
It is, of course, easier to tax gross income than it is to tax net receipts or profits, but this is hardly a substantial reason for saying that the legislature must have intended or was even authorized to tax the species of property which it is easiest to reach. It is much easier to ascertain the gross income of a mercantile or manufacturing company than it is the net income, but still only the net income is in fact taxed.