This is аn appeal by the United States from an order of the United States District Court for the District of Arizona entered on September 24, 1963, dismissing an indictment on the ground that all the evidence before the grand jury had been illegally obtained. Appellant asserts this court possesses jurisdiction to entertain this appeal under the Criminal Appeals Act, 18 U.S.C. § 3731. The relevant portion of that section reads as follows:
“An appeal may be taken by and on behalf of the United States from the district courts to a court of appeals in all criminal cases, in the following instances: From a decision or judgment setting aside, or dismissing any indictment or information, or any count thereof except where a direct appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States is provided by this section.”
Contrary to what is asserted by appellant, appellees allege that the district, court improperly entered an order dismissing the indictment at the behest of the government; that in so doing, the-district court attempted to provide the government with an unauthorized appellate review of two suppression orders.
This dispute as to the essential nature and propriety of the district court order presents a threshold question for our consideration, i. e., whether or not we possess jurisdiction to entertain this appeal. If we determine that such jurisdiction does exist, then, and only then, are-we faced with an examination of the-validity of thе suppression orders.
The events leading up to the indictment of appellees are undisputed. At a. meeting on June 14, 1959, between the- *510 Attorney General of the State of Arizona and a number of competitors of the Arizona Savings and Loan Association, it was decided that an ex parte order should be obtained appointing a receiver tо exercise control over the Association, which was allegedly in perilous financial straits. The Attorney General forthwith obtained the appointment of a receiver on June 15, 1959, completely insulating the Association from the managerial control of the appellee-directors.
Late in 1959, a co-receiver of the Associatiоn, Mr. Colby, met with the local United States Attorney to inform him that an examination of the Association’s assets and documents had revealed a possible violation of federal law on the part of appellees. Pursuant to this conversation, the United States Attorney initiated an investigation made by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. This investigation resulted in а search and subsequent seizure by the federal government of all corporate and personal records within the Association. All such records were searched and seized without benefit of search warrant, court order or subpoena.
As a result of the federal investigation, a thirty-one count indictment was returned on May 25, 1962, charging each of the appellees with mail fraud and fraud by wire as proscribed by 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341 and 1343. The essence of the charges was that the appellees had improperly diverted funds and had falsely misrepresented the financial condition of the Association to its depositors, shareholders and investors. Appellees subsequently moved to suppress all matter disclosed by the F.B.I. investigation on the ground that appellees’ rights under the Fourth Amendment had been violated. This motion resulted in a court order of February 5, 1963, which denied the motion with respect to the books and records belonging to the Association on the ground that a receiver had the power to authorize a federal inspection, but granted the motion with respeсt to Mr. Kanan’s personal papers.
On April 11, 1963, in the course of its opinion in Stowell v. Arizona Sav. & Loan Ass’n,
On the date set for the trial, September 24, 1963, the government for the first time informed the appellees and the court that it was not prepared to proceed because “all of the evidence upon which thе Indictment was based, all of the evidence which was presented to the Grand Jury was evidence which has now been suppressed by the Court’s first order suppressing the private papers, or by the last order suppressing the corporate papers.” (R.Tr. pp. 2-3.) Thereupon government counsel made the following statement:
“Mr. Dibble: If the Court pleasеs, the Government feels very strongly that the order of the Court should be subject to review, and should be reviewed, the last order suppressing the evidence, and we urge the Court to preserve the Government’s right to appeal by either entering an order based on what I thought was Mr. Shenker’s argument, too, that he wanted the Indictment dismissed; but other than that, I would urge the Court to enter an order sponte sua, and dismiss the Indictment so as to preserve the Government’s right to appeal.” (R.Tr. p. 4.)
*511 Pursuant to this government request, and over defense objection, the court dismissed the indictment, stating:
“[T]he Indictment having been obtained by evidence which I have found to be improperly taken before the Grand Jury, it inheres in the Indictment and the proсeedings, and therefore that the Indictment itself should be dismissed.” (R.Tr. p. 8.)
The government subsequently filed a motion for reconsideration on October 21, 1963. This motion was denied on March 9, 1964, leading to the filing of a notice of appeal on April 6, 1964 invoking this court’s jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3731.
The threshold jurisdictional question facing us essentially involves this basic conflict: Appellant asserts it has the statutory right to review a dismissal of an indictment under 18 U.S.C. § 3731. Appellees, on the other hand, assert that no such right exists where the dismissal was obtained at the urging of the government and for the admitted purpose of avoiding the prohibition against appeal of non-final orders which suppress evidence. The controversy is thus put in sharp focus by two conflicting poliсy con siderations — in favor of appeal from dismissal of indictments (§ 3731); and against appeal from suppression orders.
Many courts have been asked to treat this jurisdictional question in factual situations at times quite similar to that of the present case. The results of those cases mark a pinnacle of ambivalence between the two policy considerations. Typifying the irresolute status of the case law is the fact that both parties in the present аction rely on this court’s
en banc
opinion in United States v. Apex Distrib. Co., 9 Cir.,
“It follows from all that has been said that reading § 3731 in the light of its legislative history, as we are required to do, the Government may appeal thereunder from a decision or judgment, ‘setting aside, or dismissing’ an indictment only if such decision or judgment is based upon a defect in the indictment or in the institution of the prosecution.” Id. at 755. (Emphasis added.)
Appellees in the present case rely upon thе result in Apex as conclusive support for the proposition that this court lacks jurisdiction to review the district court dismissal. Appellant, on the other hand, alludes to the language above quoted as indicative of this court’s willingness to hear an appeal where the dismissal results from a defect in the “institution of the prosecution,” and this is what the governmеnt alleges exists in the present case. Further examination of the Apex opinion is thus required in an effort to explore the meaning of the italicized language above.
In reaching the result of non jurisdiction in Apex, we relied heavily (270 F.2d pp. 756-757) upon the third circuit opinion of United States v. Pack,
“We think it is clear from the recitаl of the facts already set out that the *512 learned Judge’s order of dismissal was not based on any objection brought against the indictment at all. The defendants had made no attack on the indictment. The Government’s case failed because it had no testimony to support it. We think this is not the kind of a judgment to which the Criminal Appeals statute is directed.”
Relying as they did оn their prior opinion in Janitz, the third circuit in Pack proceeded to hold:
“Until the Congress plainly provides that the government may appeal from the dismissal of an indictment irrespective of the reasons motivating such dismissal, appellate courts lack jurisdiction to entertain an appeal such as is here involved.”247 F.2d at 172 .
In Apex, we
expressly
stated that we were “in substanсe” announcing the same ruling as that of the third circuit in Pack, to-wit: that “under § 3731 * * * an order is not appealable by the Government unless it is based upon an objection brought against the indictment.”
Had we simply concluded our Apex decision on this note, our task in the present case would be relatively academic; we would conclude that we lack jurisdiction to entertain this appeal. The fact of the matter is, however, that we proceeded to discuss the other line of cases which permitted appeals where the suppressed evidence was so inextricably intertwined with the indictment that it could be said that the indictment had been obtainеd illegally. We had little difficulty in distinguishing this line of cases from the facts in Apex, where the indictments were not defective, but rather the government had merely failed to comply with a pretrial discovery order. But we neglected, at the same time, to distinguish this line of cases permitting a government appeal from the fact situation in Pack. In Pack, certainly, the supрression order was inextricably intertwined with the dismissal of the indictment;
1
yet we announced in Apex that we were adhering to the reasoning in Pack. An attempt was made to distinguish Janitz and Pack from this contrary line of cases in the third circuit case of United States v. Wheeler,
“What we have here, however, is an appeal on behalf of the United States from a quashing and setting aside of an indictment, thought by the dismissing judge to have been illegally obtained. The dismissal was entered explicitly under Rule 12(b) (2), Fed.Rulеs Crim.Procedure and not solely because of the government’s failure or inability to prosecute. Nor was the dismissal, as appellees allege, simply a well-conceived device for putting before this court for review the interlocutory order suppressing the evidence. Consideration by us of whether an indictment is defective if obtained as а result of presentation to the grand jury of evidence unlawfully acquired by the government would not necessarily have also entailed consideration *513 of the different question of whether the evidence involved was subject to a suppression order. And were we to consider both questions, reinstatement of the indictment would not necessarily compеl a reversal of the suppression order. Jurisdiction for this appeal, therefore, is conferred by 18 U.S.C. § 3731.”256 F.2d at 749 .
From this language of the third circuit in the Wheeler case, we believe that had they been faced with the facts of the present case, where the dismissal was entered because of the government’s inability to prosecute, and, coneedеdly, as a device for obtaining appellate review, they would have followed Janitz and Pack and concluded that they were without jurisdiction to entertain the appeal.
We must recognize, of course, that subsequent eases have read Wheeler more expansively, authorizing the exercise of jurisdiction in cases where the supprеssion order is the basis of the indictment dismissal. The most recent such use of Wheeler was by the second circuit in United States v. Tane,
“It is clear that, standing alone, a pre-trial order suppressing evidence is not appealable. Di Bella v. United States,369 U.S. 121 ,82 S.Ct. 654 ,7 L.Ed.2d 614 (1962); Carroll v. United States,354 U.S. 394 ,77 S. Ct. 1332 ,1 L.Ed.2d 1442 (1957). Here the suppression order did not stand alone; it was coupled with the dismissal of the indictment, which was found to be the product of illegal wiretapping. The pre-trial dismissal of an indictment, after the granting of a pre-trial motion to suppress the evidence on which the indictment is based is appealable under 18 U.S.C. § 3731. United States v. Wheeler,256 F.2d 745 , (3 Cir., 1958), cert. den.358 U.S. 873 ,79 S.Ct. 111 ,3 L.Ed.2d 103 (1958); * * *; United States v. Ashby,245 F.2d 684 (5 Cir. 1957). Where, as here, the basis of the dismissal of the indictment is inextricably intertwined with the basis of the suppression order, both orders must be reviewed together.”329 F.2d at 851-852 .
The Tane case can be distinguished from the present case оn the ground that in the present case it was the government, not the defendant, which initiated the dismissal of the indictment. 2 Whether this additional factor might have altered the decision of the second circuit • in Tane is a question we do not feel compelled either to explore or determine. We rather conclude that we are acting consistently with оur own opinion in *514 Apex, and with the third circuit opinions in Janitz, Pack and Wheeler, by holding that 18 U.S.C. § 3731 did not intend to confer jurisdiction on a court of appeals to review a dismissal of an indictment where that dismissal was secured at the insistence of the government, where the government felt unable to proceed to trial because of an insufficiency of evidence, and where the government admittedly sought through an indictment dismissal to obtain review of a district court suppression order.
The Criminal Appeals Act has always been considered subject to strict construction, for appeals by the government in criminal cases “are something unusual, exceptional, not favored.” Carroll v. United States,
The motions are therefore granted and the appeal is dismissed for lack of jurisdiction.
Notes
. For purposes of this opinion, the two suppression orders have been treated in a consolidated manner. Had we treatеd them separately, the government would have faced an added burden to show that each order was inextricably intertwined with the dismissal of the indictment.
. That the defendant moved for dismissal of the indictment in Tane, see