Case Information
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OFFICE OF ME AlTORNEY GENERAL OF n AUSTIN --=z ,
Honorable Charles Z. ~au@-man Clerk, Departnent of Agrioulture Chief d
Austin,. Tcxe’s
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‘, *2 Honorable Charles 2. 3au@mn, Page I! *a. Any lot of fruit beloc the TO- qukemnts of U.S. Co. 3 Grade shell bo olearly and indelibly brflnded, sta~pea or printoil with the uord *CULL* on the rlna.of each fruit In letters not less thao three- c&hths (3/8) of an inch~high.
"b. Any lot of fruit below the re- quirements of U.9. Ko. 2 Grixio of Claosi- ficatlon of ,this grade, but meetin the re- quiramnts of U9S. 'Eo. 3 Grade shall be olesrly and icaelibly branded, stacpea or printed with the words ~i'Z.RD GRXIZ' on the rind of each fruit In letters not less than three-sixteenths (3/X) of an Lnoh high, .- PO. Any lot of fruit branded, stm;ea
Or printed *Third oxide* or 'CULL' QO re- quuirod in this roCulat.Zon, shall sho;f no other uric,
“a. Any lot or frd t which 6hOW8 at least seventy-five (75%) percent of the fruit in ioaividual contalnsro clozrlyner's- ed eccoraln6 to the above designations nhcll be deemed ns con;lylng with these regAation6. In order to allo: for variations iriciaent to proper graainC and handling, hot nora than ten (lo;>) pcrcont by oouszt of the fruit in any contolncr my be helm the Eerconttlto requlrea to be olearly mrkea, providoa the lot as a v;hole averages seventy-five (75;;) peroent or more.
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,- Honorable Charlea E. Baughmn, Fage 3
Civil Statutes) are hereaftar sot outi
'"seation 2. Th0 lnspeotion in the State Of Texas of all grageSruit,and oranges; ana
the grades and olarsific~tions thereof, shall be UIld8l’ the dimotion of the Comiasioner
of Agriculture of the State of Yexas, hereln- after known as ths Conltssioner,
YIiootlon 3. The Co&.ssioner of Af;rioul- ture of the State of Texas i,e hereby eqo+wered and dlraotcd to enter Into coogerntiyo a-e-
fie5ts with the United States De.partmnt of.&- riculixqe provfeing for the insgeotlon of c8,p- tain citrus fruits and u5der the tcram of said a~eezxmto, the Comissiooer of ~&.cu~turc
shall &dOgt tho offiaial U. S. Stan&mdn for gra&efruft and orer?(;es as aoolied to the Jtnte or Texas. The inspeotion &all be oonducted u5d8r tn0 pOliOi8S outlin8d by the United
States Dopmtmnt of Agriculture under said, agreozents. The Coxfdssiooor is COOF0r0tiV8 enpowered to establish and erforco such trades,
grading rules, and regulatiors in addition to those established by this Act as he say doem mcessary on citrus fruit, which shall not
conflict with a5y provisions or" this Let, alter a thorough inveotigation has been nade of the needs of the gartlcular citrus fruit for which gxades, grading; rules and ro@.xlatlona are con- ten>latcd. The Comissioner shall. cause to be published in one Fublicstlon of @noral circu- lation in each county affected by this Act,
the rules and regulations promlgetad by hin under this .:iCt; such jx'olioations shall be
once each week for the three w-aeks ;Irior t0
S8ptsfiIbber 1st. Grades established i5 aWard- anoe with provisions of this .ict chall not be Jnodified durirg the current shi>plny, season, ot the citrm fru.it for ?rbich they are astab- &iebed, t3xCQFt as Oerolnsftor providoLL
mrk nr: of ccrizlr. citrus ;'lllitS nn sot out in this Act, ar.d it is borcby nldo hi3 iluty to *4 enforce wme. The Co.3mlssfoner Shall CBU3O
this to bs subllshed In som he-tim~xr of general cirk.Lation in tho torrl&~ affoct- ed by the rul.oo and regulatlohs w~Ach ho
has promlgutod. Only in case of gotest.,
hearinzs ohall bo conducted at places an5
at tkms to bo Oetomlnad by the Comis31onar or his t.gmt, aSter gublloatfom OS rules an8 regulations have been promlgated, at r:hlch all iotereated ?artice r;lLL ham a rlcht to
be hear&. .&Star such >ubllcatlon amI pubU.o hearing, tho rulas on& rogulntions shall bo
final, unlsss wftton potent by ah interost- ed parson or partAo shall. bo mde to tha Con- f&aslonor OS ;il;ricultnrs within thirty (30)
&aye after ewh rules an8 ro@entlocs hwo
been publiahwle IS the Corxiaalsnsr after
the haarirs OS protest3 rotuees to nodlfy
such rules and rafulations the lnters3tod
poraon or partloo shaL1 have the right to
a;:-peal to the Diotriot Court of Travio Coan- :i f%2~h%BlEl LOWS) ty.
w~otion 5. The Co~~iseionar 13 hweby authorlzad to proffiul.gato sue!: rules and ro-
gulationn relative to prop2 mr%i.2g of oon- talnero, tho lssua of certificetos OS imqoct- ion, the tagclns OS bho vehlole of tranosorta- : tlon, nn3. such othsr rules and ro~uLatlon8 n3 he dems mcassary SOY lra~rovomnt CS tho nothod OS mrkctir& of al.1 oltrus Ssuitr OQ
prsvido~ Sor in this ;&,*
T:ho above quoted oectione of the Act oan laaw no doubt but that the Lo::i3latuxc has oxgraoo1.y author2zod the Cox.21lss:onor of i,grioultu.so to promalzato ruloo and regula- ti~0ns.reLatin.g to tho Wwkrln(; of! coztaln 0:trus frults.w iy0 are unrble tr, dotcot in.Regulatlon IGo. 12, a3 r,ucte3 .a- bova, any ummmocablo ororclse of this logislati~o mamlato,
Kor do ~:a bellove that C. 5. G23 conotltutss an w;oonsitutlonai dolscatlon of Mom:: by the io$slaturs to tha Cor~csiamr OS .~~riculturo. The Act preacribcs in cf,- ce;:tisr:a1 dotall, the dutina and zo*::ar3 OS the Co~mlssionor. ~~~ COTneg cohi’arrod upn him to pramlqta so~uJ.ntlo!~s has P
beenacureSully clrcumscribocl, and ?uy bo ClerCiooC 03l.y Klth- in the rostrlctoa linits and Sor the csgross I;urSosr,a delin- *5 .- Honorable Charles
sated In the Act. Our Courts have many time aaactlmad legislation which confers rule-f3skfng pours upon aWnis- trstive tlQxlOiQS. As boclcred by tha S.upreF,a ,Court of Tex- 88 fA %A <OdO .?t3 Tax. 33, and quoted =ith cg- V. Jonas, provsl in G’l3rien v6 A2zemcn, 112 Tar, 254, 247 3. a. 2701 “The Leglslaturo my Srant authority . .
as well es EiVe? ccmxmds, and cots done under its authority aro as valid [38] it
dons in obodlence to its oomt3r;ds. Ror
,421 3 slhtuto bhose conplcts e;cccution
and ay;lfcat I oh to tho subject-tatter is,
., by its provisions, nada to depend on the
assent of som other body, a delegation
of lcgis~atlvc wfer. The discretion ; goes to the exercise of the po:::er con- ferred by the lax, but not to make the
law Itself. The lag!, in such oases, may
dt3peni! for its giracticnl SffiC1SAOy on the act of som othcqbody or fndivldunl;
at111 it 1s cot derived fron such act,
but frocr the le&slative authority.”
To the sam oftoot is the hold& of the Ser, i&oaio ’ Court of Civil ~~~jwal.s ir Tuttle vb %ood, 33 S. 7. (Zd) I.051 (writ of error refused), wfioreln Judge Stith, in the o;ition, stated:
*It is true, of course that the Let- ielature cannot delc&:ato to an ndAnistra-
tfve board por;er to, make a 1s:~ prescrlb- inS a penalty, but it is oqmlly true tbnt
it is con~etant for the LeSlslaturc to au-
thorizo a comfssion or board created for
that purpose to prescribe duties or nsaer-
t&A conditLons U;On %hiooh an ax%stIE.~ lasr i may ograttr in ikqosing a penalty ei2a in
effoctuatioE the purposa designed In onnct-
II-$ tho lay>. It 1s in. pursuance of this
authorLty tbrit railroad oomxisslo~.s, publio
Utilfty CO~,.XX~SS~CAS, liVQGt3Ck 8XdtEry ~or&ss~on.g, health boards and llko ngenciss
exeiclse tyir $uqt$ans agd adninistor :icd ’ enT r.e lo. f5 gp sf n, to t air suveral do par cants. In their very mturs such laz?s~ must bo Ploxiblo in ardor to ~$ve the&Q
practj.cablc appligtit&on to the direrso CO+ ditlona v&ich exist *$$hin the several
ctE\t03.” .-
*, *6 Ho&able Charles E.. Baughmu, Fags 6
Tho purposes sought to be aoconplls!md by K. B.
625 and the regulations to be yromuJ.3ated thercundor ELZ~ W3t Out in SeOtiOh 1 Of th:a Act in the follo+hE +peljoJ ’ ~,
"Section 1, In order to provlde the neans ahe:.cby producers OS certain citrus fruit, and 011 intereGt@d partlos, May sacuro pxmpt nnd efficient insseotign and classiSiooCion OS grades of fruit at ron- ~ tronablo cost, and bocaune lt is hereby so- that the otanckrdlzatlon of tha co&zcd oitrun fruit industr;t by tho proger grad- ing and clasoiflost!.ons of citrus fruit by prompt and eff’lciont insgeotion under OOE- patont authority is beneficial alike to grower, ah!&er, coxier, receiver, end oonsuzmr, in that it Surnishas the gro:ier and the shipper Frlm Sac10 evidonco of quality md condition of products, it gunrnntaeo ths carrier and tho recoivor of qualtty.of produots owried aad raootved by theiz an2 tm3uro3 tke ultimte ci)a3i113or Of tbe quality of the prodwits gurchnssd, this act is pasaea.*q.
The foro3oing declaration of pur,3ose certainly mbroces a legitlmte and proper sub&et for legislative action. Ths succeeding sactlono of the Act irppear to Fro- vide renmmble anU ap;rsprlato mans fOS elfeotuatinq tho Btnted purp0333. It is dmbtless Sruo that the requuirczests Par gradi&? -ati mnrklng of fruit lmposo;~obli~atlons and ex- penses upon tho ~rower6, packers and &h&pors kich did not exist before. Such is tho inavitsblo by-product of all rc- gulatory lsgislctlon, But if tbo pur~osoo sou&t to be achieved by a stntute are conducive to ~USlic wolfare so 3s to brlp!: it v&thin th3 brssd field of ths 5tatels police po-mr, ar.d the .&am edoptsd are sensorable, the Courts vii11 not strika do-m the statute as being a taking OS propsty without duo proccos or co:~ponsotion, because it hposss addltisnsl obligstions and m>enses upon'thsso to xhorn it aglies. This princlpla vfas n?tly stated by Chief Juotice Iwler, ogcakix for the United :;tatcs GurJrc-le Court ln ho Rahror, 140 U. 3. 554, 11 Sup. Ct. (355, 35 L,Xdr 5721
Vh%lo povfer of the otata to lnpose rostralrlttl ahA burdens upon poraons und . .
Honorsble Charles E. Bawhnan, Fag 7
property in consermtion ana pronotion OS the ?ublit health, good order 2nd Dros>erity is a :owor 0rft;tcolly md elwsys bclonsihg to the states, not surrendered by them to the ,-enawl ~overzcnt, nor directly restrain- ed by the Constitution of the United Staten, and essentially excluoive.~ Laws desiGned to elitinato fraud nhd promote fair dealing in business have been conslsteotly upheld by the Tex- as Courts 03 p. valid exercise of the police 2owsr. Thus in Rash linrdxare Co. v. Korrfs, I.05 Tsx. 217, 146.3. 3. 074, the Texas Suprer,e Court suste.ined the constitutionality of the bulk onlcn low acalnst the contention thct it viof~.tad Se&ion 19, Article I OS Testis Constitution, :lzcod XI unreaoon~ble burden u?on JW rchant a. saic? the cowt:
The Lo&islotxwe my In the exercise OS tha police poxcr m&ate roquireoenta the businass transootfoco of by .reeoonable the citizens, Xsuston 2 T’. C. Co. v. City of Dalles, 90 Texan, 396.” fin Benry v. State, 260 s. ::'. lS0, the Ciurt of CXidIL61 ,fQFCdS 01. * Taxes in holding valid an act reg:let- ing the profession OS amounting In this Stnto, osidl
*The authority of the state govern- nent to glsoe restriotiocs upon the exercise of InnSul voo2tisns is too well settled for controversy.
“The seleotion of subjects of’ such le,;- isl&t.icn 2nd the nesno of rogulstion cdo2tcd are #mrily subject to legislative declaim, an4 tho yrcswqtion of validity and .reasonn- bleness obtains ,in o. judicfal irquiry unlc~~ the contrary is nade to a;pzBr.*g The case &nvslvin,q 5 statute ClOst nearly f+3lotOUS to the one here under consi&xstion is 2 Tarto ‘White, 198 Appeals a??roved 8s S. :;, 503, whwein the Cmrt OS Crini~l a valid rxcarcj.cs of the police 2oxor, A statute requirirq every &uier to tak9 and ;rexrve thrvo smples sron cvcry bah of cotton zinned by hi& ~oonusc of its ~ectiJ.i~r a;?-
Ronorable Charles '6. ,Baughann, Pose a
plicabllity, we luotc at length fron the opinion .of the Court in the :.&ite cases
'*'i:ea sxperlecco demostratod that there niw evils oonnec%ed wl.th the are- paraticn cf cotta for market, e.nd the mrkstin~ of szme wMch affect tho st.lte ss a &ole--the @?mral public welfare? If so, tkm under the scthoritias c:?;otod by relator the state, in 303kir.~ ncdor the pollca rorror to correct and roasdy those 0~i.1~1, xs~ld not ar,d cemot be held to violztc any pro-<ii;ion OS the federal. Constitution. *. * *. It has been dezocstmtad, md xe think l’ul.ly ahoW by tkii cvithXt3 in t?&G~cQsB, that suoh omditiom xere not tix resclt OS the 1619 of sup&~ and damnd, but wre brou<Tbt a5ou.t by ooadf.tions ~:Sich ~35, in a ~.ez~sure at least, be remdied by suitable le.:islnt:s&, ,md this ?3 the object ~IX.I purporje of the le,$.siation involved 1n this cxoe. I: zq~ not cc- co~l;li~h all that oan be noocaglinhed; it may be defectlvo 3~n ?~ay ~artlculare; but this does not nfr'ect tke po-ar of the otate to ctia~t legisiatioa of this charactei. if the ;;ubiIc weifare kiis~5.J le~islntion. to rtmtd, 0 the oo~?4ltixis which, pcI+iOJS of our his- at vu-low an& mndrp tory, brsuGht abmt the isjuxy of the oit- izsrsfii? of t&e atcrte ES 3 I‘kole, md \FhiCh eertpJ,;lnl~ nifectsd not. only the neWare of the Samem, the producers of cotton, but as ~11. sarlously wSSectc;d th3 v:olSare Of avery 01 ti.znn of the st.to !eilsa.t;ed in any ~o$$pIate OSlliR~, tmde, 02 professisn. . .
[1] *9 the law ~~o3sarlly fastonsd this that extra charge 00 the business of ginning
ootton muld not render the law obnordous
to the fedora1 or state Constitution.
There In e?any 8 chsrCe made or license
fixed that mmt be paid or endured Aec-
essarily for the public vielfare under
ths laws of this*sp$e and OS ovary state .
in this UnLoh. *Them are but fex, if Amy, nen yiho would .ObjeOt to the rorjulation of the pregara-
tion OS his prodwt for six&et, at so szall I aA ex(,7eAse, if the price he rocelvcd v;ould
be esQxtnced in so mch greater OUZI than
that taken; he asuLd deep it adequate cow
pensation for tho property taken. zut if
the evils otist, as shorn by tho teatinony
adduced on this hecwing, the state under authorf.ty to aor-
its pdice px:cr ha; :hz
rect the30 evibr .
(I* z ** Yf the public welfcre domnds end authorizes the passa$;e of ouoh a law,
that it adds a mall addltioml expense to
the preparntion for mrkot and xarketiAg of
cotton does not render the lair unoonstitu-
tloral; for this taking Ls not within the
neanlng of tho oonotitutional. pro7islons,
St* * z, The cvldenca bcforo us show8 such a codition of afiaf.rs, such onormus
loss in the f?.srketiAr: of the principal pro-
duot of the state and evils com.eotod with
the systm as heretofore prnoticed, as to
authoriza the Legislature to act, and whether law will curs all. the mild, or additlmal
1eGislation my be randerod necessary to ef- thiit purpose, 13 hot a question to
rmi?2t0 bo deoidod by u3 in this CRSG~ but for future
Lo~~lslaturen to consider. T.he.t it zill not
and dooo not cffoctuslly‘cuxe and renedy all
evils show to exist does not render the l&f
invalid,”
It mst be clear that tho roCulation rec;uiri% Crad- & an& stagin of citrus fruit dots not oMxd the Federal *10 Honorable Charles El Bau&mn, Fage 10
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Ccmstitutlon under the doctrine ahnouncod by the t’nited States Suprone Court in Xebbla v. iW,v York:, 291 G. 9. 502, ~, wherein a stato statute settiiq up elaborate regulatioha for the cllk: industry was sustainsd. &k. Justice Roberts, Speakio5 for ‘the mjority of the Court in that case declared:
Vndcr our fom of Foverment the use
OS property and tho mf-;ing of contracts are
nomally Ea:ters OS private md not public
oonoern. The general mle is that’ both
shall be free of ~overmentnl interr”arence.
fjut colther property rlchts nor contract
rights are ebsslutej for Coverment cannot
exist 1: the citizen nay at vdJ.1 use his
property t3 the detrloant of his fellows,
or exorcise his freedon of contract to
worh- then ham. Zqually fundamental *&th
the private right 1s that of the p~blicr to
regulate it in the comon interest. IiS
Chief Justice Marshall said, spoaM1~5 spea-
iflonlly of inspeation lc~s, -such laws fom
‘a portion of that lmense ma3 of lo5inla-
tton, uhlch efibraces cv?ry thing :zit-hlin the
territory of a 3tate * ’ * all which can be
lroet advanta5eouoly oxoroked bg the Statea
thonselvos. Ins2octlon 18~9, qusrer.tine
laws, health In796 of every description, as ,
well as lam rc,glatlnG the lnterhsl con-
serca of a State, * q * are oo.3gocent ;srts
of this miss.’
“Justice Parbour said for this oourt:
(* * * it is not only the rlCht, but the
bounden and solom duty OS Y state, to ad-
vance the safety, ha;pina:ja acd prosjcrity
of Its people, and to provldo for its Cen- era1 vzolfsre, by any and every rot OS log-
islation, :Alch it my deem oonducive to
thoce ends *. * *.tn
%e conolude, under the SoroCoina authorltios, that No. 12 is a valid oxorcine OS cx$ross authority RogUkitiXI osnfarred upon the Cor:miaoi.onor of hgrlculture by 1:. B. 625, and that tho szme 1s not in oonfl.ict with the State or Pod- era1 Constitutlor~s.. It is our o&ion that the Comlnolooer 1~ rec,uired
.P~ to asnduct a hoarlog upon ari newly promlgatcd regulation
-. *11 rhen wrltten protest has heen fflad with hlz within thirty (30) dugo after yubllcatlon of the r3gfilatlon. Th’bie is ,the oxtz)ross ucd ur?o~uuivsonbls mandata coctolnod i.n Seotlon 0 of the Act IlbCVC ~UOtQd. i
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