Uwеm Eyo Equan appeals a ruling of the Board of Immigration Appeals affirming an order deporting him for violations of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1101 et seq.
Finding that the ruling was supportеd by substantial evidence and that Equan’s Constitutional rights were not violated during his pretrial detention or at his deportation hearing, we affirm.
I
Uwem Eyo Equan, a citizen of Nigeria, entеred the United States through New York on April 1, 1984. An entry card issued upon his arrival showed that he was a student holding a nonimmigrant one-month visa which expired May 1, 1984. Rather than returning to Nigeria in Mаy, Equan moved to Fayetteville, North Carolina where he enrolled in a work/study course at the Fayetteville Technical Institute. Equan obtained employment at a Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurant in Fay-etteville and remained employed from May 1985 through August 14, 1986.
On August 14, 1986 the INS served Equan with an order to show cause why he should not be deported, a warrant of аrrest and a statement of additional charges enumerating three grounds subjecting Equan to deportation. Equan was charged with remaining in the United States longer than authorized, in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1251(a)(2) (1970), failing to maintain non-immigrant status in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1251(a)(9) (1970), and being employed in the United States without the authorization of the INS, in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1251(a)(9) (1970). Equan was taken into custоdy and held at the Federal Detention Center in Oakdale, Louisiana.
Equan appeared before an immigration judge on September 5, 1986. At the hearing, he testified that he bеlieved that he was authorized to remain in the United States for four years because the date stamped on his visa was 1988 and because his college program lasted four years. He reasoned that because he was admitted as a student, he must have permission to stay for the length of his college program. He stated that he did not think thаt his employment violated immigration laws because he had obtained the job through his school.
He testified that he had married a woman named Angeline Elliot who had submitted an immеdiate relative visa petition on his behalf in August 1986. When questioned about an affidavit Elliot executed *278 which stated that she and Equan had never lived together and that her parents did not know about the marriage, Equan testified that an immigration officer had threatened her to get her to make such a statement. Equan produced an unsworn letter from Elliоt saying that she had lied to the immigration officer who took her affidavit.
In an oral opinion rendered after the hearing, the Immigration Judge found that Equan was deportable because he had overstayed the one-month period authorized by his visa, and had gotten a job without INS permission. The judge denied Equan’s petition for voluntary departure, finding thаt he and Elliot had attempted to mislead the court regarding his marital status. The judge ordered Equan deported. Equan, proceeding pro se, filed a timely appeal to the Bоard of Immigration Appeals. The Board affirmed the findings of the Immigration Judge. Equan appeals. We affirm.
II
An alien contesting an order of deportation must first appeal to the Board of Immigration Appeals. This court has jurisdiction to review determinations of the Board of Immigration Appeals under 8 U.S.C. § 1105a(a) (1970).
In order to sustain its burden of proving that a legally admitted noncitizen is subject to deportation because of an overstay, the INS need only show that the alien was admitted as a nonimmigrant for a tempоrary period, that the period has elapsed and that the alien has not departed.
Hwei-Jen Chou v. I.N.S.,
The INS has established these factors. The INS introduced an 1-94 form issued to Equan upоn his arrival, showing that he was admitted under an F-l visa with permission to remain until May 1, 1984. The INS also introduced Equan’s Nigerian passport which was reportedly stolen but was recovered with only the pages showing the type of visa issued missing. It is undisputed that Equan's authorized period of visitation through May 1, 1984 has elapsed and that Equan has not departed. Equan argues that his visa wаs actually good through 1988 because the date 1988 was stamped on it. However, Equan has confused the visa’s validity date with its expiration date. His visa permitted entry into the United Stаtes at any time through 1988, but once he entered, it authorized only a one-month stay.
Having concluded that the deportation order was supported by substantial evidence, we turn to Equan’s Constitutional arguments. First, Equan argues that his due process rights were violated when the Immigration Judge failed to reactivate a recording device which he had turned off in the middle of the hearing while counsel for the INS reviewed a document. A significant portion of Equan’s cross-examination by government counsel was omitted from the record. The judge asked both parties how he could best reconstruct the record. Counsel for Equan responded that he did not recommend that his client respond to “all those questions” again (referring to the cross-examination by government counsel). Equan’s attorney suggested that counsel for the INS should summarize Equan’s testimony for the record and that he would object to any portion that was inaccurate. The judge and government counsel agreed and the INS attorney proceeded to summarize Equan’s cross-examination for the record. Equan’s attorney listened to the summary but did not object to any portion of it and made certain additions of his own.
Equan argues that the Immigration Judgе and the government attorney engaged in a conspiracy to turn off the recording device because they lacked evidence to deport him and that the summary therefore violated his constitutional rights. We find no merit in this argument. To sustain a due process challenge to a civil administrative deportation hearing, an alien must show substаntial prejudice.
Ka Fung Chan v. I.N.S.,
Next, Equan argues that the Immigration Judge’s oral opinion violated his due process rights because it was а short cut of the usual judicial process. There is no merit to this argument. An Immigration Judge may render opinions in deportation proceedings either orally or in writing. 8 C.F.R. § 242.18(a) (1987). All that is requirеd is that the decision include a discussion of the evidence and an enumeration of findings regarding deportability. Id. The judge’s findings meet these requirements.
Equan argues that his detention in the Federal Detention Center in Oakdale, Louisiana, pending his hearing constituted cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment. An alien subject to detention may raise the Eighth Amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment only if he is in custody after being convicted of a crime.
Lynch v. Cannatella,
Equan raises an equal protection argument that the deportation procedures apply to one class of aliens yet not to others. Equan’s argument is groundless. He has presented no evidence suggesting that the deportation provisions of 8 U.S.C. § 1251(a) (1970) have been applied differently to him than to any other similarly situated alien.
Equan argues that the Immigration Judge abused his discretion by denying him the privilege of voluntary departure. The privilege of voluntary departure is extended to deportable aliens who have shown good moral character for five years prior to their deportation. 8 U.S.C. § 1254(e) (1970). The grant of voluntary departure is within the discretion of the Immigratiоn Judge. 8 U.S.C. § 1254(e) (1970). The Judge’s decision will not be overturned except upon a showing that the action was arbitrary, capricious or an abuse of discretion.
Campos-Guardado v. I.N.S.,
For the foregoing reasons, the order of the Board of Immigration Appeals is
AFFIRMED.