Lead Opinion
delivered the opinion of the court.
Pursuant to his pleas, Watson was convicted by a military judge sitting alone at a general court-martial of fraudulent enlistment, absence without leave, communicating a threat, possessing a loaded firearm in his vehicle, possessing a weapon with intent to harm, indecent language, and possession of child pornography, in violation of Articles 83, 86, and 134 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. §§ 883, 886, 934. The convening authority approved the adjudged sentence of confinement for forty-two months, reduction to E-l, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and a bad-conduct discharge. The United States Navy-Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals (CCA) affirmed the findings and sentence. United States v. Watson, No. NMCCA 201000263,
We granted review of this case to determine if an applicant who provides false information when enlisting in the military commits the offense of fraudulent enlistment under Article 83, UCMJ, only when the false information pertains to a matter that would constitute an absolute bar to enlistment. We also granted review of an issue arising under
Background
Watson was treated at an inpatient mental health facility following a suicide attempt when he was thirteen years old. Four years later, Watson enlisted in the U.S. Marine Corps. The Marine Corps has established recruiting standards that bar an applicant with a history of psychiatric hospitalization from enlisting unless the service has granted a waiver. Dep’t of the Navy, Marine Corps Order P1100.72C, Military Personnel Procurement Manual, vol. 2, Enlisted Procurement para. 3271 3.f.(7)(c), at 3-84 to -85 (June 18, 2004). When Watson completed his enlistment paperwork he answered “no” to the question: “Have you ever been a patient (whether or not formally committed) in any institution primarily devoted to the treatment of mental, emotional, psychological or personality disorders?” Watson’s misrepresentation came to light during the investigation into the other offenses of which he was convicted.
In his stipulation of fact Watson admitted that he intentionally provided false information on the enlistment form. He also stated that he believed this was “important information that could have potentially disqualified [him] from enlisting in the Marine Corps depending on the Doctor’s evaluation of [his] mental health,” but he did not know if he would have been allowed to enlist had he told the truth.
During his plea colloquy with the military judge, Watson again admitted he intentionally provided false information when he answered “no” to the question about being treated in a mental health facility because he hoped it would help him enlist in the Marines and he assumed answering “yes” would either disqualify him or “severely hinder” his chances of enlisting. He also stated he believed the recruiter relied upon the false information Watson provided and that the truth “may have impacted [his] ability to enlist” in the Marines. In affirming the findings and sentence, the CCA stated Watson’s deliberate concealment of his mental health history, followed by his enlistment and receipt of pay and allowances, established a sufficient factual and legal basis for the military judge to accept Watson’s pleas. Watson,
Discussion
While this court generally examines a military judge’s decision to accept a guilty plea for abuse of discretion, where the issue appealed involves pure questions of law, we utilize a de novo review. United States v. Inabinette,
Fraudulent Enlistment Specification
Before this court Watson argues that the offense of fraudulent enlistment pertains only to material matters that constitute an absolute bar to enlistment. Thus, for his guilty plea to be provident he needed to admit that, but for his misrepresentation, his enlistment would have been rejected. Since
The Government responds that absent a waiver, the Marine Corps will not enlist those who have resided in a mental health facility. The offense of fraudulent enlistment includes matters that would constitute both an absolute bar to enlistment and a bar subject to waiver at the discretion of the service. Here Watson’s deliberate lie about his residence in a mental health facility procured his enlistment. The Government notes that Watson’s interpretation of the statute would create an absurd result, where an applicant could lie about his or her qualifications to avoid the waiver process and not be held liable for that fraud.
As noted by the parties, the service appellate courts have reached different interpretations on this issue. In two cases from the 1950s, the Air Force and the Navy Boards of Review interpreted the offense of fraudulent enlistment to apply only to matters that would constitute an absolute bar to enlistment. See United States v. Stevens,
The elements of fraudulent enlistment or appointment, Article 83, UCMJ, are:
(a) That the accused was enlisted or appointed in an armed force;
(b) That the accused knowingly misrepresented or deliberately concealed a certain material fact or facts regarding qualifications of the accused for enlistment or appointment;
(c) That the accused’s enlistment or appointment was obtained or procured by that knowingly false representation or deliberate concealment; and
(d) That under this enlistment or appointment that accused received pay or allowances or both.
Manual for Courts-Martial, United States pt. IV, para. 7.b. (2008 ed.) (MCM). Watson does not challenge that he made a misrepresentation or that the misrepresentation was material. He bases his challenge on subsection (c) and argues that only matters concerning an absolute bar to enlistment can provide a basis for a fraudulent enlistment charge and for his plea to be provident he had to admit that his misrepresentation pertained to a matter that constituted an absolute bar to enlistment. Watson also asserts that because we do not know whether the Marine Corps would have issued a waiver to the regulatory absolute bar to enlistment— his inpatient psychiatric care — we cannot know and the government cannot assert that the enlistment “was” so obtained.
“[W]hen the statute’s language is plain, the sole function of the courts — at least where the disposition required by the text is not absurd — is to enforce it according to its terms.” Hartford Underwriters Ins. Co. v. Union Planters Bank, N.A.,
We reject the appellant’s contention that the false representation must have concerned a matter that would absolutely bar him from the service. To accept the appellant’s view would be contrary to the plain*58 language of the statute. An accused violates Article 83 by providing false information about a matter that would preclude him from entry without the service waiving the disqualification.
Article 83 applies to a misrepresentation about any disqualifying factors for enlistment, whether established by statute or service regulation. See MCM pt. IV, para. 7.c.(1). It is not necessary that the applicant know that the truth would bar his enlistment, whether absolutely or absent a waiver. Neither is it necessary that we know what the ultimate result of the waiver process would have been. It is sufficient that the applicant knows “that his answers to questions regarding his qualifications are untruthful by commission or omission.” United States v. Holbrook,
By deliberately concealing his inpatient psychiatric treatment from the recruiter, Watson prevented the service from determining whether it would waive the bar to enlistment. Since the Marine Corps had no way of evaluating whether it would grant Watson a waiver due to his concealment of the admittedly material information, Watson’s inpatient psychiatric treatment remained a bar to his enlistment. Therefore his conduct satisfied the elements of Article 83 and the military judge did not abuse his discretion in accepting his guilty plea.
Watson also argues that, even if this court finds his conduct met the elements of Article 83, his plea was still improvident because the military judge failed to resolve inconsistencies in Watson’s admissions during the plea colloquy. In his stipulation of fact, Watson stated that at the time he signed the stipulation he believed the information regarding his psychiatric treatment history was a waivable disqualification, but in a later paragraph stated that it “could have potentially disqualified” him from enlisting.
This court must find “a substantial conflict between the plea and the accused’s statements or other evidence” in order to set aside a guilty plea. The “mere possibility” of a conflict is not sufficient. United States v. Garcia,
The Fosler Issue
The second granted issue in this case involves two Article 134 specifications, Specification 1 of Charge IV, communicating a threat, and Specification 6 of Charge IV, indecent language, neither of which alleged the terminal element. In Fosler, a contested case, we held that where the specification failed to allege the terminal element under Article 134, the specification failed to state an offense and we dismissed the specification.
In Ballan, this court held that:
while it is error to fail to allege the terminal element of Article 134, UCMJ, expressly or by necessary implication, in the context of a guilty plea, where the error is alleged for the first time on appeal, whether there is a remedy for the error will depend on whether the error has prejudiced the substantial rights of the accused.
Watson admitted in his stipulation of fact that his conduct in each incident was service discrediting. He then entered into a pretrial agreement and pled guilty to the charges. The military judge described the clause 1 and 2 terminal elements during the plea colloquy and asked Watson whether he believed his conduct was either service discrediting or prejudicial to good order and discipline in the Armed Forces. Watson specifically explained why his conduct was service discrediting as to both specifications. Therefore while the failure to allege the terminal elements in the specification was error, under the facts of this case the error was insufficient to show prejudice to a substantial right. Ballan,
Conclusion
We conclude that the military judge did not abuse his discretion when he accepted Watson’s guilty plea to the Article 83 offense of fraudulent enlistment. We further conclude that any error committed by the military judge in accepting Watson’s guilty pleas to the defective Article 134 specifications was not prejudicial to Watson’s substantial rights. The decision of the United States Navy-Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals is affirmed.
Notes
. We granted review of the following issues:
I. Whether Appellant’s guilty plea to fraudulent enlistment was provident.
II. Whether an Article 134 Clause 1 or 2 specification that fails to expressly allege either potential terminal element states an offense under the Supreme Court’s holdings in United States v. Resendiz-Ponce and Russell v. United States, and this court’s recent opinions in Medina, Miller and Jones.
United States v. Watson,
. Of course, no one at this juncture of the proceedings knows whether the Marine Corps would have waived the bar to enlistment had it been disclosed at the time of enlistment.
Concurrence Opinion
(concurring in the result):
I concur in the Court’s analysis of Issue I. With respect to Issue II, I concur in the result, adhering to my position in United States v. Fosler,