OPINION
The government has appealed the District Court’s pretrial order, dismissing from the indictment various counts and allegations based on international money laundering. 1 The narrow issue on appeal is whether unpaid taxes, which were unlawfully disguised and retained by means of the filing of false tax returns through the U.S. mail, are “proceeds” of mail fraud for purposes of sufficiently stating a money laundering offense under the federal, international money laundering statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(2). We hold that such unpaid taxes are “proceeds” of mail fraud for purposes of sufficiently stating an international money laundering offense. For this reason, we will vacate the orders of the District Court and remand the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
I. Background
Because we have previously outlined the facts of this case in
United States v. Yusuf,
There are seven defendants in this case: (1) United Corporation, a family-owned business located in the Virgin Islands that operates a chain of three Plaza Extra Supermarket stores in St. Thomas and St. Croix; (2) Fathi Yusuf, the primary shareholder of United; (3) Maher “Mike” Yusuf, Fathi’s son, who is a part-owner of United and manager of one of the Plaza Extra stores; (4) Waheed “Willie” Hamed, Fa-thi’s nephew, who manages the second Plaza Extra store; (5) Waleed “Wally” Hamed, Fathi’s nephew and Waheed’s brother, who manages the third Plaza Extra store; (6) Isam “Sam” Yousef, Fathi’s nephew, who is a resident of St. Maarten, Netherlands Antilles, and owns and operates a retail furniture and appliances store; and (7) Nejeh Fathi Yusuf, Fathi’s son, who is an owner and employee of United and who participated in the operation of the Plaza Extra stores.
Because defendant United conducts business through its Virgin Islands supermarkets, it is required to comply with statutorily-mandated monthly reporting of gross receipts and payment of tax on those receipts. Section 43(a), Title 33, of the Virgin Islands Code provides, in pertinent part, that “[e]very individual and every firm, corporation, and other association doing business in the Virgin Islands shall report their gross receipts and pay a tax of four percent (U%) on the gross receipts of such business.” 33 V.I.C. § 43(a) (emphasis added). Section 44(c) provides for monthly returns and payments and states that “[t]he returns and payments required by this subsection shall be due within 30 calendar days following the last day of the calendar month concerned.” 33 V.I.C. § 44(c). Thus, taxes imposed on United’s gross sales receipts from its supermarkets during a particular month were due and payable on the last day of the following month.
In July 2001, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) received a suspicious activity report from the Bank of Nova Scotia in St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. The report stated that, over a four day period in April 2001, $1,920,000 (in $50 and $100 bills) was deposited into United’s bank account. The FBI began an investigation which revealed that defendants allegedly conspired to avoid reporting $60,000,000 of the supermarkets’ gross receipts on United’s Virgin Islands gross receipts monthly tax returns and failed to pay the Virgin Islands government the 4% tax that United owed on those unreported gross receipts. 2 The investigation further revealed that defendants allegedly engaged in various efforts to disguise and conceal the illegal scheme and its proceeds. 3 Such efforts included allegedly de *182 positing these monies into bank accounts, controlled by defendants, outside of the United States.
On September 9, 2004, a grand jury in the Virgin Islands returned a seventy-eight count, superseding 4 indictment, charging various counts relating to mail fraud, tax evasion, and international money laundering. 5 At Counts 3 through 43, the indictment charged forty mail fraud offenses, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1341, alleging in paragraphs 30 and 31 as follows:
Beginning at least as early as in or about January 1996 and continuing through at least in or about September 2002, in the District of the Virgin Islands and elsewhere, [defendants] knowingly and willfully devised and intended to devise a scheme and artifice to defraud and to obtain money and property, specifically money belonging to the Virgin Islands in the form of territorial gross receipts tax revenue, by means of material false and fraudulent pretenses, representations and promises, knowing that the pretenses, representations and promises were false when made, as more particularly described in paragraphs 9 through 12 and 14 through 20 6 of this Indictment.
On or about the dates specified in each count below, the defendants, for the purpose of executing and attempting to execute and in furtherance of the aforesaid scheme and artifice to defraud and for obtaining money and property by means of material false and fraudulent pretenses, representations and promises, did knowingly cause to be sent and moved by the United States Postal Service, at the East End United States Post Office in St. Thomas, Gross Receipts Monthly Tax Returns, Forms 720 V.I., addressed to the Virgin Islands Bureau of Internal Revenue, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, 00802.
At Counts 44-52, the indictment charged nine substantive international money laundering offenses, in violation of 18 U.S.C. *183 § 1956(a)(2)(B)®, alleging in paragraph 33 as follows:
On or about the dates listed in each count below, in the District of the Virgin Islands and elsewhere, the [defendants] transported and transferred, and attempted to transport and transfer, monetary instruments and funds in amounts described below from a place in the United States, specifically the United States Virgin Islands, to and through a place outside the United States, specifically, Amman, Jordan, knowing that the monetary instruments and funds involved in the transportation and transfer represented the proceeds of some form of unlawful activity and knowing that such transportation and transfer was designed in whole or in part to conceal and disguise the nature, location, source, ownership, and control of the proceeds of a specified unlawful activity, that is, mail fraud, in violation of Title 18, United States Code Section 1341.
Thus, the indictment relied on mail fraud as the predicate offense, or “specified unlawful activity,” to support the money laundering charges against defendants. See 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(2)(B)®.
Defendants moved to dismiss the substantive money laundering charges on the basis that any unpaid taxes disguised and retained as a result of filing false tax returns through the U.S. mail do not equate to “proceeds” of mail fraud and, accordingly, Counts 44 through 52, charging money laundering, failed to state an offense. On February 13, 2007, the District Court granted the motion and dismissed the nine substantive money laundering counts for failure to state an offense. For the same reason, the District Court also dismissed the charge of money laundering conspiracy (Count 2); struck from two structuring counts the sentence-enhancing allegations grounded upon money laundering (Counts 53 and 54); and dismissed paragraphs of Criminal Forfeiture Allegation 1, which were grounded upon money laundering. The District Court reasoned as follows:
Defendants contend that a tax savings resulting from filing false tax returns does not “represent the proceeds of some form of unlawful activity,” and that, therefore, Counts 44 through 52 fail to state an offense. In the Third Circuit, “ ‘proceeds’ as that term is used in § 1956 means simply gross receipts from illegal activity.’ ” United States v. Grasso,381 F.3d 160 , 169 (3d Cir.2004) [overruled by United States v. Santos, — U.S. -,128 S.Ct. 2020 ,170 L.Ed.2d 912 (2008) ]. “ ‘[Proceeds’ are something which is obtained in exchange for the sale of something else as in, most typically, when one sells a good in exchange for money.” United States v. Maali,358 F.Supp.2d 1154 , 1158 (M.D.Fla.2005)[,] [aff’d sub nom. United States v. Khanani,502 F.3d 1281 (11th Cir.2007) ]. The Court agrees with the final analysis in Maali, that “[h]aving ascertained the plain and ordinary definition of ‘proceeds,’ it is clear that the term does not contemplate profits or revenue indirectly derived ... from the failure to remit taxes.” Id. at 1160. The cost savings theory was also rejected in Anderson v. Smithfield Foods, Inc.,209 F.Supp.2d 1270 , 1275 (M.D.Fla.2002):
The money that Defendants allegedly illegally obtained to violate RICO and environmental laws, and to allegedly commit mail and wire fraud, was money that Defendants legally obtained through the operation of its business. Saving money as a result of the alleged noncompliance with the requirements of an environmental statute does not make the money illegally obtained for the purposes of the money laundering statute.
*184 The mailing of the allegedly false gross tax returns did not result in proceeds, as that term is commonly interpreted. Accordingly, [the counts charging money laundering] are dismissed for failure to state an offense.
Accordingly, in the District Court’s view, the tax savings (ie., unpaid taxes) cannot be considered “proceeds” of mail fraud because such tax savings (1) represented a percentage of unreported gross receipts that were lawfully obtained in the day to day business of Plaza Extra Supermarket, and, thus, such tax savings cannot thereafter be categorized as “proceeds” from an unlawful activity; and (2) were merely retained, rather than obtained, money resulting from defendants’ noncompliance with the Virgin Islands’ gross receipts reporting statute.
On June 25, 2007, the District Court denied the government’s motion for reconsideration and ordered the government to release its notices of lis pendens with respect to various properties listed in the indictment. The government appealed the February 13 order dismissing the substantive money laundering counts (and paragraphs) and the two June 25 orders denying reconsideration and ordering release of the notices of lis pendens.
II. Jurisdiction and Standard of Review
The District Court had subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3231 and 48 U.S.C. § 1612(c). We have jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3731 and 28 U.S.C. § 1294(3).
The “sufficiency of an indictment to charge an offense is a legal question subject to plenary review.”
United States v. Conley,
III. Discussion
There is no dispute that the indictment sufficiently alleges mail fraud, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1341. There is also no dispute that mail fraud is a predicate offense for a charge of international money laundering, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §§ 1956(a)(2)(B)® (elements of international money laundering) 7 , 1956(c)(7)(A) (the term “specified *185 unlawful activity” includes any racketeering activity under RICO) and 1961(1)(B) (mail fraud is a racketeering activity) 8 . The narrow issue in this appeal is whether unpaid taxes unlawfully disguised and retained by means of the filing of false tax returns through the U.S. mail are “proceeds” of mail fraud for purposes of sufficiently stating an offense for money laundering.
As a threshold matter, we first address the District Court’s view that funds originally procured through lawful activity can be classified only as proceeds of that lawful activity and cannot thereafter be converted into proceeds of a specified unlawful activity.
Although the federal money laundering statute does not define what constitutes “proceeds” of a specified unlawful activity,
see United States v. Santos,
— U.S. -,
Furthermore, the Supreme Court, in
United States v. Santos,
recently clarified that the term “proceeds,” as that term is used in the federal money laundering statute, applies to criminal profits, not criminal receipts, derived from a specified unlawful activity. — U.S.-,
Moreover, we have previously determined that “proceeds are derived from an already completed offense, or a completed phase of an ongoing offense, before they can be laundered.”
United States v. Conley,
Having thus elucidated the definition of “proceeds,” we will next consider *187 how the term “proceeds” relates to the predicate offense of mail fraud. The mail fraud statute provides:
Whoever, having devised or intending to devise any scheme or artifice to defraud, or for obtaining money or property by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises ... for the purpose of executing such scheme or artifice or attempting so to do, places in any post office or authorized depository for mail matter, any matter or thing whatever to be sent or delivered by the Postal Service ... shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both.
18 U.S.C. § 1341. Stated plainly, the elements necessary to establish the offense of mail fraud are (1) a scheme or artifice to defraud for the purpose of obtaining money or property and (2) use of the mails in furtherance of the scheme. Therefore, once these two requirements are met, mail fraud has been committed.
The Supreme Court has previously interpreted the elements of mail fraud. A scheme to defraud need not contemplate the use of mails as an essential part of the scheme so long as the mailing is “incident to an essential part of the scheme.”
Schmuck v. United States,
In
Schmuck,
the defendant was a used-car distributor who purchased used cars, rolled back their odometers and sold the vehicles to retail dealers at prices he was able to inflate by reason of the low-mileage readings. The dealers, unaware of the fraud, resold the automobiles to their customers, who also paid inflated prices. The Supreme Court held that the mailing element was satisfied by the dealers’ mailings of title application forms to the state of Wisconsin on behalf of the customers, explaining that “a rational jury could have found that the title-registration mailings were part of the execution of the fraudulent scheme, a scheme which did not reach fruition until the retail dealers resold the cars and effected transfers of title.”
Schmuck,
Moreover, in
United States v. Morelli,
we affirmed a district court’s judgments of conviction and sentence and concluded that unpaid taxes that were unlawfully disguised and retained constituted “proceeds”
*188
of wire fraud for purposes of supporting a conviction on a federal money laundering charge.
14
The particular scheme in which the defendants participated was termed “the Association.” The Association organized a group of companies, all of which it controlled, into a, “daisy chain,” for the purpose of embezzling the excise taxes on the sale of certain kinds of fuel. Typically, the companies would sell oil down the chain in a series of paper transactions, through what was referred to as the “burn company.” Eventually, the company at the bottom of the chain, the “street company,” would sell the oil to a legitimate retailer, i.e., a particular gas station, for a price slightly below the tax-included market price. This retailer would pay money to the street company, which would send money back up the chain in a series of wire transfers.
This scheme was illegal because it was set up as a means to avoid excise taxes. The daisy chain was established so that the burn company was the one legally responsible for collecting the excise taxes on the fuel sales and transmitting them to the government. In the Association’s scheme, the burn company would collect the taxes for a time, and then disappear without ever paying the taxes to the government. As a result, the Association could keep the money representing the excise taxes without the government being able to determine where it had gone.
Id. at 803. On appeal, the defendant claimed that the money represented the “proceeds” of tax fraud, not the “proceeds” of a wire fraud, because the wiring itself had nothing to do with the Association’s coming into possession of the money. We did not agree.
In affirming the trial court’s judgments of conviction and sentence on the money laundering charge, we held that the money wired up through the “daisy chain” constituted “proceeds” of wire fraud based on the nature of the
entire ongoing fraudulent scheme.
We think the money was the proceeds of the entire ongoing fraudulent venture *189 in which the Association engaged in creating the daisy chain scheme, and that this venture was a wire fraud scheme. This ongoing venture consisted of all the individual series of transactions upon which [the defendant] focuses, not the discrete series of transactions individually. Although each señes may have included discrete ads of wire fraud that followed the creation of the proceeds related to that señes, the fact is that the entire program, encompassing all of the ads charged in the indictment, constituted one large, ongoing wire fraud scheme. Each wiñng in each señes furthered the execution of each and every individual act of tax fraud, and helped to create the proceeds involved in each succeeding señes of transactions. This is primarily because each wiring, whether it occurred before or after a given act of tax fraud, served to promote and conceal each individual embezzlement of taxes, either ex ante or ex post. More precisely, each uññng, including those that occurred before a particular transaction, made it more difficult for the government to detect the entire fraudulent scheme or any particular fraudulent transaction or señes of transactions. In sum, the money gained in each series of transactions (save the initial one) was the proceeds of wire fraud because the money was the proceeds of a fraud that was furthered by the prior wirings.
Morelli,
Based upon the Supreme Court’s decisions in
Santos, Schmuck,
and
Kann,
and our decision in
Morelli
we hold that unpaid taxes, which are unlawfully disguised and retained by means of the filing of false tax returns through the U.S. mail, constitute “proceeds” of mail fraud for purposes of supporting a charge of federal money laundering. Here, 4% of the unreported gross receipts that should have been paid as tax to the Virgin Islands but were instead included in the lump sums of money which the defendants sent to Amman, Jordan, were clearly “proceeds” of the fraudulent scheme perpetuated by defendants. Specifically, the defendants’ fraudulent scheme was that of concealing certain gross receipts from the Virgin Islands government through the mailing of fraudulent tax returns in order to defraud, cheat, and deprive the government of the 4% gross receipts taxes it was owed, thus enabling the defendants to unlawfully retain such government property and profit from their scheme.
See Pasquantino v. United States,
Furthermore, the mailings of the fraudulent tax returns resulted in “proceeds” of mail fraud based on the nature of the
entire ongoing fraudulent scheme
because the unpaid taxes unlawfully retained by defendants represented the “proceeds” of a fraud that was also furthered by previous mailings.
See Morelli,
Finally, in light of the Supreme Court’s decision in
Santos,
we recognize that the “proceeds” from the mail fraud in this case also amount to “profits” of mail fraud.
See
—— U.S.-,
IV. Conclusion
Based on the foregoing, we will vacate the District Court’s February 13, 2007, and June 25, 2007, orders and remand this case for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.
Notes
. The government also appeals from the District Court's order to release notices of lis pendens with respect to various properties listed in the indictment.
. Specifically, after Plaza Extra Supermarkets’ sales receipts were collected each day, the funds were typically transferred to the "cash room,” to which only certain individuals, including defendants, were permitted access. In the cash room, Plaza Extra employees counted the sales receipts and prepared bank deposit slips. The indictment alleged that defendants directed the employees to withhold from deposit substantial amounts of cash received from sales, typically in denominations of $100, $50, and $20. Instead of being deposited into the bank accounts with other sales receipts, this cash was allegedly delivered to one of the defendants or placed in a designated safe in the cash room. The indictment further alleged that, from 1996 through 2001, tens of millions of dollars in cash was withheld from deposit in this manner and was not reported as gross receipts on both Virgin Islands and federal tax returns filed by United.
. For example, with the unreported cash, defendants allegedly purchased, and directed other individuals to purchase, cashier’s checks, traveler’s checks, and money orders, typically from different bank branches and *182 made payable to outside parties, in order to disguise the cash as legitimate financial instruments and to evade federal record-keeping mandates.
. The grand jury handed down the original indictment in this case on September 18, 2003.
. The charges included conspiracy to commit mail fraud and structure financial transactions, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371 (Count 1); conspiracy to commit money laundering, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956(h), (a)(2)(B)(i) (Count 2); mail fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1341 (Counts 3-43); international money laundering, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(2)(B)(I) (Counts 44-52); structuring financial transactions, in violation of 31 U.S.C. § 5324(a)(3), (d)(2) (Counts 53, 54, 77); conspiracy to evade taxes, in violation of 33 V.I.C. § 1522 (Count 55); causing the filing of false tax returns, in violation of 33 V.I.C. § 1525(2) (Counts 56-60); causing the filing of false tax returns, in violation of § 26 U.S.C. § 7206(2) (Counts 61-74); engaging in criminal enterprise, in violation of 14 V.I.C. § 605(a) (Count 75); conspiracy to engage in a criminal enterprise, in violation of 14 V.I.C. § 605(d) (Count 76); and obstruction of justice, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1503. The indictment further contained an asset forfeiture allegation, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 982, 21 U.S.C. § 853, and 14 V.I.C. § 606.
.Paragraphs 9 through 12 alleged that defendants "defrauded the Virgin Islands of money in the form of tax revenue, specifically territorial gross receipts taxes [owed by United] as well as corporate income taxes [owed by United], by failing to report at least $60 million in Plaza Extra sales on gross receipts tax returns and corporate income tax returns" filed by United. Paragraphs 14 through 20 alleged that defendants concealed the fraud and its proceeds by smuggling checks and currency and by structuring cash transactions to evade reporting requirements.
. The federal money laundering statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(2), provides:
Whoever transports, transmits, or transfers, or attempts to transport, transmit, or transfer a monetary instrument or funds from a place in the United States to or through a place outside the United States or to a place in the United States from or through a place outside the United States ...
(B) knowing that the monetary instrument or funds involved in the transportation, transmission, or transfer represent the proceeds of some form of unlawful activity and knowing that such transportation, transmission, or transfer is designed in whole or in part—
(i) to conceal or disguise the nature, the location, the source, the ownership, or the control of the proceeds of specified unlawful activity; ...
shall be sentenced to a fine of not more than $500,000 or twice the value of the monetary instrument or funds involved in the transportation, transmission, or transfer
*185 whichever is greater, or imprisonment for not more than twenty years, or both.
18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(2)(B)(i) (emphasis added).
. Under 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1), mail fraud is a "specified unlawful activity,” but tax fraud simpliciter is not.
. That term is defined, in pertinent part, by reference to those criminal activities that constitute racketeering under RICO. 18 U.S.C. § 1956(c)(7)(A) ("[T]he term ‘specified unlawful activity’ means any act or activity constituting an offense listed in section 1961(1) of this title....”). As previously noted, mail fraud is categorized as a racketeering act and thus falls within the purview of the money laundering statute.
. In that case, defendant Santos operated an illegal lottery. He employed individuals known as ''runners” to collect the gamblers’ bets. Upon receipt of the bets, the runners retained a small portion as their commission and handed over the remaining money to individuals known as "collectors,” one of whom was defendant Diaz. The collectors would then deliver such money to Santos, who used a portion of it to pay the collectors' salaries and pay the winners. The payments to the runners, collectors, and winners were identified in an indictment as the “transactions” upon which money laundering charges were based under 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(l)(A)(i) (criminalizing transactions which promote criminal activity).
. The Supreme Court reasoned as follows: Transactions that normally occur during the course of running a lottery are not identifiable uses of profits and thus do not violate the money-laundering statute. More generally, a criminal who enters into a transaction paying the expenses of his illegal activity cannot possibly violate the money-laundering statute, because by definition profits consist of what remains after expenses are paid. Defraying an activity’s costs with its receipts simply will not be covered.
Sanios,
-U.S. -,
. In
Santos,
a four-Justice plurality concluded that, in applying the rule of lenity, the word "proceeds” in the money laundering statute means profits and not, as the government had argued, gross receipts.
In view of the above discussion, we believe that
Santos
overrules this Court’s decision in
United States v. Grasso,
which was relied upon by the District Court in the instant case.
Grasso,
. In
Kann,
the defendants cashed fraudulently obtained checks at various banks, knowing that the checks would be forwarded to a drawee bank for collection. The Supreme Court found that the mailing was not material to the consummation of the scheme and thus concluded that there was no mail fraud.
. Wire fraud, like mail fraud, is a racketeering activity and thus a predicate offense for money laundering.
See
18 U.S.C. § § 1956(a)(2)(B)(i), (c)(7)(A);
see also
18 U.S.C. § 1961(1). The federal wire fraud statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1343, is nearly identical to the federal mail fraud statute.
See Morelli,
. The elements of "daisy chain” schemes have previously been detailed in this circuit and others.
See, e.g., United States v. Sertich,