MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiff Anne M. Fago brings this qui tam suit under the False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. §§ 3729 et seq., on behalf of the United States against Defendant M & T Mortgage Corporation (“MTMC”). This matter is before the Court on the following motions: (1) Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment [Dkt. No. 51]; (2) Defendant’s Supplemental Motion for Summary Judgment [Dkt. No. 104]; and (3) Plaintiffs Motion to Strike Declarations and Interrogatory Answers Submitted with Defendant MTMC’s Supplemental Motion for Summary Judgment [Dkt. No. 107]. Upon consideration of the Motions, Oppositions, Replies, Surreply, and the entire record herein, and for the reasons stated below, Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment is granted in part and denied in part; Plaintiffs Motion to Strike is granted; and Defendant’s Supplemental Motion for Summary Judgment is granted in part and denied in part.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Facts 1
MTMC is a subsidiary of M & T Bank and is engaged in the home mortgage lending business. Plaintiff Ann Fago went to work for MTMC’s Post Closing Department in Buffalo, New York in July 2001. One function of the Post Closing Department is to audit mortgage loan files or “binders” for completeness when they are received following mortgage loan closings. In the normal course of business, once a mortgage loan binder is complete and in order, it would be submitted by MTMC to the United States Department of Housing and Urban Developmеnt (“HUD”) to be insured or “endorsed” by the Government. Once HUD approves a loan for endorsement, MTMC may obtain reimbursement from HUD should a borrower default and MTMC suffers a loss or is required to pursue foreclosure.
Plaintiff alleges that the mortgage loan binders often included missing, incomplete, or unsigned documents. HUD required loan binders to be submitted within sixty days of closing to avoid a more burdensome administrative process for seeking *112 HUD insurance. Due to the sixty-day requirement, and the increased volume of loan applications in 2002 flowing from historically low interest rates, Plaintiff alleges that she and others in the Post Closing Department forged signatures on certain documents found in the loan binders prior to their submission to HUD. Plaintiff alleges that her supervisor, Camille Bettcker, and a co-worker, Suzanne Palmer, 2 also engaged in forging signatures. Palmer, and another MTMC employee, Christine Meier, have subsequently admitted that they falsified signatures on certain documents in the loan binders.
The Plaintiffs expert forensic handwriting analyst, John Hargett, has determined that a total of fifty-three loan binders submitted to HUD contain “non-genuine” signatures. 3 MTMC contends that many of these signatures were on documents that were not considered critical under HUD guidelines and could not have had an impact on HUD’s decision to insure those loans. There is conflicting evidence in the record regarding what impact these “non-genuine” signatures on “non-critical” documents in the loan binder would have had on HUD’s decision to endorse the loan.
When submitting an, application for insurance, HUD requires a lender to certify to the best of its knowledge that all required documents are in the loan binder and that they have all been properly prepared. The parties disagree about whether HUD could choose to deny an application for insurance if it knew that this certification was false.
B. Procedural History
Plaintiff filed her Amended Complaint on May 14, 2004. 4 Count I of the Amended Complaint alleges violations of the False Claims Act (“FCA”) in that (1) MTMC knowingly presented false claims for payment to the Government in violation of 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(1); (2) MTMC knowingly made or used false records or statements so the Government would pay false claims in viоlation of 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(2); and (3) MTMC engaged in a conspiracy to defraud the Government by having false claims paid in violation of 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(3). Count II seeks a declaratory judgment that MTMC’s alleged forgery of documents violated 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(2). Count III seeks appropriate injunctive relief.
On August 22, 2005, Plaintiff filed a Motion to Compel the production of documents and other information regarding loan binders that-MTMC had submitted to HUD, but that had not been produced in discovery. [Dkt. No. 37], Magistrate Judge John M. Facciola granted the Motion to Compel in part on March 31, 2006.
United States ex rel. Fago v. M & T Mortgage Corp.,
On December 30, 2005, MTMC filed its Motion for Summary Judgment [Dkt. No. 51] regarding the initial fifteen loan files that Mr. Hargett believed to contain “non-genuine” signatures. On March 2, 2006, Plaintiff filed a Motion to Strike [Dkt. No. 56] four declarations submitted by MTMC with its Reply in support of its Motion for Summary Judgment. Plaintiff argued that three of the declarations were written by witnesses who had not been disclosed by MTMC as required by Fed.R.Civ.P. (26)(a)(l). She also argued that a declaration submitted by Gerald Richards, MTMC’s handwriting expert, expressed opinions he had formed after the close of discovery and the submission of Fed. R.Civ.P. 26 statements.
On April 11, 2006, the Court granted in part and denied in part Plaintiffs Motion to Strike, and struck the four declarations submitted by MTMC pursuant to Fed. R.Civ.P. 26 and 37.
United States ex rel. Fago v. M & T Mortgage Corp.,
That same day, MTMC filed its Supplemental Motion for Summary Judgment [Dkt. No. 104] regarding the thirty-eight newly identified loan files. On May 2, 2007, Plaintiff filed a Motion to Strike [Dkt. No. 107] declarations and interrogatory answers submitted by MTMC in support of its Supplemental Motion for Summary Judgment.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Summary judgment will be granted when the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories and admissions on file, together with any affidavits or declarations, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving рarty is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
See
Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). A fact is “material” if it might affect, the outcome of the action under the governing law.
Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,
Once the moving party makes its initial showing, however, the nonmoving party must démonstrate “specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.”
Celotex, 477
U.S. at 324,
III. ANALYSIS
A. Plaintiffs Motion to Strike
As an initial matter, the Court turns to Plaintiffs Motion to Strike declarations and supplemental interrogatory responses that MTMC relies ■ on in support of its Supplemental Motion for Summary Judgment. Plaintiff raises a number of arguments as to why these materials should be struck.
1. Mayhill, Daly, and Gerace Declarations
First, Plaintiff argues that the declarations of fact witnesses Sheri Mayhill, *114 Jan Daly, and Louis Gerace should be struck. The three declarations are from title company records custodians and attach documents purportedly showing that loan documents containing allegedly non-genuine signatures had not been altered after they had been sent by the title companies to MTMC. Plaintiff argues that, despite extensive discovery in this case, the three witnesses were never identified by MTMC pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(a)(1). Therefore, Plaintiff was not afforded an opportunity to depose these witnesses.
MTMC responds that there was no obligation to disclose information pursuant to Rule 26(a)(1) in this case. MTMC also argues that Mayhill, Daly, and Gerace are rebuttal witnesses to Plaintiffs allegations that certain loan documents included forged signatures and that there is no obligation to disclose the identity of rebuttal witnesses. MTMC also argues that it produced to Plaintiff the documents that underlie the Mayhill, Daly, and Gerace declarations before discovery closed.
MTMC’s contention that there was no obligation to disclose witnesses in this ease pursuant to Rule 26(a)(1) is absolutely and totally without foundation. The Court’s March 14, 2005 Amended Scheduling Order required the disclosure of all Rule 26(a) information no later than April 29, 2005. [Dkt. No. 28]. The Court can only wonder whether MTMC intentionally and purposefully misrepresented that there was no Rule 26(a) disclosure obligation in this case. This suspicion is intensified given the Court’s April 11, 2006 Order, which also clearly ruled that Rule 26(a) disclosures were required in this case, and that MTMC had failed to properly make such disclosures.
United States ex rel. Fago,
As this Court noted, “Rule 26(a)(1) requires disclosure of any individuals ‘likely to have discoverable information that the disclosing party may use to support its claims or defenses, unless solely for impeachment.’”
Id.
(quoting Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(a)(1)). Litigants are under a continuing duty to supplement or correct their Rule 26(a)(1) disclosures. Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(e). Moreover, the Court noted in its Memorandum Opinion granting Plaintiffs first Motion to Strike that there was no “rebuttal” exception to the Rule.
United States ex rel. Fago,
“A party that without substantial justification fails to disclose information required by Rule 26(a) or 26(e)(1) ... is not, unless such failure is harmless, permitted to use as evidence at a trial, at a hearing, or on a motion any witness or information not so disclosed.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 37(c)(1). MTMC’s failure to disclose the identity of these witnesses is not harmless. Whether MTMC forged signatures on documents in the loan binders is a central issue in this case and Plaintiff has been prejudiced because she has not been afforded an opportunity to depose or otherwise challenge the declarations of these witnesses. Moreover, once MTMC learned of the existence of these additional witnesses, it had an affirmative and continuing obligation to supplement its Rule 26(a) disclosures. Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(e)(1). Nevertheless, MTMC did not do so. The Mayhill, Daly, and Gerace declarations are therefore struck. 5
2. Richards Declaration
In support of its Reply for its Motion for Summary Judgment, MTMC submitted a declaration by its handwriting expert, Gerald Richards, stating that Mr. Richards *115 had compared the allegedly non-genuine signatures in the original fifteen loan files with the known signatures of five MTMC employees, namely the Plaintiff, Camille Bettcker, Christine Meier, Suzanne Palmer, аnd Andrea Brandt. Mr. Richards opined that, in his analysis, nothing suggested that the MTMC employees were responsible for the allegedly non-genuine signatures. MTMC submitted the very same declaration again in support of its Supplemental Motion for Summary Judgment.
The Court previously struck the declaration, on April 11, 2006, because it contained a previously undisclosed expert opinion.
United States ex rel. Fago,
Plaintiff argues that the Court previously struck the declaration as a sanction for MTMC’s earlier discovery abuses, and that the Court had rejected the argument MTMC made in its Motion for Reconsideration of the Court’s April 11, 2006 Order that the initial rationale for striking Richards’ declaration no longer applied.
Plaintiff also claims that she was entitled to rely on the language of the Court’s April 11, 2006 Order. In a declaration submitted in support of her Motion to Strike, Cyril Smith, counsel for Plaintiff declared:
When I took Mr. Richards’ deposition on the subject of the 38 loans in February 2007, I assumed that the Order remained valid and continued to bind the parties — and that his declaration remained stricken as a sanction for M & T’s earlier failure to disclose Mr. Richards’ opinion. As a result, I did not examine Mr. Richards on the subjects addressed in his declaration.
Declaration of Cyril V. Smith, ¶¶ 6-7.
MTMC argues that the Richards Declaration should now be allowed because the initial rationale for striking it no longer applies. It argues that the declaration was initially struck because discovery had closed and there was no opportunity for Plaintiff to depose Mr. Richards regarding his newly expressed expert opinions. Since that time, however, discovery has reopened and Plaintiff has been afforded an opportunity to re-depose Mr. Richards. At that deposition, Plaintiff chose not to question Mr. Richards regarding the opinions he expressed in his declaration.
Plaintiff is correct that the Richards Declaration was initially struck as a discovery sanction because of its untimeliness.
United States ex rel. Fago,
It is also true that by denying the Motion for Reconsideration, the Court rejected MTMC’s argument that the reopening of discovery gave Plaintiff an opportunity to re-depose Mr. Richards and therefore the rationale for striking the Richards Declaration no longer applied.
The Motion for Reconsideration was denied because MTMC’s argument is fundamentally flawed. Discovery was not reopened for all purposes. Instead, it was reopened for the limited purpose of allowing discovery relating to the additional thirty-eight loan binders subject to Magistrate Judge Facciola’s March 31, 2006 Order, not the original fifteen. See July 31, 2006 Order [Dkt. No. 71]. The Richards Declaration was submitted prior to the March 31, 2006 Order and does not relate to the additional thirty-eight loan binders subject to Magistrate Judge Facciola’s Order. Therefore, Plaintiff was never entitled to conduct additional discovery relating to this declaration.
*116 Finally, Plaintiff was entitled to rely on the Court’s April 11, 2006 Order. It would be fundamentally unfair to penalize Plaintiff for not questioning Mr. Richards about this declaration when he was re-deposed, because she relied in good faith on the Court’s earlier rulings. The Richards declaration is, and remains, struck.
3. MTMC’s Supplemental Interrogatory Response
Plaintiff also mоves to strike a supplemental interrogatory response by MTMC that was served on Plaintiff after discovery closed and was filed with MTMC’s Supplemental Motion for Summary Judgment. The supplemental response identified those MTMC employees who reviewed the thirty-eight newly identified loans.
MTMC argues that the relevant interrogatory does not request information regarding the newly identified loans. Moreover, Magistrate Judge Facciola agreed when he denied Plaintiffs earlier Motion to Compel a supplemental response to the interrogatory, holding that the requested additional information was not responsive to any of Plaintiffs discovery requests.
United States ex rel. Fago v. M & T Mortgage Corp.,
Discovery closed in this case on March 9, 2007, but MTMC did not serve its supplemental interrogatory response until April 11, 2007, when it filed its Supplemental Motion for Summary Judgment. Because the supplemental interrogatory response was submitted after the close of discovery, MTMC may not rely on that response in support of its Supplemental Motion for Summary Judgment. Although MTMC was not obligated by Magistrate Judge Facciolа’s discovery Order to respond to Plaintiffs interrogatory, this does not mean that it can then sandbag the Plaintiff by responding to the interrogatory only after discovery had closed and then attempt to rely on this information in support of its Supplemental Motion for Summary Judgment. Rule 37(c)(1) is clear — a party may not use evidence from a witness, whose identity it was required to disclose under Rule 26(a)(1) and 26(e)(1), but failed to do so, in support of a motion for summary judgment. Consequently, MTMC’s supplemental response to the interrogatory is struck.
B. MTMC’s Motion for Summary Judgment
MTMC advances a number of arguments in support of its Motion for Summary Judgment [Dkt. No. 51]. It argues that Plaintiff has failed to state a claim; that Plaintiff cannot prove that any alleged false statements to HUD were material; that Plaintiff cannot establish a causal link between the alleged false statements and the Government’s losses; that certifications MTMC made to HUD were not knowingly false; that the Government sustained no damages as a result of MTMC’s actions; that the imposition of treble damages under the FCA would be unconstitutionally excessive; and that MTMC сannot be vicariously liable for punitive damages. Each of these arguments is addressed in turn. 6
1. Plaintiff Has Stated a Claim Under 31 U.S.C. §§ 3729(a)(1) and (a)(2)
MTMC argues that Plaintiff has failed to state a claim under 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(1) because she did not allege that MTMC’s actual claims for reimbursement (as opposed to the applications to *117 HUD for insurance on the loans) were false or fraudulent. Section 3729(a)(1) provides for civil liability for “[a]ny person who — knowingly presents, or causes to be presented, to an officer or employee of the United States Government or a member of the Armed Forces of the United States a false or fraudulent claim for payment or approval.” 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(1).
For the same reasons, MTMC argues that Plaintiffs 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(2) claim fails. That section provides liability for “[a]ny person who — knowingly makes, uses, or causes to be made or used, a false record or statement to get a false or fraudulent claim paid or approved by the Government.” 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(2).
“[A] lending institution’s application for credit insurance under [an] FHA program is not a ‘claim’ as that term is used in the False Claims Act.”
United States v. McNinch,
All fifty-one loans for which Plaintiff seeks damages in this case defaulted. 7 Although the allegedly false or fraudulent applications to HUD for these loans are not sufficient, standing alone, to state a claim under the Act, Plaintiffs “inchoate” claims ripened into “actual” ones when MTMC sought payment from HUD because the fifty-one loans in question defаulted. Therefore, Plaintiff has stated a claim under 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(1) and § 3729(a)(2).
2. MTMC is Entitled to Summary Judgment on Plaintiffs Conspiracy Claim Under 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(3)
The Amended Complaint alleges that MTMC engaged in a conspiracy to defraud the Government by having false or fraudulent claims paid in violation of 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(3). Am. Compl. ¶35. 8 MTMC argues that the intra-corporate conspiracy doctrine bars Plaintiffs conspiracy claim.
Under that doctrine, “a corporation cannot conspire with its employees, and its employees, when acting in the scope of their employment, cannot conspire among themselves.”
Brown v. Sim,
3. There Are Disputed Issues of Material Fact Regarding the Materiality of MTMC’s Alleged False Statements
To state a claim under the FCA, Plaintiff must prove that the alleged false or fraudulent statements were material.
United States v. TDC Mgmt. Corp.,
MTMC argues that HUD guidelines spell out what information HUD considers material in its decision to insure a loan. Specifically, MTMC claims that Appendix 17 to the Direct Endorsement Program Handbook 4000.4 sets out the eleven specific documents in a loan binder that HUD will consider in deciding to insure a loan. MTMC maintains that the list is exclusive, and HUD will not consider other documents. Because a number of the allegedly non-genuine signatures in the loan binders were on documents that were not listed on Appendix 17, MTMC argues that such forged signatures could not be material to HUD’s decision to insure.
The applicable governing regulation authorizes HUD “to determine if there is am/ information indicating that any certification or required document is false, misleading, or constitutes fraud-or misrepresentation on the part of any party ...” 24 C.F.R. § 203.255(c) (emphasis added). Contrary to MTMC’s argument, HUD is specifically authorized under the regulation to consider “any information” in determining if a loan application is misleading, false, or fraudulent, and to deny it on that basis. See id. The regulation does not preclude HUD from reviewing any particular documents to determine if the loan application is fraudulent. See id.
HUD guidelines are consistent with this regulation. HUD Handbook 4000.4 § 4-7 states that “[t]he pre-endorsement review is confined to those items specified in this paragraph. No further review is required or authorized prior to endorsement unless HUD has reason to suspect fraud in the origination process.” (emphasis added). The guideline permits HUD to review additional information beyond the documents specified if HUD has reason to suspect that fraud has occurred. This is entirely consistent with the regulation’s authorization to HUD to review “any information” to determine if a loan application is false or fraudulent. 24 C.F.R. § 203.255(c).
Finally, it must be noted that Appendix 17, on which MTMC relies so heavily, is merely a “checklist” to help those seeking endorsement submit all the required documentation. It is not an official agency regulation promulgated pursuant to the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. §§ 551 et seq., and is not printed in the Code of Federal Regulations. Most significantly, there is no suggestion anywhere in Appendix 17 that the list of required doeu- *119 ments is exclusive or that HUD is precluded from considering other information as provided in 24 C.F.R. § 203.255(c). MTMC is simply wrong in arguing that HUD is not authorized to consider documents not listed in Appendix 17.
In response to MTMC’s argument, Plaintiff points to evidence that she contends creates a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether HUD is limited to only reviewing those documents in Appendix 17. First, MTMC’s own HUD expert, Morris Carter, testified that HUD sometimes “looked at more documents than what are required under the regulations and its own handbook guidance” in conducting its pre-endorsement review of loans. Deposition of Morris E. Carter, Aug. 2, 2005 (Carter Dep.) at 35. In fact, Mr. Carter testified that two documents he had previously identified as “non-critical” could be “critical” to HUD’s decision to endоrse a loan, based upon the particular facts of each loan, even though neither document was listed in Appendix 17. Id. at 155-56.
Indeed, Mr. Carter’s testimony undermines MTMC’s argument. MTMC argues that documents containing “non-genuine” signatures were not material to HUD’s decision to endorse twelve of the fifteen loans that are the subject of its initial Motion for Summary Judgment. At his deposition, however, Mr. Carter testified that seven of these loans involve signatures on documents that, in fact, would be material to HUD’s decision to endorse the loan. Carter Dep. at 155-65. Of the remaining five loans, he could not opine that the relevant loan documents containing non-genuine signatures were not critical because he had not examined the “circumstances” or “context” of a particular loan. See, e.g., Carter Dep. at 158 (Cavert loan). Moreover, MTMC did not support its argument in its Supplemental Motion for Summary Judgment that the “non-genuine” signatures in twenty-nine of the latter group, of thirty-eight loans were not material with any expert testimony, or indeed, any evidence at all.
The evidenсe also indicates that HUD could choose to seek indemnification for a loan, even after it had been endorsed. Mr. Carter testified that HUD could seek indemnification for an approved loan if it later determined that loan documents contained forged signatures. Id. at 47. Alan Kappeler, MTMC’s other HUD expert, testified that HUD could also seek indemnification if documents were missing from the loan binders. Deposition of Alan J. Kappeler, Aug. 3, 2005 (Kappeler Dep.) at 22.
Plaintiff also points to the certification MTMC was required to submit with each loan binder certifying, to the best of MTMC’s knowledge, that “[t]he copies of the credit and security instruments which are submitted herewith are true and exact copies as executed and filed for [the] record.” Form HUD-92900-A at 4. The certifications were allegedly false because the loan binder contained forged documents. 10 Mr. Kappeler testified that if HUD was certain a certification was false, HUD “certainly could refuse to endorse.” Kappeler Dep. at 68.
Because a genuine issue of material fact remains regarding whether the allegedly forged signatures and false certifications were “capable of influencing” or had a “natural tendency to influence,”
United States ex rel. Berge,
4. Plaintiff Has Failed to Raise a Triable Issue as to Causation for her Claims for Actual Damages
MTMC argues that it is entitled to summary judgment because Plaintiff cannot prove a causal link between the allegedly forged signatures in the loan binders and the Government’s damages.
As an initial matter, it is important to note that the FCA provides for two types of liability.
United States ex rel. Schwedt v. Planning Research Corp.,
The second form of liability is for damages actually caused the Government because of the submission of the false claim. Id. To recоver for these damages, Plaintiff must prove causation—specifically that the Defendant caused the Government to pay claims “because of’ the alleged false statements. Id. at 200; 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a). Therefore, MTMC’s causation argument is limited to Plaintiffs claim for actual damages to the Government, and does not impact Plaintiffs claim for civil statutory penalties.
At first blush, this issue does not appear appropriate for summary judgment because so many facts relating to causation are strongly disputed and because causation is usually a question for the jury. Upon closer analysis though, those facts in dispute between the parties are not material when considered through the lens of the controlling causation standard in this Circuit.
This Circuit has adopted the proximate causation standard for actual damages in FCA cases which has been adopted by the Third and Fifth Circuits.
United States ex rel. Schwedt,
In Schwedt, the Defendant allegedly submitted false progress reports about the status and success of a software system it was developing for the Department of Labor. The plaintiff argued that these false progress reports were the “but for” cause of the government’s losses because, had the progress report not been submitted, the government would never have paid for and accepted the software system. Id. at 200.
The Court of Appeals rejected this broader theory of causation. Instead, it held that in order to satisfy the more restrictive proximate cause standard adopted in Miller and Hibbs, the government had to prove that it “relied on the progress reports’ representations that the project was nearing successful completion in deciding to pay for the individual com *121 ponents.” Id. In rejecting Schwedts arguments, the court noted that “it is immaterial that the government found the individual components to be contractuаlly compliant or even that they were, in fact, compliant.” Id. (emphasis in original). What the Government was relying on was “the progress reports’ [specific] representations that the project was nearing successful completion in deciding to pay for the individual components [of the software system].” Id. Consequently, the court concluded that if the government could establish that it relied — not just on the defendant’s representations that individual components were contractually compliant, but rather that the whole software package was imminently available, it could meet the more restrictive standard that the Court of Appeals was adopting. For this reason, so long as the government could prove its allegations, it could show that its damages arose “because of the falsity of the claim” that the software package as a whole was progressing appropriately. Id. (emphasis in original).
The facts of
Spicer
are even more analogous to this case. In
Spicer,
a bankruptcy case, the debtor had previously made false statements to obtain HUD-insured mortgages, entered into a settlement agrеement with the government for violation of the FCA, and was seeking to have the obligation of the settlement agreement discharged under the bankruptcy laws.
The Court of Appeals disagreed and determined that Spicer’s misrepresentations were the proximate cause of HUD’s losses. It found, that the findings of the bankruptcy court were “consistent with proximate causation,” and that there was “some causal nexus between Spicer’s misrepresentations and the government’s losses.” Id. at 1155 (emphasis in original). For that reason, it concluded that the plaintiff had met the proximate cause standard. In explaining its reasoning, the Court of Appeals noted that “Spicer’s misrepresentations were material to HUD’s determination that the mortgage applicants met the financial requirements to qualify for FHA-insured mortgages and had a sufficient personal financial stake in the properties to have the proper incentive to avoid default. The misrepresentations were thus more than a ‘but-for’ cause; they proximately caused HUD’s losses when the buyers to whom HUD improvidently granted FHA-insured mortgages on the basis of Spicer’s misrepresentations of their financial qualifications defaulted. The defaults were thus a foreseeable consequence of Spicer’s conduct.” Id. at 1159. 11
Both
Schwedt
and
Spicer
relied on
Hibbs,
decided by the Fifth Circuit. In that case, the false certifications made to HUD concerned the property’s “heat, plumbing and electrical systems.”
To summarize, the law in our Circuit requires Plaintiff to show that the specific misrepresentations made to HUD in this case were the direct and proximate cause of HUD’s losses and not merely the “but for” cause of those losses.
Id.
at 1159;
Schwedt,
Plaintiff argues that there is a genuine issue of material fact regarding causation because had MTMC told HUD the truth — ie. that not all documents in the loan binders contained genuine signatures — HUD would have rejected the loan applications and returned them to MTMC. For example, Christine Meier, an MTMC employee, testified that if any one of the forty documents that was required to be in the loan binder was missing, HUD would reject the entire аpplication. Deposition of Christine Meier, Sept. 27, 2005 (“Meier Dep.”) at 29-30. Suzanne Palmer also testified that HUD would reject the application if documents were missing signatures. Deposition of Suzanne Palmer, May 25, 2005 (“Palmer Dep.”) at 150.
This argument, however, mistakenly construes Schwedt and Spicer to apply the less restrictive “but for” test for causation to False Claims Act cases. As demonstrated above, the Plaintiff must go beyond a “but for” showing and demonstrate that the false statements in this case were the proximate cause of the Government’s actual damages.
Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate any evidence showing that the presence of the non-genuine signatures on various documents in the loan binders was in any way related to the actual reason that various borrowers defaulted. For instance, Plaintiff has produced evidence showing that the Wood Destroying Insect Infestation Report for the Diaz loan contained a non-genuine signature. But there is no evidence that the inclusion of a non-genuine signature on this document was the proximate cause of the borrower’s default and the resulting claim against HUD. If Plaintiff had come forward with evidence, for example, showing that the borrower had defaulted because the property value had been adversely impacted by a termite infestation, she may have been able to demonstrate a triable issue. Simply stated, Plaintiff has not produced evidence that the borrower defaulted on the Diaz loan because a signature on the termite report had been forged. The same is true for each of the loans for which Plaintiff seeks actual damages on behalf of the Government. In short, Plaintiff must be able to show that damages arose “because of the
falsity
of the claim,” and that those damages “would not have come about if the defendant’s misrepresentations had been true,”
Schwedt,
In the absence of any such evidence showing a genuine issue of material fact relating to Plaintiffs burden to prove proximate causation, MTMC is entitled to summary judgment as to Plaintiffs claims for actual damages to the Government flowing from the submission to HUD of the fifty-one loan binders in question. Plаintiff may nevertheless continue to seek statutory civil penalties under the FCA, which do not require a showing of causation.
*123 5. There Are Disputed Issues of Material Fact Regarding Whether MTMC Knowingly Made False Certifications to HUD
MTMC argues that Plaintiff cannot prove that MTMC knowingly submitted false certifications to HUD.
MTMC stated that its certifications were made “to the best of its knowledge.” Form HUD-92900-A at 4. The certification also states that
I, the undersigned, as authorized representative of the mortgagee at this time of closing of this mortgage loan, certify that I have personally reviewed the mortgage loan documents, closing statements, application for insurance endorsement, and all accompanying documents. I hereby make all certifications required for this mortgage as set forth in HUD Handbook 4000.4.
Id.
Plaintiff must prove that MTMC “knowingly presented a false or fraudulent claim” to the Government.
United States ex rel. Ervin & Assocs., Inc. v. Hamilton Sec. Group, Inc.,
(1) has actual knowledge of the information;
(2) acts in deliberate ignorance of the truth or falsity of the information; or
(3) acts in reckless disregard of the truth or falsity of the informаtion
31 U.S.C. § 3729(b).
MTMC argues that a certification “to the best of one’s knowledge” cannot be said to be either true or false and therefore cannot form the basis of an FCA claim. Mot. for Summ. J. at 26. Relying upon
United States v. Ekelman & Assocs., Inc.,
First, the precise holding of the Sixth Circuit was that a lender could not be “liable under the False Claims Act for failing to verify information, subsequently determined to be false, which it certified was ‘true to the best of [its] knowledge and belief.’ ” Id. There is no question raised in this case about any failure or obligation to verify facts.
Second, in Ekelman, there was no dispute that the lender unknowingly passed information it received from the other defendants to the government, and that such information later turned out to be false. Id. at 547-48. In short, the defendant lender had no knowledge of the falsity of the information he gave the government and merely served as a conduit between other parties and the government. Id. Finally, contrary to MTMC’s representation, Ekelman does not stand for the blanket proposition that certifications “to the best of one’s knowledge” cannot, as a matter of law, ever be the basis for an FCA claim.
In response, Plaintiff offers two cases which are far more analogous to the present factual scenario. In
United States ex rel. Harrison v. Westinghouse Savannah River Co.,
The Eleventh Circuit applied the same rationale in
Grand Union Co. v. United States,
In this case, Plaintiff has presented evidence that it was MTMC employees themselves who forged signatures on loan documents and that MTMC then falsely certified to HUD that all loan documents were properly executed. Based on
United States ex rel. Harrison,
6. MTMC’s Challenge to FCA Treble Damages Under the Excessive Fines Clause Is Premature
MTMC argues that treble damages under the FCA are punitive in nature and therefore implicate the Excessive Fines Clause, citing
Vermont Agency of Natural Res. v. United States ex rel. Stevens,
It is correct that several Circuits have specifically applied the Excessive Fines Clause to awards of damages under the FCA.
United States v. Mackby,
However, “the question [of] whether a fine is constitutionally excessive calls for the application of a constitutional standard to the facts of a particular case.”
Id.
at 336, n. 10,
7. There Are Disputed Issues of Material Fact Regarding Whether MTMC Is Vicariously Liable
MTMC argues that it cannot be held vicariously liable for the acts of its employees in this case based on
Kolstad v. Am.
*125
Dental Ass’n,
In
Southern Maryland Home Health Senices,
the court held that “an employer is not vicariously liable under the FCA for wrongful acts undertaken by a non
-managerial
employee unless the employer had knowledge of her acts, ratified them, or was reckless in its hiring or supervision of the employee.”
Southern Maryland Home Health Services,
which was never appealed, has been criticized and goes against the great weight of authority in FCA cases.
See United States ex rel. Shackelford v. Am. Mgmt., Inc.,
However, the Court need not resolve this disagreement or choose from the array of alternative standards applied in the cases cited above. Even under the Southern Maryland Home Health Services standard proffered by MTMC, there remain disputed questions of material fact and summary judgment is inappropriate.
MTMC’s argument is premised on the assertion that the MTMC employees involved in the alleged forgeries were “clerical level employees without any management responsibility.” Mot. for Summ. J. at 32. The evidence indicates that a genuine dispute of fact exists regarding this assertion. For example, Camille Bettcker testified at her deposition that, from 1996 on, she was both a supervisor and a manager at “M & T.” 12 Deposition of Camille Bettcker, May 26, 2005 (“Bettcker Dep.”) at 24-25. Summary judgment is therefore inappropriate on the issue of MTMC’s vicarious liability.
C. MTMC’s Supplemental Motion for Summary Judgment
MTMC’s Supplemental Motion for Summary Judgment repeats many of the arguments made in its original Motion for Summary Judgment. In its Supplemental Motion, MTMC adds the argument that there is no evidence that any of the allegedly forged signatures were the result of the actions of an MTMC employee; that Plaintiff cannot prove the Government suf *126 fered damages on the Stephen Woods loan because MTMC indemnified HUD for that loan; 13 and that MTMC was not the source of the allegedly forged signatures for the Gretchen Miller, Lisa Pursel and Amanda Wilmont loans based on declarations submitted by employees of third party title companies. 14 Each of these arguments is addressed in turn.
1. There Are Disputed Questions of Material Fact Regarding Who Was Responsible for the Allegedly Forged Signatures
MTMC argues that there is no evidence whаtsoever that links the allegedly forged signatures with any MTMC employee. This argument is easily disposed of.
Plaintiffs handwriting expert, John Har-gett, has opined that of the fifty-three loan binders that contain alleged forgeries, fifty-two involved at least one forged signature that was not made by a co-borrower or family member or other signatory listed in the loan binder. Declaration of John Hargett, May 4, 2007 (“Hargett Decl.”) ¶ 7. Hargett opined that there was evidence of multiple non-genuine signatures in the Mi-neo loan binder and at least one may have come from a non-family member. Id. The evidence also indicates that Suzanne Palmer, who has admitted to forging signatures in the past, was the last MTMC employee to handle every single loan binder. Palmer Dep. at 116-118. 15 A reasonable jury could therefore infer that Ms. Palmer forged the signatures before submitting the loan binders to HUD.
2. MTMC Is Not Entitled to Summary Judgment on the Woods, Duchon, Miller, and Thomas Loans
MTMC argues in its Supplemental Motion that it is not liable on the Stephen Woods loan because it has indemnified HUD for any losses it suffered. MTMC made thе same argument with regard to the Duchon, Miller, and Thomas loans in its Reply in support of its Motion for Summary Judgment.
Plaintiff responds that MTMC improperly relies on inadmissible evidence in support of its arguments regarding the Du-chon, Miller, and Thomas loans. 16 MTMC relies on a letter from HUD seeking indemnification, an indemnification agreement between HUD and MTMC, and a letter from MTMC’s counsel to Plaintiffs counsel, stating that MTMC had agreed to indemnify the loans.
A motion for summary judgment must be supported by evidence that would be admissible at trial.
Gleklen v. Democratic Cong. Campaign Comm.,
Plaintiff also argues, with little discussion, that MTMC should have pled its indemnification defense as an affirmative defense in its Answer pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(c). Plaintiff provides no authority for its assertion that an argument challenging Plaintiffs burden to prove that the Government suffered damages is an “affirmative defense,” nor has the Court found any. This argument is therefore rejected.
Plaintiff also argues that MTMC’s argument disregards the correct method for computing damages under the FCA. The proper method, according to Plaintiff, is to calculate the Government’s actual damages, triple the damages pursuant to 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a), and only then subtract compensatory payments made to the Government. Defendant contends that to determine actual damages, any compensatory payments must first be subtracted from the actual damages, and the reduced figure should then be trebled. Interestingly, both sides cite to
United States v. Bornstein,
A proper reading of
Bomstein
fully supports Plaintiffs calculation methodology.
Bomstein
involved falsely branded tubes that cost the Government $40.82 per tube to replace.
The Supreme Court ruled that this method was ineorrect-“the Government’s damages should be doubled [now tripled under the 1986 False Claims Amendments Act] before any compensatory payments are deducted.” Id.
MTMC relies heavily on a footnote in
Bomstein
which states that “[t]he Government’s actual damages are equal to the difference between the market value of the tubes it received and retained and the market value that the tubes would have had if they had been of the specified quality.”
Id.
at 316, n. 13,
we hold that, in computing the double [now triple] damages authorized by the Act, the Government’s actual damages are to be doubled [now tripled] before any subtractions are made for compеnsatory payments previously received by the Government from any source. This method of computation, which maximizes the deterrent impact of the double [now triple]-damages provision and fixes the relative rights and liabilities of the respective parties with maximum preci *128 sion, best comports in our view with the language and purpose of the Act.
Id.
at 316-17,
Accordingly, the fact that MTMC indemnified HUD for the Woods, Duchon, Miller, and Thomas loans does not eliminate MTMC’s potential liability and summary judgment is therefore inappropriate. Furthermore, Plaintiff is still entitled to statutory penalties (if she can prove MTMC submitted false or fraudulent claims regarding these loans) regardless of whether she can prove that the Government suffered actual damages proximately caused by the Defendant.
United States ex rel. Schwedt,
3. MTMC Is Not Entitled to Summary Judgment on the Miller, Pursel, Wil-mont, Wareham, and Sage Loans
MTMC argues that there is no evidence that it was responsible for the forged signatures in the Miller, Pursel, and Wilmont loan binders based on the declarations of Sheri Mayhill, Jan Daly, and Louis Ge-race — all employees of third party title companies who stated that MTMC could not have been the source of the allegedly forged signatures for those loans. Because these three declarations have been struck, as discussed above, there is no evidence in the existing record to support MTMC’s argument.
MTMC made a similar argument in its Reply in Support of its Motion for Summary Judgment with regard to the Ware-ham and Sage loans. This argument was based on the declarations of Cindy Copeland and Marlisa Bouck, who were also employees of third party title companies and similarly stated that MTMC could not have been the source of the non-genuine signatures on these loans. The Court has previously struck these declarations as well.
United States ex rel. Fago,
IY. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment [Dkt. No. 51] is granted in part and denied in part and Defendant’s Supplemental Motion for Summary Judgment [Dkt. No. 104] is granted in part and denied in part. MTMC is granted summary judgment in its favor on Plaintiffs conspiracy claim and her claim for actual damages. Plaintiff may still proceed with her claims for statutory civil penalties, a declaratory judgment and permanent injunction, and any other relief she is properly entitled to under the False Claims Act.
Additionally, Plaintiffs Motion to Strike [Dkt. No. 107] is granted. An Order shall issue with this Memorandum Opinion.
Notes
. Unless otherwise identified, the facts contained herein are undisputed and taken from the Amended Complaint and the parties' Undisputed Statements of Material Facts.
. Suzanne Palmer is no longer employed by MTMC.
. However, Plaintiff no longer claims damages for two of these fifty-three, namely the Sagastume and Cromartie loans. Pl.’s Opp'n to Supp. Mot. for Summ. J. at 24.
.The United States chose not to intervene in this case.
. Because Rule 37(c)(1) requires these declarations to be struck, the Court does not address Plaintiff's argument that the declarations do not comply with Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e).
. MTMC also raised certain arguments regarding the Thomas, Duchon, Miller, Ware-ham, and Sage loans. Those arguments are addressed below in conjunction with similar arguments raised in MTMC’s Supplemental Motion for Summary Judgment.
. As noted above, Plaintiff no longer seeks damages for the Sagastume and Crоmartie loans.
. Although Plaintiff claims not to have asserted a conspiracy claim under 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(3), Pl.’s Opp’n to Mot. for Summ. J. at 17, n. 13, the Amended Complaint clearly states otherwise.
. In the Fourth Circuit, materiality is a mixed question of law and fact to be determined by the court. Id. Whether questions of materiality are to be determined by the court or the jury is an open question in this Circuit. Because the Court finds disputed questions of material fact on the question of the materiality of MTMC’s alleged false statements, the Court need not resolve this issue at this juncture.
. MTMC also argues that there is no evidence that the certifications were false. For the reasons set forth below, see Section III. B.5., the Court concludes that there is a genuine dispute of material facts that precludes summary judgment on that issue as well.
. The Court of Appeals acknowledged that other factors also caused the defaults, but emphasized that “as long as Spicer’s misrepresentations were a material and proximate cause, they need not have been the sole factor causing HUD's losses....
See also In re Ger-lach,
. It is also unclear from this testimony if Ms. Bettcker is an employee of MTMC, or its parenl company, M & T Bank.
. MTMC also argued in its Motion for Summary Judgment that HUD has been indemnified for the Thomas, Duchon, and Miller loans. This argument is addressed below.
. MTMC also argued in its Motion for Summary Judgment that the Wareham and Sage loans are not actionable for similar reasons. This argument is also addressed below.
. Plaintiff also presents evidence that raises a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether MTMC later ratified the actions of its employees because it conducted a flawed investigation of the misconduct and because it kept Ms. Bettcker, Ms. Meier, and Ms. Palmer on its payroll after learning of their forging of signatures. See PL’s Opp'n to Mot. for Summ. J. at 38-41. A reasonable jury could find from this evidence that MTMC ratified the acts of its employees.
.Plaintiff concedes that MTMC's argument concerning the Woods loan is supported by admissible evidence. Pi’s Opp’n to Supp. Mot. for Summ. J. at 2.
. In 1986, Congress amended the False Claims Act to provide for treble damages. See 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a); False Claims Amendments Act of 1986, Pub.L. No. 99-562, 100 Stat. 3153.