39 M.J. 104 | United States Court of Military Appeals | 1994
Opinion of the Court
Appellant was convicted, inter alia, of numerous bad-check offenses, in violation of Article 123a, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 USC § 923a. He was sentenced to a bad-conduct discharge, confinement for 1 year, and reduction to the lowest enlisted grade (E-l). The convening authority approved the sentence as adjudged. The court below dismissed one bad-check offense as improperly charged and reassessed the sentence, approving a bad-conduct discharge, confinement for 1 year, and reduction to E-3. 35 MJ 528, 534 (1992). We granted review of the following issue:
WHETHER THE PURPOSE OF MAKING A GIFT IS ENCOMPASSED BY THE PHRASE “OR FOR ANY OTHER PURPOSE” IN ARTICLE 123a, UCMJ.
This appears to be a case of first impression for our Court. We hold that the purpose of making a gift is encompassed by the phrase “or for any other purpose” in Article 123a of the Code and affirm the decision below.
FACTS
Appellant argues that he should not be held criminally liable for two additional bad-check offenses, those checks having a combined worth of $3600.00. The pertinent facts are that appellant wrote two checks to Elizabeth Dodson in Las Vegas, Nevada. Relying on appellant’s claim to be a millionaire, Ms.
DISCUSSION
The narrow question before us is whether the “for any other purpose” clause of Article 123a
Appellant’s analysis, based upon Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) § 3^109(1), is that “the transfer of a gift check is not enforceable,” Final Brief at 7, and that the Uniform Code of Military Justice should not be concerned with enforcing an unenforceable gift and the orderly flow of commercial paper. His syllogism is as follows: a gift requires donative intent, completed delivery, and acceptance, but a check constitutes only a promise of future delivery; therefore, a gift check is not enforceable until delivery is completed. Appellant argues that delivery was not complete because no money was transferred from his account to Ms. Dodson’s. Appellant ignores one important fact: Delivery was made impossible by his own actions of writing the gift checks on a closed account.
Appellant claims that our refusal in United States v. Wallace, 15 USCMA 650, 652, 36 CMR 148, 150 (1966), “on the basis of public policy ... to sustain criminal proceedings based upon the issuance of worthless or subsequently dishonored checks in connection with gambling games,” should apply here. The crux of our decision in Wallace was that gambling is against public policy, and we will not enforce commercial transactions evolving therefrom. Gift giving, however, is not contrary to public policy; hence, the Wallace rationale does not apply here. Further, whether appellant is commercially liable for his gift checks under the Uniform Commercial Code has no bearing upon this Court’s ability to look at the substance of his transactions and determine whether he is criminally liable under the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Cf Gatto v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 1 F.3d 826, 829 (9th Cir.1993) (the Tax Court may “look at the substance” of gift “transactions and characterize them for federal tax purposes”).
We hold that Article 123a includes the offense of writing worthless or subsequently dishonored gift checks. Our holding is consistent with the broad language of the Manual which defines “[f]or any other purpose” as
inelud[ing] all purposes other than the payment of a past due obligation or the procurement of any article or thing of value. For example, it includes paying or purporting to pay an obligation which is not yet past due. The check, draft, or order, whether made or negotiated for the procurement of an article or thing of value or*106 for the payment of a past due obligation or for some other purpose, need not be intended or represented as payable immediately. For example, the making of a postdated check, delivered at the time of entering into an installment purchase contract and intended as payment for a future installment, would, if made with the requisite intent and knowledge, be a violation of this article.
Para. 49e(7), Part IV, Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1984. Certainly this language logically encompasses the deceitful making of gift checks on a closed account by an individual deceitfully representing himself to be a millionaire. Even if the only advantage to appellant was his own personal aggrandizement in the eyes of Ms. Dodson, a woman he knew to be experiencing financial difficulties, that is sufficient.
As did the court below, we also note with approval the language in Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Burruss, 380 Pa.Super. 272, 551 A.2d 580 (1988), stating:
The harm or evil sought to be prevented by the [Pennsylvania] bad check statute is the intentional disrupting of “the flow of and undermining the soundness of commercial paper in this Commonwealth.”
551 A.2d at 583, quoting Commonwealth v. Mutnik, 486 Pa. 428, 406 A.2d 516, 519 (1979). We believe the same harm is sought to be prevented by Article 123a, so we hold that the evidence that appellant deceitfully issued the gift checks on a closed account is sufficient to prove the violation.
The decision of the United States Air Force Court of Military Review is affirmed.
The elements of the bad-check offenses at issue here are:
(a) That the accused made, drew, uttered, or delivered a check, draft, or order for the payment of money payable to a named person or organization;
(b) That the accused did so for the purpose or purported purpose of effecting the payment of a past due obligation or for some other purpose;
(c) That the act was committed with intent to deceive; and
(d) That at the time of making, drawing, uttering, or delivering of the instrument, the accused knew that the accused or the maker or drawer had not or would not have sufficient funds in, or credit with, the bank or other depository for the payment thereof upon presentment.
Para. 49b(2), Part IV, Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1984.
