98 F.3d 105 | 3rd Cir. | 1996
UNITED STATES of America
v.
Zulmes OROZCO, Appellant.
No. 95-1572.
United States Court of Appeals,
Third Circuit.
Oct. 18, 1996.
Wendy A. Kelly, Assistant U.S. Attorney, Office of the United States Attorney, Philadelphia, PA, for Appellee.
Mark R. Lippman, La Jolla, CA, for Appellant.
Before: GREENBERG and NYGAARD, Circuit Judges and LAY, Senior Circuit Judge.*
OPINION OF THE COURT
NYGAARD, Circuit Judge:
Defendant-appellant, Zulmes Orozco challenges the constitutionality of the Drug-Free School Zones Act, 21 U.S.C. § 845(a). Orozco was convicted of distributing 1080 grams of cocaine within one thousand feet of a school. He argues on appeal that Congress exceeded its authority under the Commerce Clause by enacting the Drug-Free School Zones Act.
I.
Appellant sold approximately 1080 grams of cocaine to a Drug Enforcement informant within seven hundred feet of the James Howell Public Elementary School in Philadelphia. A federal grand jury returned a three count indictment charging appellant with separate violations of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 845(a) and 843(b). Orozco pleaded guilty to the charge under § 841(a)(1), but disputed the location of the drug sale and the charge under § 845(a).1 Appellant then requested new counsel. L. Felipe Restrepo, Esq. was appointed to represent the Appellant. Orozco requested a bench trial on Count Two of the indictment.
Both the Government and the defense stipulated to the facts of the underlying distribution charge of Count One, which was also the subject of Count Two. The sole issue before the district court was the location of the drug transactions. The district court found Orozco guilty of selling drugs within one thousand feet of a school and sentenced him to sixty months incarceration and eight years of supervised release. Orozco timely appealed.
Orozco's trial counsel filed a brief pursuant to Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 87 S.Ct. 1396, 18 L.Ed.2d 493 (1967). Counsel asserted that there were no non-frivolous issues for appeal and requested leave to withdraw. Appellant, acting pro se, filed a carefully crafted brief in which he questioned whether, in light of the Supreme Court's decision in United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549, 115 S.Ct. 1624, 131 L.Ed.2d 626 (1995), the district court had imposed a legal sentence. We granted trial counsel's request to withdraw from the case. We agreed, however, that Orozco's pro se brief had raised an issue for this appeal and appointed new appellate counsel to examine the implications of the Supreme Court's decision in Lopez.2
II.
Orozco argues that 21 U.S.C. § 860(a) is an unconstitutional exercise of Congress' power under the Commerce Clause. He relies on the Supreme Court's decision in Lopez to support his argument. We are not persuaded.
The Constitution gives Congress power to "regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several states and with the Indian Tribes." U.S. Const. Art. I, § 8, cl. 3. In Lopez, the Supreme Court examined the constitutionality of the Gun-Free School Zones Act, 18 U.S.C. § 922(q). This Act prohibited possession of a firearm within one-thousand feet of a school. A five-member majority of the Court struck down the statute as an unconstitutional exercise of Congress' commerce power. Lopez, 514 U.S. at ---- - ----, 115 S.Ct. at 1630-34. The Court reviewed the three areas in which Congress could exercise its commerce power and not run afoul of the Constitution. First, Congress "may regulate the use of the channels of interstate commerce." Id. at ----, 115 S.Ct. at 1629. Second, Congress may "regulate and protect instrumentalities of interstate commerce or persons or things in interstate commence even though the threat may only come from intrastate activities." Id. Third, Congress may "regulate those activities having a substantial relation to interstate commerce." Id. (citations omitted). The Court held that Congress could enact the Gun-Free School Zones Act only if the Act regulated an activity which substantially affected interstate commerce. Lopez, 514 U.S. at ----, 115 S.Ct. at 1630. In determining that the Gun-Free School Zones Act was unconstitutional, the Court held that the Act[i]s a criminal statute that has nothing to do with "commerce" or any sort of economic enterprise, however broadly one might define those terms. Section 922(q) is not an essential part of a larger regulatory scheme that could be undercut unless the intrastate activity were regulated. It cannot, therefore, be sustained under our cases upholding regulation of activities that arise out of or are connected with a commercial transaction, which viewed in the aggregate, substantially affects interstate commerce.
Lopez, 514 U.S. at ---- - ----, 115 S.Ct. at 1630-31. The Court reasoned that "the possession of a gun in a local school zone is in no sense an economic activity that might ... substantially affect interstate commerce." Id. at ----, 115 S.Ct. at 1634.
We have no difficulty here in finding that the sale of 1080 grams of cocaine within one thousand feed of a school zone is an activity which "substantially affects interstate commerce." In so holding, we recognize that the Drug-Free School Zones Act directly regulates commerce in illegal drugs. See, e.g., United States v. Zorrilla et al., 93 F.3d 7 (1st Cir.1996) ("Drug Free School Zones Act" directly regulates interstate commerce).
A large interstate market exists for illegal drugs. Congress has the power to regulate that market just as it has the power to regulate food and drugs in general. See, e.g., Minor v. United States, 396 U.S. 87, 98, n. 13, 90 S.Ct. 284, 289, n. 13, 24 L.Ed.2d 283 (1969); Reina v. United States 364 U.S. 507, 511, 81 S.Ct. 260, 263, 5 L.Ed.2d 249 (1960). Moreover, when Congress enacted the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 (of which 21 U.S.C. § 860 is a part), Congress expressly found that drug trafficking affected interstate commerce. See 21 U.S.C. § 801; Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, Pub.L. No. 91-513, 1970 U.S.C.C.A.N. (84 Stat.) 4566, 4595-96.
We do not find Lopez helpful to appellant. The Gun-Free School Zones Act and the Drug-Free School Zones Act are distinguishable. 18 U.S.C. § 922(q) punished mere possession of a firearm near a school. In contrast, 21 U.S.C. § 860 prohibits the sale, distribution and possession with intent to distribute illegal drugs near a school. Drug trafficking is an inherently commercial activity; the mere possession of a firearm is not. Drug trafficking near a school zone is an economic activity that, through repetition, substantially affects interstate commerce. See United States v. Thornton, 901 F.2d 738, 741 (9th Cir.1990); United States v. McDougherty, 920 F.2d 569, 572 (9th Cir.1990) ("it would be illogical to believe that [drug] trafficking ceases to affect commerce when carried out within 1000 feet of a school").
III.
In sum, we find that 21 U.S.C. § 860 is a constitutional exercise of congressional authority under the Commerce Clause. The decision of the district court will be affirmed.
Hon. Donald P. Lay, Senior Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eight Circuit sitting by designation
Section 845(a) is currently codified at 21 U.S.C. § 860. 21 U.S.C. § 860(a) enhances the sentence of "any person who violates section 841(a)(1) or section 856 of this title by distributing, possessing with intent to distribute, or manufacturing a controlled substance in or on, or within one thousand feet of, the real property comprising a public or private elementary, vocational or secondary school ..."
The attorney appointed for this appeal failed in the essential purpose of his appointment. Rather than zealously represent his client or aid this court in resolving a case with potentially important constitutional ramifications, counsel submitted a brief that was six pages in length. It appears to have been written after only the most cursory examination of relevant case law and makes only a superficial analysis of Lopez. The brief contains only a single sentence that only by the most generous of standards could be properly termed legal argument. We recognize that tasks assigned to appointed counsel are daunting. Such tasks are, nonetheless, to be pursued under the highest standards of zealous advocacy required by principles of professional responsibility. Counsel's performance here failed to meet the high quality this court expects
