6 M.J. 214 | United States Court of Military Appeals | 1979
Lead Opinion
Opinion of the Court
Following the affirmance of his case by Memorandum Opinion of the United States Army Court of Military Review, the appellant successfully petitioned this Court for further examination of the sufficiency of the evidence as a matter of law to support the conviction of possession of heroin. We find the evidence of record sufficient to support this conviction. We further affirm the lower court in determination that at the time of his attempted escape the appellant was under lawful arrest.
As we examine the record of trial pertaining to the merits portion of the prosecution’s case, we observe some competent evidence allowing the trier of fact to determine beyond a reasonable doubt that the appellant, on the alleged day, was in possession of heroin; or that, stated differently, the evidence proved each element of the
The test to be applied in determining the sufficiency of the evidence is whether there is, in the record, some competent evidence from which the members of the court-martial were entitled to find beyond a reasonable doubt, the existence of every element of the offense charged. [Citations omitted.]
The Government urges that the circumstantial evidence of appellant’s possession of the contraband was strong; that it met and surpassed the Papenheim standard. We agree.
A second question, specified by the Court, was whether at the time he ran and attempted to escape, the appellant was under lawful arrest. Admittedly, this question is broadly framed. It is directly related to the admissibility of the heroin for the possession offense and the sufficiency of evidence as to the attempted resisting apprehension offense. We believe that we need not decide the question, for the reasons stated below.
To meet the test of a lawful arrest under Article 7, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 U.S.C. § 807, there are two prerequisites: first, that the person making the apprehension is authorized under service regulations to apprehend; and second, “reasonable belief that an offense has been committed and that the person apprehended committed it.” Appellant alleges no problem with the first element.
The second element gives rise, in the definition of “reasonable belief,” to two additional questions:
(a) were there circumstances tending to prove the reliability of the informant, and
(b) were there circumstances demonstrating that a crime had been committed and that the person apprehended committed the crime.1
The record discloses no information concerning the informant. However, there was no challenge by the civilian defense counsel regarding the reliability of the informant, going to the admissibility of the heroin.
Waiver falls within two general categories: a failure to act through timely objection or motion; or a step is taken which reveals an expressed waiver. We are not concerned with the latter. The former, which creates a negative, results in an incomplete record. Where the objection or motion is not lodged, we cannot ascertain from the record of trial if the arrest might be found illegal. That the record is insufficient for determination of the specified issue precludes any such claim of prejudice on appeal.
. United States v. Llano, 23 U.S.C.M.A. 129, 48 C.M.R. 690 (1974); Aguilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108, 84 S.Ct. 1509, 12 L.Ed.2d 723 (1964).
. United States v. Hendrix, 21 U.S.C.M.A. 412, 45 C.M.R. 186 (1972); United States v. Webb, 10 U.S.C.M.A. 422, 27 C.M.R. 496 (1959).
. United States v. Graves, 1 M.J. 50, 53 (C.M.A. 1975); United States v. Dupree, 1 U.S.C.M.A. 665, 5 C.M.R. 93 (1952).
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting):
Appealing his general court-martial conviction for possession of heroin and for attempted escape from custody,
I.
The record reflects that on the morning of June 22, 1976, Special Agent Smith of the Army Criminal Investigation Department (CID) received information from a confidential informant that a person named Wilson, wearing blue pants and a dark-colored flowery shirt, would enter Camp Eschborn, Germany, prior to morning formation with a quantity of heroin on his person. Smith proceeded to the camp entrance where he made contact with two military policemen whom he had arranged to meet there. He inquired of the gate guards whether anyone meeting the suspect’s description had passed through that morning, to which he received a negative reply. Positioning his automobile near the outside of the gate, Smith raised his car’s hood so it would appear he was checking the engine, and waited. Shortly thereafter, he saw a person (the appellant) matching the description given him by the informant approaching on foot. The appellant passed by Smith and continued toward the gate. At that point, Smith yelled, “Wilson,” and the appellant turned around. Smith revealed, “It’s the CID,” and advised the person, “You’re under apprehension.” Smith told appellant to get on the ground. The appellant responded by lying on his stomach with his hands out on the ground. Smith approached. He was in the process of returning his weapon, which he had drawn at some point, to the waistband of his trousers, when the appellant jumped up and scuffled with Smith, knocking Smith’s glasses off in the process. The appellant ran approximately 100 yards along the camp’s fence, then turned away from the camp into a wheat field. Approximately 25 feet into the field, the appellant again was apprehended and was handcuffed. A search of the appellant was fruitless. However, during a subsequent search of the path taken during the flight, a packet of heroin was found about halfway along the path in the wheat field, about 18 inches to the left.
At the appellant’s trial, Agent Smith recounted the substance of the tip, which testimony is reflected above. No objection was made by defense counsel regarding Smith’s probable cause to apprehend the appellant on the basis of the tip, either by way of objecting to the heroin being admitted into evidence or by way of a motion for a finding of not guilty of the escape charge.
It is well settled that an essential element of a charged violation of Article 95
Probable cause exists when “the facts and circumstances within [the arresting officer’s] knowledge and of which [he] had reasonably trustworthy information were sufficient to warrant a prudent man in believing that the petitioner had committed or was committing an offense. Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S. 160, 175-176 [69 S.Ct. 1302, 93 L.Ed. 1879]; Henry v. United States, 361 U.S. 98, 102 [80 S.Ct. 168, 4 L.Ed.2d 134] . . . .” Beck v. Ohio, 379 U.S. 89, 91, 85 S.Ct. 223, 13 L.Ed.2d 142 (1964). See Article 7, supra. Where this probable cause is supplied by hearsay, the Constitution requires that there be a “credible” informant or “reliable” information, and that there appear the “underlying circumstances” upon which the informant based his or her factual conclusions.
However, where the informant’s tip is inadequate, other information known to or learned by the officer can be used to corroborate the tip to elevate it to the level of satisfying both branches of Aguilar. Spinelli v. United States, 393 U.S. 410, 89 S.Ct. 584, 21 L.Ed.2d 637 (1969). Notwithstanding, such additional information must be corroborative of the fact that the arrestee has committed or is in the process of committing a crime. Whiteley v. Warden, 401 U.S. 560, 91 S.Ct. 1031, 28 L.Ed.2d 306 (1971). In other words, the corroboration must be of an incriminating nature, not merely of neutral, innocent facts. United States v. Craemer, 555 F.2d 594 (6th Cir. 1977); United States v. Mayes, 552 F.2d 729 (6th Cir. 1977); United States v. Jackson, 533 F.2d 314 (6th Cir. 1976); United States v. Jordon, 530 F.2d 722 (6th Cir. 1976);
Under the foregoing guidelines, the facts of this case are severely deficient. There appears on the record no information regarding the credibility of the informant or the reliability of the information. Moreover, Agent Smith revealed none of the underlying circumstances of how his informant knew the appellant would have the heroin at the time and place indicated. And any purported “corroboration” was wholly inadequate. At the moment of the apprehension, all that Smith could corroborate was that a person reacting to the name “Wilson” and wearing the clothes described entered the camp’s gate before the morning formation. Nothing in the record suggests that any of this was in the least unusual, to say nothing of incriminating.
III.
The majority places determinative weight on the failure of the trial defense counsel to challenge in some fashion the lawfulness of the arrest. But care must be taken to distinguish between situations where a lawful arrest supports the admissibility of an item of evidence and situations where the lawfulness of an arrest is an essential element of a charged offense. In the former, proffered evidence which is competent on its face is admissible unless the defense objects. Therefore, I am not here concerned with the admissibility of the heroin. Without defense objection, any infirmity with the admissibility of evidence was waived.
However, it is quite another matter when, as in the instant case, the lawfulness of the arrest is an element of an offense, such as the escape. The absolute burden is on the prosecution as to each and all elements of a charged offense. United States v. Verdi, 5 M.J. 330 (C.M.A.1978); Patterson v. New York, 432 U.S. 197, 97 S.Ct. 2319, 53 L.Ed.2d 281 (1977); Mullaney v. Wilbur, 421 U.S. 684, 95 S.Ct. 1881, 44 L.Ed.2d 508 (1975); In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 90 S.Ct. 1068, 25 L.Ed.2d 368 (1970). This burden never shifts to the accused. Id. Thus, any motion for acquittal, while permitted to be made expressly,
IV.
The majority’s conclusion that “the evidence of record unchallenged at trial provides some competent evidence that the arrest was lawful” must yield to thoughtful legal analysis. The apprehension was not lawful if there was no probable cause to apprehend; there was no probable cause unless the tip purportedly supporting such probable cause was furnished by a credible informant or unless the tip contained reliable information, and unless there appeared the factual basis for the informant’s conclusion. The record is graphically void of any such detail, without which it cannot be said that the requisite “competent evidence” exists.
. Articles 134 and 80, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 U.S.C. §§ 934 and 880, respectively. The appellant was sentenced to a bad-conduct discharge, confinement at hard labor for 20 months, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and reduction to the lowest enlisted grade. The convening authority approved the findings and the sentence and the U.S. Army Court of Military Review affirmed.
. Paragraph 71a, Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1969 (Revised edition).
. “Any person subject to this chapter who resists apprehension or breaks arrest or who escapes from custody or confinement shall be punished as a court-martial may direct.” Article 95, U.C.M.J., 10 U.S.C. § 895. We are concerned with the elements of an offense under this article, for it is this proscription which the appellant is charged with having attempted to violate.
. Though it is escape from custody which the appellant is charged with having attempted, we initially are concerned with the lawfulness of the apprehension leading to it, since the apprehension must have been lawful for the custody to have been lawful. United States v. Rozier, 1 M.J. 469 (C.M.A.1976).
. Even where it does not appear precisely how the informant has gathered the information, if the information is of minute, painstaking detail, it is possible to reasonably infer from such a plethora of detail that the informant had gathered the information in a reliable, trustworthy fashion. Draper v. United States, 358 U.S. 307, 79 S.Ct. 329, 3 L.Ed.2d 327 (1959). See Spinelli v. United States, 393 U.S. 410, 89 S.Ct. 584, 21 L.Ed.2d 637 (1969); Whiteley v. Warden, 401 U.S. 560, 91 S.Ct. 1031, 28 L.Ed.2d 306 (1971).
. Though the Court in Giordenello was construing probable cause as required in Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 4, it did so “in light of the constitutional” requirement of probable cause which the Rule implemented. Giordenello v. United States, 357 U.S. 480, 485, 78 S.Ct. 1245, 2 L.Ed.2d 1503 (1958). Thus, the case resolves principles of the Fourth Amendment and is not disposed of under the Supreme Court’s supervisory powers. Aguilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108, 112 n. 3, 84 S.Ct. 1509, 12 L.Ed.2d 723 (1964); and at 116, 84 S.Ct. 1509 (Harlan, J., concurring).
. See footnote 2, supra.
. See United States v. Lowry, 2 M.J. 55 (C.M.A. 1976); United States v. Papenheim, 19 U.S.C.M.A. 203, 41 C.M.R. 203 (1970).
. Probable cause to arrest is a question of law to be resolved finally by the judge. See, United States v. Carson, 15 U.S.C.M.A. 407, 35 C.M.R. 379 (1965); United States v. McKim, 509 F.2d 769 (5th Cir. 1975). It normally arises in the