6 Mont. 379 | Mont. | 1887
Lead Opinion
This was an action brought by the United ■States against Henry Williams and A. A. Smith to recover the value of twenty-eight thousand cords of wood alleged to have been cut by the defendants on the public lands of the United States in violation of law. The defendants demurred to the complaint, and the court sustained the demurrer, and, the United States district attorney declining to amend his complaint, the case comes to this court on the correctness of the ruling sustaining the demurrer, and the, judgment thereupon rendered in favor of the defendants.
The grounds of the demurrer are stated in the records as follows: First. That said amended complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. Second. That said amended complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action as to the alleged trees cut which were less than eight inches in diameter. Third. Said amended complaint is ambiguous, unintelligible, and uncertain, in that (1) it cannot be ascertained therefrom whether the action is in the nature of an action of replevin or of trover or of trespass; and (2) it does not set out or recite the alleged rules and regulations prescribed under the statute of the United States, and contrary to which the trees and timber are alleged to have been cut. Fourth. Two causes of action are attempted to be improperly united in said amended complaint; that is to say: (1) A cause of action for cutting trees and timber generally, contrary to the statute; and (2) a cause of action for cutting trees and timber less than eight inches in diameter, contrary to the alleged rules and regulations prescribed under the statute.
We will consider these several grounds of demurrer in their regular order, as they appear in the record.
The second ground of demurrer is the same as the -first,. but applies only to the trees alleged to have been cut which are less than eight inches in diameter. What we have al-.
The third ground of objection seeks to try this complaint by the common law forms, and objects that “ it cannot be ascertained therefrom whether the action is in the nature of an action of replevin or of trover or of trespass.” We do not believe that it is necessary to try the pleadings under our code, by the rigid rules of the common law. That procrustean bed has long since been broken by legislation. Daniels v. Andes Ins. Co. 2 Mont. 84; Kimball v. Lohmas, 31 Cal. 158. There is, in Montana, but one form of civil action. R. S. div. 1, § 1.. This applies as well to the courts sitting for the trial of causes arising under the constitution and laws of the United States as to the courts when sitting under the territorial laws; and, when the United States come into the courts in civil actions, they occupy the same position as other litigants. United States v. Ensign, 2 Mont. 399.
All the complaint needs to contain, after the title of the action, the name. of the court and county, and the names of the parties, is “ a statement of the facts constituting the cause of action in ordinary and concise language,” with a prayer for the appropriate relief. R. S. div. 1, § 83. Is it not necessary that the complaint should set out or recite the alleged rules or regulations of the department of the interior, made for the protection of the timber on the public lands, referred to in the third paragraph of the complaint? If the whole of that paragraph had been omitted, the complaint Would still have been sufficient. No allusion to the rules and regulations of the interior department was necessary. If the timber was cut in accordance with those rules and regulations, that was a matter of defense which should have been pleaded by the respondents.
It is assumed by both parties that, if the court could take judicial notice of these rules and regulations of the department of the interior, made for the protection of timber, then the complaint is in this respect sufficient. This is no
Can the rules and regulations prescribed by the secretary of the interior for the protection of timber be classed as public or private acts of the executive department of the United States? If so, the courts of this territory will take judicial notice thereof, under the third subdivision of section 625 of the first division of the Revised Statutes. It certainly was not the intention of the legislature to limit the acts of which judicial notice will be taken to the personal acts of the president or the governor. Such a limitation could serve no useful purpose, and would be without reason. There is no doubt that courts would take judicial notice of the extension of a pardon, or the issuance of a commission, or an order removing an officer; or the issuance of a land patent. Patterson v. Winn, 5 Pet. 241; Yount v. Howell, 14 Cal. 468; Wetherbee v. Dunn, 32 Cal. 108. But many of the most important acts of the president are performed through heads of departments. In the very nature of the existing order of things, the extent of this country, the magnitude of the interests involved, and the immense mass of business required to be transacted by
Under this view of the case, the court below should have taken judicial notice of these rules and regulations, which would have relieved the district attorney from the necessity of pleading them in extenso. This being settled, the complaint should have been held sufficient in this respect, and the demurrer on that point overruled.
Another argument in favor of this view is that, ab ineonvenienti, these rules, and regulations make a large printed pamphlet, and it would require great labor to set them out in Time verba in the complaint, or even to plead them in substance. It seems to us that it was to meet just such cases as this that the statute in regard to judicial notice was en
The decisions on the subject of judicial notice are not very numerous, and very few of them reach the precise point in question, as provided for in our statutes. We will, however, review some of them.
In California it has been decided that courts will take judicial notice of the territorial limits of the jurisdiction of district courts (People v. Robinson, 17 Cal. 371), of the regular terms of the district courts, and of the contiguity of the counties composing the districts (Boggs v. Clark, 37 Cal. 241); these being matters “ established by law.” It Has also been decided in California that the courts of that state Avould take judicial notice of an act of congress, and the compliance therewith in obtaining the confirmation of a Mexican grant (Semple v. Hagar, 27 Cal. 168); and, further, that judicial notice will be taken of the signature of the president, and the seal of the United States, to a land patent offered in evidence (Yount v. Howell, 14 Cal. 468); and the same is declared to be the common law by Justice Story in Patterson v. Winn, 5 Pet. 241. In 1867 the supreme court of California decided that courts ought at least to go so far as to take notice as to who fill the various county offices within their jurisdiction and the genuineness of their signatures. Wetherbee v. Dunn, 32 Cal. 108.
In Texas, where there is no statute similar to ours, it has been decided that the court will take judicial notice that the city of Galveston is in a county of that name in the state of Texas (Solyer v. Romanet, 52 Tex. 568); and that the court will take judicial notice of the existence of a railroad corporation which has been recognized by a general act of the legislature (Railroad Co. v. Knapp, 51 Tex. 577). But it is also held by the same court that a court will'take judicial notice of the fact that a certain person is a county judge of a certain county when, and only when, his official acts come in review before it. Evans v. Womack, 48 Tex. 230.
This case was appealed to the supreme court of the United States, and there reversed on this very point, that court holding that the court should take judicial notice of the distance from the territorial capital of a certain mine, proven by the public maps and surveys to be within a certain township in Lewis and Clarke county. Mr. Justice Field, in delivering the opinion of the court, says: “It is. undoubtedly true that judicial notice is not taken of purely private concerns when they are not connected with or necessarily involved in a matter of a public nature; but it is otherwise when they are so connected or involved. For example, a court will take notice of the boundaries of the state or territory where it holds its sessions, and of judicial districts and municipal subdivisions within it. If the public surveys have established the distance from its capital to any such subdivision, the court will take notice of the fact;- and, if private property be shown to be within that subdi
Is it attempted improperly to join two causes of action in this complaint, as set out in the fourth paragraph of the demurrer? We do not think so. The cause of action on which the complaint is based is the illegal cutting of timber. It matters not that the pleader has gone somewhat into particulars, and alleged that a portion of this timber was
And it is further argued by respondent that the act of congress, in so far as it authorizes the secretary of the interior to make rules and regulations relative to the cutting of timber from the public lands, is unconstitutional and void.
Let us examine the terms of the law itself. Chapter 150, Laws Forty-fifth Congress (2d Sess.), reads as follows: “ That all citizens of the United States, and other persons, Iona fide residents of . . . Montana, . . . shall be, and are hereby, authorized and permitted to fell and remove, for building, agricultural, mining, or other domestic purposes, any timber or other trees growing or being on the public lands, said lands being mineral, . . . subject to such rules and regulations as the secretary of the interior may prescribe for the protection of the undergrowth growing upon such lands, and for other purposes.”
R. S. Mont. p. 31, § 3 of the same chapter, makes it a penal offense to violate the provisions of the act, or any rules and regulations in pursuance thereof, made by the secretary of the interior. With the penal section we have nothing to do in this case.
And certainly no one has a right, independent of the statutes, to cut the timber on the public lands of the United States. The statute is the license to certain persons
The principle of constitutional law forbidding the delegation of legislative powers was never intended to have any such effect. It would be impossible for congress to prescribe every detail governing the administration and management of every department of government; and, if it were pos. sible, it would not be wise. The making of the rules and regulations for the protection of the timber and undergrowth, growing upon the public lands, does not trench upon the domain of the legislative department of the government, and does fall within the principles laid down by Judge Cooley in chapter 5 of his work upon constitutional limitations. In our opinion, the law of congress upon this subject is clearly constitutional; and it is the duty of the courts to enforce it whenever their judicial powers are properly invoked.
For the error of the court below in sustaining the demurrer to the complaint, the judgment is reversed and the cause remanded.
Concurrence Opinion
(concurring). While I agree with the majority of the court as to the result, I cannot consent to that por
Subdivision 3 of section 625 of the code may be properly divided so as to read the “private acts” and “the official acts ” of the several departments mentioned therein. Looking at the section in this way, we find no new rule of evidence, or of judicial notice, save and excepting the rule therein contained relating to the private acts of the departments therein mentioned. As to the public acts of the legislative, executive and judicial departments of the territory and of the United States, our courts would take notice of them without the aid of a statute. See 1 Greenl. Ev. § 5; Whart. Ev. § 317. This rule applies with unusual force to territorial courts; for they owe their origin to the United States government. As to the private acts of those several departments, the section quoted from the code probably does make a new rule of evidence. At least it settles a disputed question; for many authorities have held that courts would not take judicial notice of such private acts. See Dole v. Wilson, 16 Minn. 525 (Gil. 472). In the case of United States v. Wilson,it was held that the court would not take judicial notice of a pardon because it is the private, though official, act of the president. 7 Pet. 160. Our code changes that rule, •and includes private as well as public acts.
However that may be, we are not considering either a private act of a legislative, judicial or executive department of the government of the United States. The rule of the secretary of the interior is the act of which it is held the court should take judicial notice. I cannot consider the secretary of the interior as the- executive of any department. He is but the trusted head of one department, of which the president of the United States is the executive, as he is of every one of the departments. Before the adoption of the constitution, and while that document was under
As to the rules in question, they are in no sense the act of the president. If they became a law subject to his approval, they would be subject to his veto power. The law referred to was approved by the then president, who by signing the law merely authorized the secretary of the interior to pass such rules as he, the secretary, thought proper. The rules thus made were in no way the act of the president. They were the rules of the secretary of the interior, relating to the conduct of his particular department; and the court below had no more judicial notice of those rules than of any other rule which the secretary of the interior may have passed for the dispatch of business in his department.
Neither do I think that subdivision 2 of said section 625 makes it obligatory upon the court to take judicial notice of the rules referred to. That subdivision reads: “Whatever is established by law.” These rules were not established by law. They were established by the secretary of the interior. The law referred to established merely his power to pass rules; and, if the rules had been proved, it would have been incumbent upon the court below to take judicial notice of the act which gave the secretary power to establish such rules.
The learned justice who writes the opinion in this case finds peculiar force in the words of the statute which pro
In the case of Hensley v. Tarpey, 7 Cal. 288, the court say: “ The courts of this state are not bound to take official notice of the rules adopted for the regulation of the various departments of the federal government, or those established by the board of land commissioners or surveyor-general of the United States for California.” Yet such rules, if they are the act of the president at all, are his public official acts, of which the supreme court of California would have taken notice judicially, by reason of common law rules of evidence governing such cases. But, not being the acts of the president, the court, in my opinion, properly held that such rules had to be proved.
Upon the other portions of the opinion I concur with the majority, and therefore agree that the judgment of the court below should be reversed.