Appellant Traverse “Trevor” Cooke appeals his conviction by jury in federal district court of: (1) conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute and conspiracy to distribute marihuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846; (2) aiding and abetting possession of 250 pounds of marihuana with intent to distribute it, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and 18 U.S.C. § 2; (3) aiding and abetting interstate travel to promote an unlawful business enterprise, a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1952(a)(3) and 18 U.S.C. § 2; and (4) use of a telephone to
Cooke timely filed notice of his intent to appeal and sought permission to appeal
in forma pauperis,
which was denied. Cooke’s trial counsel was not retained for the appeal; he filed a brief, however, to comply with
Anders v. California,
I.
Cooke is an illegal Jamaican immigrant. He was arrested for the offenses of which he was convicted on June 10, 1985. He posted bond, and was immediately arrested on a warrant of deportation.
The government then sought a writ of habeas corpus ad prosequendum in the Federal District Court for the Southern District of Ohio. The writ was granted, and Cooke was transferred to the custody of federal authorities in Ohio. After a hearing, Magistrate Robert Steinberg issued an order detaining Cooke pending trial. Cooke did not appeal the magistrate’s decision to the district court.
Cooke’s conviction arises out of his activities in Florida as a marihuana supplier. From his home in Florida, where he was arrested, he acted in concert with others to deliver marihuana to Ohio. The particular transaction on which his convictions are based involved 250 pounds of marihuana.
The evidence presented at trial included tape recordings of telephone conversations between Cooke and others involved in the conspiracy. One of the witnesses at trial was Brian Crossty, a codefendant who pled guilty to charges in the indictment and agreed to testify at Cooke’s trial.
In August 1984, Crossty called Cooke in Florida and arranged for the transfer of 250 pounds of marihuana. Crossty’s wife carried $70,000-$75,000 to Cooke in Florida, and two of Crossty’s associates returned to Ohio with marihuana supplied by Cooke, where it was seized by the FBI.
Recordings of telephone conversations in which Cooke was a participant regarding the August 1984 marihuana delivery were played at trial. FBI Special Agent Jeffrey Lang identified Cooke’s voice. Lang testified that he heard Cooke speak in open court in Florida and Ohio and was satisfied that the voice on the tape was Cooke’s.
Cooke’s only defense witness was Clement “Pops” Leacock, who listened to three tapes of phone calls to which Cooke was allegedly a party. He positively identified a voice on one of the tapes as Cooke’s, but was unsure as to the other two tape recordings.
- II.
The first issue raised in the Anders brief is Cooke’s claim that “the proper forum for filing the writ of habeas corpus ad prose-quendum was the Southern District of Florida,” where Cooke was being held on immigration charges. More specifically, the issue is whether the government, by filing the writ in the Southern District of Ohio, improperly denied Cooke the opportunity to prepare his alibi defense, evidence of which was in the Miami, Florida area. Unlike all the other defendants whose criminal acts centered in Ohio, Cooke’s conduct occurred in Miami, Florida.
A writ of
habeas corpus ad prosequendum
is necessary to “remove a prisoner in order to prosecute him in the
proper jurisdiction
wherein the offense was committed.”
Carbo v. United States,
Cooke did not appeal the magistrate’s order of pretrial detention. After conviction, the Court of Appeals has consistently refused to consider issues relating to pretrial release.
See, e.g., United States v. Skipper,
III.
The second issue raised by the
Anders
brief is that the double jeopardy clause was violated by appellant’s conviction of conspiracy to possess marihuana with intent to distribute, and aiding and abetting the possession of marihuana with intent to distribute, because the same overt acts, interstate phone calls, were used to establish both crimes. It is well-established that only where “the substantive offense and the conspiracy are identical does a conviction for both constitute double jeopardy.”
Pereira v. United States,
In this case, the proofs required for conviction of the substantive offense and the conspiracy are not identical. Unlike aiding and abetting the possession of marihuana with intent to distribute, conviction of conspiracy to possess marihuana with intent to distribute requires proof of an agreement.
See United States v. McCul-lah,
IV.
The third issue presented in the Anders brief relates to the method by which the trial court allowed the jury to identify Cooke’s voice from the wiretap recordings presented at trial. We have reviewed the record on the manner of voice identification and find no error.
“The standard for the admissibility of an opinion as to the identity of a speaker is merely that the identifier has heard the voice of the alleged speaker at any time.”
United States v. Rizzo,
While the trial court allowed the jurors to examine government-prepared transcripts of the wiretap recordings that were received in evidence, it also cautioned the jury that the transcripts were not evidence. We think the instruction was sufficient to prevent prejudice.
See United States v. McMillan,
V.
The final issue raised in the
Anders
brief is that the trial court barred voice
For all of the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.
