232 S.W.2d 491 | Mo. | 1950
Action for damages for wrongful death of plaintiff’s husband in Kansas. Plaintiff had verdict and judgment' for $10,000.00. Defendant has appealed. The principal question is whether plaintiff made a jury case under the' Kansas last clear chance rule. On this issue, we will not consider defendant’s evidence as there is nothing in it to aid plaintiff.- - -
Plaintiff’s husband, William F. Vail, was killed when defendant’s passenger train struck his truck on a street crossing in Neo desha, Kansas. The casualty occurred early in the afternoon on a clear day in February 1945. Defendant’s main line track ran north and south, along the west side of the town, parallel -to Twelfth Street which was on the west side of the track. The main line track -was two and a half feet above Twelfth Street and 20 feet -east of it. There were two switch tracks east of the main line track. The train was traveling south about 30 miles per hour. The track was downgrade to the south, about 2.75 feet per mile. Vail was driving his truck south on Twelfth Street at a lower rate of speed than the train and, when he reached North Carolina Street, he slowed down, turned east (left) and drove up the incline on to the track, going about 6 to 8 miles per hour. This incline on North Carolina from Twelfth Street to the track was covered with cinders which were soft and ■ deeply rutted. The crossing was -rough, rutty and full of chuck holes. It had rained that morning and there was water standing in the ruts and holes. Two witnesses, working on a building about 500 feet away (northwest) aeross Twelfth Street, saw the truck turn and heard the train whistling. They could not see the train at that time because of a larger' building north of them. "When the train came into their view, it was between 400 and 500 feet from the crossing. At that time, the truck was on the Crossing with its front wheels at or near the east rail. -
These witnesses said the- truck stopped; or stalled, on the- track. They could see Vail moving around inside the cab. He was moving his arms around; he looked down and also looked to the north. “The truck jiggled and moved back and forth a time or two. * * * The truck was sort of rocking * * * jerking.” One'of these witnesses said he couldn’t tell what Vail was doing but “he was messing with something in there.” The other witness said he saw Vail turn to' the left and move his arms around and that there-was a jerking motion'" of the truck; “part of the time he was-looking down and once in a while he would look north.” The engine struck about the left door of the truck cab and threw it to the southwest, across Twelfth Street. The truck was a 1939 Chevrolet with left-hand drive.
The essential elements of the Kansas last clear chance rule are stated as follows.- “(1) Plaintiff, by his negligence, placed himself in a position of danger; (2) that his negligence had ceased; (3) that defendant seeing plaintiff in a position of danger, of by the exercise of due care should have seen him in such position, by exercising due care on his part, had a clear chance to avoid injuring plaintiff; (4) that defendant failed to exercise such due care, and (5) as a result of such failure plaintiff was injured.” (Goodman v. Kansas City, M. & S. R. Co., 137 Kan. 508, 21 Pac. (2d) 322; Ross v. Chicago, R. I. & P. R. Co., 165 Kan. 279, 194 Pac. (2d) 491.) There is no question about Vail’s negligence in driving on the track with the train whistling and coming toward him in plain view. Therefore, the decisive questions here are: when did Vail’s negligence cease? and what could defendant have done thereafter? The burden of proof on these issues is on the plaintiff. (Bollinger v. St. Louis-S. F. R. Co., 334 Mo. 720, 67 S. W. (2d) 985; Murphy v. Atchison, T. & S. F. R. Co., 353 Mo. 697, 183 S. W. (2d) 829; Murphy v. Atchison, T. & S. F. R. Co., 355 Mo. 643, 197 S. W. (2d) 632.) We do not think that plaintiff has sustained this burden herein.
Under the Kansas law, the contributory negligence of an injured person ceases to be a complete defense only when such person is in helpless peril; “that is in a condition of peril from which he cannot by the exercise of reasonable care extricate himself.” (Bollinger v. St. Louis-S. F. R. Co., supra; Caylor v. St. Louis-S. F. R. Co., 332 Mo. 851, 59 S. W. (2d) 661; Dyerson v. Union Pacific R. Co., 74 Kan. 528, 87 Pac. 680; Bazzell v. A. T. & S. F. R. Co., 133 Kan. 483, 300 Pac. 1108.) Until his position of peril is such that he cannot escape therefrom by his own efforts, his negligence (in not doing what he could to save himself) is considered to be a continuing concurring cause. (Dyerson v. Union Pacific R. Co., supra; see also Buchhein v. Atchison, T. & S. F. R. Co., 147 Kan. 192, 75 Pac. (2d) 280; Trower v. Missouri-Kansas-Texas R. Co., 347 Mo. 900, 149 S. W. (2d) 792, 353 Mo. 757, 184 S. W. (2d) 428.) Thus the question under the Kansas law is: Did Vail’s negligence cease to be effective (as a concurring cause) so as to create a sufficient margin of time, thereafter and prior to the collision in which defendant had a fair opportunity, a last clear chance, to prevent the collision?
We think the situation here is substantially the same. There was nothing to show that Vail could not have opened the left door of his car (where he was sitting) and stepped out prior to (and even after) the time when the engine reached the point where it was impossible to stop it before it got to the crossing. It was not shown that there was anything wrong with the door. In Murphy v. A. T. & S. F. R. Co., supra, we held that plaintiff did not make a ease under the Kansas last clear chance rule because the car could have been backed off the crossing in two and one-half seconds. Vail had more than twice that time to get out even after the engine had passed the point where it could have been stopped short of the crossing. Furthermore, there is nothing in the evidence to show why he could not have backed off the crossing. If his front wheels were not quite to the east rail his rear wheels would have been west of the west rail. We, therefore, cannot hold that he was then in helpless or inextricable peril, as required by the Kansas law before defendant’s duty would arise, and so his negligence had not ceased in time for the defendant to have thereafter had a last clear chance to save him.
Plaintiff’s theory is that Vail saw the train because he was seen to look north; that the truck was not stalled by killing the motor because it was seen to jiggle and rock back and forth as the train approached; but that it was stalled because of the defective condition of the crossing (ruts and chuck holes); and that this produced an emergency which required rapid action without time to deliberate. Under these circumstances, plaintiff says Vail was not necessarily negligent because he failed to exercise the best judgment and do what
Plaintiff’s emergency argument might be important in this case if we had to determine as in the Eubank case, whether or not Vail was negligent in going on the track. However, Vail’s conduct in going on to this crossing with the train in full view would be contributory negligence as a matter of law in any jurisdiction. The • decisive question is: when did his negligence cease ? The answer under the Kansas law is: when his peril became inescapable. Under this ruling of the Supreme Court of Kansas in the Jamison case, plaintiff’s evidence does not show that Vail’s negligence ceased in time for defendant to have thereafter saved him. As in the Jamison ease, it must be considered that Vail lived near this crossing, used it frequently and he was very familiar with it. Its condition was not any sudden development and it was not such that he could not have crossed it with due care to use sufficient power. It does not appear to have been as difficult to negotiate as the muddy crossing in the Jamison case. Therefore, even though defendant was negligent in maintaining it, Vail was perhaps also negligent in the way he drove on to it. Anyhow, he unquestionably was negligent in doing so without looking for the train. (Bollinger v. St. Louis-S. F. R. Co., supra.) His negligence continued as a concurring cause, which was a complete defense for defendant under the Kansas law, until his position of peril on the track became helpless and inextricable. Under the Jamison ease, that did not happen as long as he could save himself by getting out of the truck. It was only necessary for him to step out the door and off the track. The train would have carried
The judgment is reversed.