Ronnie Williamson appeals his sentence, arguing that the district court committed procedural error when it denied a one-point reduction for acceptance of responsibility under U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(b). We affirm.
I.
A jury previously convicted Williamson of violating 18 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(A) by possessing with the intent to distribute 50 or more grams of cocaine. We remanded for a new trial.
See United States v. Williamson,
The presentence report (“PSR”) calculated the total offense level to be 30, which included a two-level decrease pursuant to § 3E1.1(a) for acceptance of responsibility. Williamson objected, arguing, in relevant part, that he should be granted the additionаl one-point reduction for acceptance of responsibility in § 3E 1.1(b) because the government filed a motion requesting the reduction and because he met the criteria for it. The district cоurt overruled the objections and adopted the PSR.
II.
Regarding the one-point reduction, Williamson first claims that the version of § 3E1.1(b) applicable to him does not give the district court independent authоrity to conclude that the reduction is unwarranted where the government has filed a motion asking for it. Second, Williamson asserts that, even if the court does have independent authority to refuse the rеduction, the court’s conclusion that he did not meet the § 3E. 1.1(b) standard is erroneous. We review the district court’s legal conclusions de novo,
see, e.g., United States v. Clark,
*229 A.
Williamson contends that the 2003 amendments to the guidelines divested thе court of any role in determining whether to grant an additional one-point reduction under § 3E1.1(b). 2 By his reasoning, if (1) the district court determines that the two-level reduction in § 3E1.1(a) is warranted, and (2) the government moves for an additional one-level reduction pursuant to § 3E1.1(b), the court has no choice but to grant the one-level reduction. We disagree.
To support his argument, Williamson points to select passages in the guidelines, such as the provision itself, which states:
[U]pon motion of the government stating that the defendant has assisted authorities ... by timely notifying authorities of his intention to enter a plea of guilty, thereby permitting the government to avoid preparing for trial and permitting the government and the court to allocate their resources efficiently, decrease the offense by 1 additional level.
§ 3E1.1(b). And hе quotes a comment to the guideline: “Because the Government is in the best position to determine whether the defendant has assisted authorities in a manner that avoids preparing for trial, an adjustmеnt under subsection (b) may only be granted upon a formal motion by the Government at the time of sentencing.” U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1 cmt. 6. These passages, he claims, make it plain that it is the government that determines whether a defendant warrants an additional one-point reduction and that upon a motion stating such, the court has no choice but to grant it.
Williamson misreads § 3E 1.1(b) and its commentary. The guideline is hardly a model of clаrity, but there is no reason to conclude that, by making a government motion a prerequisite, Congress divested the sentencing court of its independent authority to determine whether § 3E1.1(b) has been satisfied. The сourt can apply the reduction only “upon motion of the government stating that the defendant has assisted authorities ... by timely notifying [it] of his intention to enter a plea of guilty.” § 3E1.1(b). But there is no additional languagе precluding a role for the court in determining whether the plea “thereby permitted] the government to avoid preparing for trial and permitted] the government and the court to allocatе their resources efficiently.” Id.
Moreover, the statement in the commentary that “the Government is in the best position to determine whether the defendant has assisted authorities ...,”§ 3E1.1 cmt. 6, does not comрel a different conclusion. That comment is used to support the reason, contained later in the same comment, why “an adjustment under subsection (b) may only be granted upon a formal motion by the Gоvernment .... ” Id. It is unsurprising that Congress would include that language in the commentary, given that the 2003 amendment’s requirement of a government motion represented a change from the pre-2003 guidelines.
Likewise notable is the fact that that comment uses permissive language. It says “may only be granted.” § 3E.1.1 cmt. 6 (emphasis added). Had Congress, as Williamson suggests, meant for the court to have only a ministerial role, we would expect to see in the commentary a mandatory command.
*230 Finally, comment five makes a claim, concerning the court’s ability to decide whether a reduction is warranted, that is similar to comment six’s abоut the government’s power to recommend a reduction. It states, “The sentencing judge is in a unique position to evaluate a defendant’s acceptance of responsibility. For this reason, thе determination of the sentencing judge is entitled to great deference on review.” U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1 cmt. 5. Although one might argue that that comment is more applicable to § 3E1.1(a), the comment itself does not limit its reach to that provision, and § 3E 1.1(b) is a subsection of § 3E1.1, Acceptance of Responsibility. See generally § 3E1.1.
Our reading accords with the relevant caselaw. In
United States v. Williams,
Other circuits have confronted the issue, too, if only obliquely. In
United States v. Sloley,
Notwithstanding, then, the ability to find isolated passages that might suggest otherwise, the most reasonable reading of the text of the guidеline and its commentary is that the district court retains the ability to decide whether the § 3E1.1(b) criteria have been met. The current version of § 3E1.1(b) differs from the pre-amendment version in the addition of a new roadblock: Now, for a § 3E1.1(b) reduction, the government must first determine that the defendant assisted authorities by entering a timely guilty plea, and the government must file a motion with the court to that effect; then the court must dеcide that the defendant meets the § 3E1.1(b) criteria.
B.
Williamson argues, in the alternative, that the district court erred in determining that he did not qualify for the extra reduction. We disagree.
The PSR contains a recommendation that the reduction be denied because “the government had to initially prepare for trial and a new trial would have required minimal work and/or preparation.” The court overruled Williamson’s objection to the PSR, finding that (1) his guilty plea did not significantly assist the government, because it would not have taken many resources to prepare for a retrial; (2) he did not timely notify the government оf his intent to plead guilty, because the case initially went to trial; and (3) he did not use the court’s resources efficiently.
The court did not err. It kept its considerations to those contained in § 3El.l(b) — the efficiеnt use of the government’s and the court’s resources and the timeliness of the plea.
3
As part of its
*231
determination, the court was free to consider Williamson’s earlier decision to forgo a guilty plea and proceed to trial.
4
Williamson, after all, “had a trial on the merits and a bite at the acquittal cherry.”
United States v. Sanchez-Ruedas,
Moreover, the point of § 3E1.1(b) is to reward defendants who notify authorities early enough “so that the gоvernment may avoid preparing for trial and the court may schedule its calendar efficiently.” § 3E1.1 cmt. 6. The district court concluded that, regardless of however much additional trial preparation the government avoided through Williamson’s guilty plea following remand, the preparation for the initial trial and the use of the court’s resources for that trial meant that the § 3E1.1(b) benefits to the government аnd the court were not obtained. That finding was not “without foundation.”
United States v. Washington,
AFFIRMED.
Notes
. Indeed, the standard is "even more deferential than a pure clearly erroneous standard."
United States v. Gonzales,
. The 2003 amendments made it necessary that the government first file a motion stating that the defendant had assisted authorities by entering a timely guilty plеa. See Prosecutorial Remedies and Tools Against Exploitation of Children Today Act of 2003 (PROTECT Act), Pub.L. No. 108-21, § 401(g), 117 Stat. 650, 671-72 (2003).
.
Cf. United States v. Tello, 9
F.3d 1119, 1128-29 (5th Cir.1993) (holding that sentencing
*231
court is limited to the considerations in § 3El. 1(b) to determine whether to grant the reduction and that § 3E1.1 determinations must be internally consistent);
cf. also United States v. Wheeler,
.
Cf. United States v. Vue,