Victor Eduardo Mera appeals from a judgment of conviction entered on April 16, 1990, in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, Morris E. Lasker, Judge. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.
Mera and twelve co-defendants were indicted on January 23, 1984, for conspiracy to distribute, and distribution of, large quantities of cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 and 841(a)(1). Mera and one of his co-defendants, Severo Escobar, were alleged to be the leaders of an international drug ring. Mera and Escobar were arraigned on February 2, 1984. Because they were unable to post bail, which was set at $1 million cash, they were remanded to the Metropolitan Correctional Center.
Mera’s attorney attended a pre-trial conference on February 8, 1984, at which time the district court set a tentative trial date of May 21, 1984.
On February 14, 1984, Mera, Escobar, and several other co-defendants appeared before Judge Lasker and asked for a reduction in bail. Judge Lasker denied Mera’s and Escobar’s requests, but granted those of some of their co-defendants. Apparently because of a mixup in the United States Marshal’s office, the Deputy Marshal mistakenly released Mera and Escobar shortly after the hearing. Both men fled.
Before trial, Mera and Escobar moved through counsel for severance based on the absent defendants’ right to be present at trial. The prosecution cross-moved for an order allowing their trial in absentia with the remaining co-defendants. At oral argument on the motion, Mera’s and Escobar’s attorneys informed the court that they had not told their clients about the tentative trial date. In regard to their clients’ whereabouts, both attorneys stated that most likely their clients would not be available for trial because they had probably gone to Colombia. Judge Lasker reserved judgment on the motion.
Before the district court issued a decision, the Government asked for a hearing on the issue. Miceida Cabrera, a co-defendant as well as Mera’s mother-in-law, testified that on February 14, 1984 at Metropolitan Correctional Facility, she overheard Mera and Escobar discussing the May 21st trial date. Cabrera further stated that she was concerned with that particular date because she feared her daughter, co-defendant Anna Maria Cabrera-Mera, would give birth during the trial. Through Cabrera’s testimony and by inquiring of the prosecutor, the trial court learned that Cabrera initiated contact with the Government through an intermediary to seek assistance in obtaining counsel and a reduction in bail. Crediting Cabrera’s testimony, the district court found that Mera and Es-cobar knew of the May 21st tentative trial date and therefore denied appellant’s severance motion because of that knowledge, and, alternatively, on the basis of the underlying facts regardless of the fugitives’ *20 knowledge of the trial date. 1
After an eight-week jury trial in 1984, all the defendants, including Mera, were found guilty on all counts of the indictment. A court-appointed attorney represented Mera at trial. 2
Law enforcement authorities subsequently apprehended Mera in Colombia, and extradited him to the United States in December 1989.
On April 6, 1990, Judge Lasker sentenced Mera to concurrent terms of imprisonment of fifteen years plus a $25,000 committed fine on each of the two counts on which he had been convicted.
[1] It is well settled that a criminal defendant enjoys a right under the Sixth Amendment and Fed.R.Crim.P. 43 to be present at trial. Although the waiver of a constitutional right must be “knowing” and “voluntary”, a defendant’s intentional absence from criminal proceedings, when he is aware that he is the subject of such proceedings, may be tantamount to a voluntary waiver of his right to be present at trial.
See United States v. Tortora,
Tortora
instructs trial courts to apply a two-part analysis to determine whether trying a defendant
in absentia
comports with the Sixth Amendment.
See Tortora,
Where, as here, the trial judge conducts an evidentiary hearing in regard to the “knowing and voluntary” prong of the analysis, we may not reverse the lower court’s decision unless it is clearly erroneous.
See Pastor,
The district court’s alternative basis for denying appellant’s severance motion— that appellant’s waiver was knowing and voluntary regardless of whether appellant knew the trial date—was also sound. Appellant argues that Tortora prescribes that a defendant cannot be tried in absentia unless the defendant has actual knowledge of the trial date. We disagree.
Although
Tortora
factored the defendant’s actual knowledge of the trial date into its finding that the defendant had waived his right to be present at trial,
see Tortora,
In this case, not only had appellant been arraigned prior to his flight, but he had also appeared before the court on an unsuccessful motion to reduce bail. At the very least, Mera had knowledge of the proceedings against him as well as of the district court’s belief that the conduct alleged was serious enough to warrant a $1 million cash bail. In spite of this knowledge, or perhaps because of it, he capitalized on the Deputy U.S. Marshal’s mistake and fled. Moreover, appellant failed voluntarily to reappear in court subsequent to his disappearance. If law enforcement officials had not tracked him down in Colombia, appellant most likely never would have returned to the court’s jurisdiction.
Cf. United States v. Hernandez,
Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of conviction.