The defendant was convicted and sentenced upon an indictment filed in the District Court for the District of New Jersey which charged him and two others with knowingly and fraudulently concealing from the receiver and trustee in bankruptcy of Crawfords, Tnc., fur coats and jackets, cloth coats and miscellaneous garments and the *560 moneys received from the sale and disposal of the same in violation of section 29, sub. b(l) of the Bankruptcy Act, as amended, 11 U.S.C.A. § 52, sub. b(l). The defendant has appealed, contending that the evidence was insufficient to sustain his conviction.
Crawfords, Inc., was adjudicated a voluntary bankrupt and a receiver appointed November 14, 1934. The receiver was appointed trustee December 7, 1934. The evidence indicates that on numerous occasions prior to the bankruptcy,'beginning in July, 1934, and ending early in November, 1934, the defendant removed from the bankrupt’s premises and sold merchandise valued at $30,000. He gave approximately $7,000 of the proceeds to Saul Hurwitz, the manager of the bankrupt, whom he had persuaded and coerced into allowing the removal. The defendant or his associates retained the remainder of the cash derived from the sales and the unsold merchandise. The defendant was familiar with the books and financial condition of the bankrupt. He was not informed of the proposed bankruptcy by Hurwitz. Summary proceedings were initiated by the trustee against Hur-witz and a turn-over order obtained as to him but no demand was made upcin the defendant by the receiver or trustee to surrender or account for the property or cash alleged to have been concealed by him. There is no evidence that he knew of the bankruptcy or of the appointment of the receiver or trustee.
Section 29, sub. b, of the Bankruptcy Act, as amended, provides in part: “b. A person shall be punished by imprisonment for a period of not to exceed five years or by a fine of not more than $5,000, or both, upon conviction of the offense of having knowingly and fraudulently (1) concealed from the receiver, .custodian, trustee, marshal, or other officer of the court charged with the control or custody of property, or from creditors in any proceeding under this title, any property belonging to the estate of a bankrupt.”
At the time the defendant took the merchandise from Crawfords, Inc., and sold it he could not have been guilty of the offense charged, even though he might have intended to conceal the property from the creditors of that corporation, since it was not then a bankrupt. It is his retention of the merchandise or its proceeds after the bankruptcy of Crawfords, Inc., which is relied upon to sustain the charge of wrongful concealment. A necessary element of the crime described in the statute is that the defendant
knowingly and fraudulently
conceal the property. United States v. Comstock, C.C.,
Upon this appeal the government urges that the defendant was not tried and convicted as a principal but rather as an accessory before the fact and, therefore, an abettor under Section 332 of the Criminal Code, 18 U.S.C.A. § 550, which provides with respect to every federal offense that “Whoever * * * aids, abets, counsels, commands, induces, or procures its commission, is a principal.” This contention cannot be sustained. The indictment charges the defendant Yasser with having knowingly concealed from the receiver and trustee, not merely with .having abetted the concealment. This in itself would not prevent the defendant’s conviction of the crime upon evidence indicating that he merely abetted its commission. Jin Fuey Moy v. United States,
The judgment is reversed and a new trial is ordered.
Notes
Prior to the amendment of Section 29, subd. b (1), of the Bankruptcy Act by the Act of May 27, 1926, e. 400, Sec. 11, 44 Stat. 665, it applied only to the bank
*561
rupt. A third party could, however, be convicted as an aider or abettor of the bankrupt. Kaufman v. United States, 2 Cir.,