46 M.J. 517 | U S Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals | 1997
Lead Opinion
This case is presently before this Court for a third time. When this 1991 general court-martial, composed of a military judge alone, was reviewed earlier pursuant to Article 66, Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. 866, this Court set aside a finding of guilty of rape, but affirmed the sole remaining conviction for violating a lawful general regulation
During this latest remand, counsel initially failed to address the Commandant’s role, if any, in the issuance of the regulation, and we issued an order for additional information called for by our reading of our higher Court’s principal opinions. The appellant objected by a motion to reconsider our order, arguing that we should not consider new matters outside the record. The government agreed in part, but urged that judicial economy warranted making the materials part of the appellate record in light of the decision of the Court of Appeals in remanding the case. We denied appellant’s motion. Counsel then filed supplemental briefs and information as ordered
The Webster Decision
In U.S. v. Webster, 37 MJ 670 (CGCMR 1993), this Court did not apply waiver, even though the evidentiary issue was raised for the first time on appeal. In doing so, the Court was exercising its plenary review authority granted by Article 66(c), UCMJ, which permits us to decline to apply waiver when it is in the interest of justice. U.S. v. Claxton, 32 MJ 159, 162 (CMA 1991). The Webster Court was concerned with what it perceived as an apparent growing laxity in the issuance of Coast Guard-wide general orders and regulations. See also U.S. v. Heath, 39 MJ 1101, 1105 (CGCMR 1994) (Edwards, J., concurring). Besides declining to apply waiver, the Webster Court went further by looking behind the trial court’s taking judicial notice of the regulations. Without some assurances from the government as to the Commandant’s involvement in the issuance of the regulations, the Court, in its independent duty to examine the record
Even before Webster was decided by this Court in 1993, appellate government counsel reminds us that the regulation in question in Webster and this case had been superseded. On 27 February 1992, the Acting Commandant personally signed Change 15
When this case was remanded to us the first time, we were directed to consider the sufficiency of the evidence supporting appellant’s violation of the general regulation in light of the Webster decision. 39 MJ 37 (CMA 1993) (daily journal). We did and reaffirmed our original decision, notwithstanding the intervening Webster opinion, but divided as to the rationale. 39 MJ 784 (CGCMR 1994), set aside 43 MJ 205 (1995). The majority clarified that Webster was the exception, rather than the rule, in allowing a factual challenge, not raised at trial, to a judicially noticed general directive which was regular on its face. Unlike Webster, the question as to the regulation was not raised in this case when it was originally before this Court on appeal. In fact, civilian appellate defense counsel at that time went so far as to concede the violation of the regulation during oral argument. There were also the normal concerns about narrowing issues and finality in the appellate process. In the majority opinion, all of these factors counseled against taking the exceptional step of revisiting a conviction already found to be factually and legally sufficient. The concurring judge opined that Webster was erroneously decided to the extent that it did not apply waiver because of appellant’s failure to raise the issue at trial.
The decision in Webster on the general regulations was based upon the specific circumstances of that case and is, therefore, not determinative of this case. Factual challenges to general orders and regulations normally must be properly preserved at trial to be considered on appeal. Facially valid general orders and regulations usually do not warrant the exceptional step by this Court of declining to apply waiver and demanding evidence beyond unobjeeted-to judicial notice.
Judicial Notice
As the government has forcefully argued, the crux of the matter before us is whether judicial notice of the lawful general regulation by the military judge standing alone was proper and adequate proof of that element of appellant’s Article 92(1) offense. During the trial of this case, the proceedings on judicial notice of the regulation were: MJ: Very well. Does either counsel have any additional evidence to present, before closing arguments?
TC: Yes, sir, if it please the court. The government would like to ask that the court take judicial notice, pursuant to Military Rule of Evidence 201(a) [sic] of Commandant Instruction M1000.6A....
MJ: Do we want to mark this as an exhibit?
TC: Please, sir.
MJ: Prosecution 2, is that where we are? TC: Yes, sir.
MJ: ... Ok, I have, what has been marked as Prosecution Exhibit 2, which appears to be the cover page from the Personnel Manual, the promulgation letter [6 ], pages 1 and 2, and then pages 8.H.1 [sic], 2, and 3, for a total of 6 pages. TC: Yes, sir. I guess I should have indicated in my request asking that you take*521 judicial notice of that particular Article in the Instruction, 8.H.5 [sic].
MJ: Mr. Wilson [the DC], do you have any objection to my taking judicial notice of the fact, [____] I assume you want me to notice that this is still in effect?
TC: Yes, sir, and was in effect at the time of the commission of the offenses.
MJ: Ok, Mr. Wilson?
DC: None, sir.
MJ: Ok. Healing no objection from the defense counsel, I will take judicial notice that the Coast Guard Personnel Manual, Commandant Instruction M1000.6A, promulgated on the 8th of January 1988 is in effect and has been in effect since the 8th of January 1988. And I will specifically take judicial notice of paragraphs 8.H.1 [sic] through 8.H.5 [sic] as contained in the last 3 pages of this exhibit. The words “for identification” have been stricken.
R. 286-87. That is the extent of the record bearing on the lawful general regulation. Because the trial was before a military judge alone, there were no instructions on the effect of the judicial notice.
We find no error with the military judge taking judicial notice of Personnel Manual 8-H (Commandant Instruction M1000.6A) as a lawful general order, which was the basis for appellant’s regulation offense. The provision violated concerned a personnel matter and was appropriately contained in the Coast Guard Personnel Manual, a Commandant Instruction (COMDTINST) with wide distribution through out the Service.
The appellant has not brought to our attention any error in taking judicial notice of Personnel Manual 8-H (COMDTINST M1000.6A), and we find none. But, he does argue that the judicial notice taken was a limited one. He contends that the notice was only of the contents of the provision and that they were in effect at the time of the offense, not as to the regulation’s punitive or general nature. We disagree. The provision itself specifies that it is “a punitive general order”. Appellant’s argument would only recognize the existence of the words, but at the same time would not give them meaning and effect. This would essentially render judicial notice useless as evidence, counter to the intent of MRE 201A. Also, the contents of the provision were already before the court as evidence as Prosecution Exhibit 2; therefore, there was no need for just judicially noticing the wording of the general regulation. It was the need to affirm that the regulation was punitive and general in nature and in effect at the time of the offense which motivated the judicial notice. Moreover, since the decision in U.S. v. Williams, 3 MJ 155 (CMA 1977), the whole purpose of taking judicial notice with an Article 92(1) offense is to satisfy the element of the offense on the existence of an operative general order or regulation. Anything less would require ad
Signature Authority
The Webster opinion found the lack of the Commandant’s signature on the regulation raised some ambiguity. That is true, but it does not preclude it from being a general regulation. U.S. v. Bartell, 32 MJ 295 (CMA 1991). Unless signed by the head of the command, the nature of the signature authority is always ambiguous. That ambiguity standing alone does not draw into question the validity of a general regulation, particularly when the document is specifically denominated as such.
The authority to sign directives, correspondence, and other communications is inherent in command. Otherwise, no one would be able to speak in writing for the unit. Whatever authority has been vested in the command by statute, regulation, directive, etc., is within the command’s signature authority. See United States Coast Guard Regulations 2-1-2A (COMDTINST M5000.3 series) (directives) (hereinafter CG Regulations). Unless specifically curtailed, this authority is delegable. CG Regulations 7-1-9; Coast Guard Correspondence Manual 2.P.2 (COMDTINST M5216.4 series); U.S. v. DeBarrows, 41 MJ 710, 723 n. 23 (C.G.Ct.Crim.App.1995) (O’Hara, J., concurring) (“implied prohibitions against delegations are no longer favored in the law”). As recognized by Coast Guard Regulations 7-1-9, the custom is to sign “By direction” when a member is acting under delegated authority and to sign “Acting” when temporarily succeeding to command in the absence of the individual normally in command. An exception is provided for principal deputies who may sign using their title
Because the breadth of any delegation is a command prerogative, the extent of the discretion actually exercised by the individual signing a document as a delegatee in a particular case is always unclear. It can vary from the ability to act autonomously with the full authority and discretion of the command to merely ministerial acts of signing and issuing a document already approved in every detail by the command. Even where the signing official could normally exercise broad discretion, the command is free to interject itself into a particular instance and limit the signing official’s freedom of action. Therefore, signing “By direction” (including by official title without independent signature authority) merely indicates to the reader that the signer, although not in charge of the unit, is in some way authorized to speak for the command.
Promulgation of The General Regulation
Even though we believe the question as to the general nature of the regulation in this case is resolved on the grounds of waiver and the judicially noticed evidence of record, we have been directed by the majority of the Court in U.S. v. Townsend, 43 MJ 205 (1995), because of the Webster decision, to address whether Coast Guard Personnel Manual 8-H-5 (COMDTINST M1000.6A) at the time of the offense was, in fact, a valid general order. The Court of Appeals’ majority, in remanding this case, chose not to rely on waiver or judicial notice, as articulated in the dissenting opinions of Judges Crawford and Gierke. Therefore, we concluded that more evidence was desired by placing the burden on the government in this case as we did in Webster. When the initial briefs by counsel failed to adequately address the remand question, we directed the government to advise the Court whether those personnel who were likely involved in the promulgation of this provision could shed any light on this issue. The appellant objected by a motion to reconsider our order, arguing that it was improper for us to consider matters outside the record to support a conviction. The government agreed, but urged that judicial economy warranted inclusion of the materials, already obtained in response to our order, as part of the appellate record. We denied appellant’s motion, believing that failing to consider additional evidence would not satisfy the remand order.
Subsequently, the government in its supplemental brief provided several affidavits, including one from the then Commandant,
While recognizing the inherent limitations with evidence gathering at the appellate level (see footnote 13, infra), the materials provided by counsel do shed some light on the promulgation of Section 8-H of the Personnel Manual. During his tenure as Commandant from 1986 to 1990, ADM Yost was faced with enforcing standards concerning inappropriate senior-junior relations, as were all of the Services. The ease law at the time underscores this concern. E.g., U.S. v. Jo-hanns, 20 MJ 155 (CMA 1985) (affirming a decision finding a lack of an Air Force custom with respect to some forms of fraternization); see generally U.S. v. Boyett, 42 MJ 150 (1995) (discussing fraternization and Jo-hanns and the subsequent cases). ADM Yost directed his staff to develop a clear and enforceable policy regulating senior-junior relationships and monitored that development from 1987 to April 1989 when it was finally issued. The development of this Commandant policy fell upon RADM Matteson, as the Chief of the then Office of Personnel, and his staff. Although unable to recall the specifics, both ADM Yost and RADM Matte-son remember having discussions during the policy’s development in which the Commandant laid out his views on the matter and his concurrence with the recommendation that a violation of the policy should subject the member to punishment under the UCMJ. Both officers were confident that the Commandant had reviewed and approved Section 8-H of the Personnel Manual before it was published. The Notice actually promulgating Section 8-H was signed by Captain G.F. Woolover, as the Acting Chief of the Office of Personnel and Training (formerly the Office of Personnel), who at the time was RADM Matteson’s Deputy. ADM Yost, in preparing his affidavit, reviewed Change 4 to the Personnel Manual which promulgated Section 8-H, and he felt that it reflected his views communicated to RADM Matteson and others before the regulation was issued in 1989. ADM Yost’s earlier affidavit provided by the defense is less detailed than the more recent one submitted by the government, but it does not conflict with the later more extensive affidavit.
A Coast Guard general regulation or order need not be signed by the Commandant personally; Article 92(1) only requires that the regulation or order be issued as a result of a personal decision of the Commandant. U.S. v. Bartell, 32 MJ 295 (CMA 1991). Although ADM Yost did not sign the Notice which promulgated Section 8-H of the Personnel Manual, he oversaw its issuance. He did not just simply direct some regulation be issued by his staff. He took an active and continuous interest in its development. He personally made the decision that the regulation would be a punitive general order. He was generally aware of, and approved, the contents of Section 8-H before it was published in 1989. This information provided by counsel clarifies that the regulation was issued at the Commandant’s personal direction.
Appellant argues that we cannot consider this post-trial information since it amounts to supplementing the factual basis for the conviction.
Chief Judge BAUM concurs.
. For purposes of this decision, general "regulation” and "order” are treated synonymously.
. Motions contained in the briefs of the parties not previously granted are hereby granted, except to the extent addressed herein.
. U.S. v. Grostefon, 12 MJ 431, 435 (CMA 1982) ("... the Court of Military Review has the mandatory responsibility to read the entire record and independently arrive at a decision that the findings and sentence are correct in law and fact”, citing Article 66(c).).
. In U.S. v. Townsend, 43 MJ 205, 207 n. 7 (1995), a question arose as to the significance of the cancellation date on the cover page of the change. Changes to Coast Guard directives are promulgated by Commandant Notices which have a ‘‘cancellation” date. This termination date applies only to the transmission Notice, not to the enclosed change being forwarded for inclusion in the directive. After the cancellation date, transmission Notices are no longer required to be maintained. Notwithstanding that, they are commonly kept in the front of publications as part of the record of changes. The use of Notices, instead of some other vehicle to issue changes to publications, is a quirk of the Coast Guard’s directives system. See generally The Coast Guard Directives System (Commandant Instruction M5215.6 series). The provision of the Personnel Manual in question here remained in effect until superseded by the February 1992 change.
. Even though a Coast Guard publication is changed or amended, normally the letter that originally promulgated the manual (i.e., the signature page) remains unchanged; this provides a record of when the directive was originally published. As noted in the previous footnote, unless Notices which promulgated the changes are kept in the manual, there is no quick way of knowing
. This was the original letter of promulgation for the manual, which was signed by Rear Admiral (RADM) Thomas T. Matteson, as the Chief of the Office of Personnel. The provision that the appellant was charged with violating was part of Change 4 to the Personnel Manual. The Notice promulgating Change 4 was signed by Captain (now RADM) G.F. Woolover, as the Acting Chief of the Office of Personnel and Training (formerly the Office of Personnel), who at the time was RADM Matteson’s Deputy. Since both promulgating acts were done by a person in the same position of authority, the difference in the signing individual is not critical to our analysis here. See also the previous footnote.
. That notwithstanding, there may be some benefit to locating all Coast Guard-wide punitive general regulations in one location in United States Coast Guard Regulations (COMDTINST M5000.3 series) which are signed by the Commandant personally.
. Signatures using title only are normally reserved for those who are signing in their own capacity, rather than for the command. CG Regulations 7-1-9D.
. "By direction” can be inferred when signers indicate their position as someone other than the head of the command. However, position titles are not usually used in internal Service correspondence; signers, other than the head of the
. To minimize similar challenges in the future to general regulations which are not personally signed by a H 16c(1)(a), Part IV, MCM official, a specific signature (such as "For the Commandant”) or statement in the regulation (e.g., "This punitive general regulation is being issued as a result of a personal decision of the Commandant."), confirming the proper authority’s involvement, should be considered.
. And, if such a regulation were promulgated without the Commandant's blessing, we expect that corrective action would have been taken and there would be evidence thereof.
. This was so notwithstanding the holding in U.S. v. Bethea, 22 USCMA 223, 46 CMR 223 (1973), cited in Judge Gierke's dissent. The Be-thea case limited the Service Courts to the trial record when determining evidentiary sufficiency, even if evidence from outside the record might benefit the accused. We were of the view at the time of remand that evidence from outside the record could be considered if it benefited an accused, but not the government. The Court of Appeals remand in the face of Judge Gierke's dissent could have meant an exception to Bethea, but the recent case of U.S. v. Mason, 45 M.J. 483 (1997) seems to indicate that no exception to Bethea has been recognized.
. He urges this even though there is a dearth of facts in the record precisely because the matter was raised for the first time on appeal. Appellant also argued that we should not consider the affidavits and other post-trial submissions by the government because there are: no assurances that all of the relevant information has been brought to our attention; no discovery or mandatory disclosure requirements; and no confrontation or cross-examination. We agree that these are some of the problems with dealing with factual issues for the first time on appeal, and it is clearly better to have such issues raised and addressed initially at the trial level. If it were not for the present posture of this case, we would have insisted on this matter being raised below before we would consider it on appeal.
. New clarifying information that does not help an appellant’s argument normally tends to further buttress the government’s position, and vice versa. That happenstance is not an improper supplementation of the record when the trial evidence is already sufficient to sustain a conviction.
Concurrence Opinion
(concurring in part and in the result):
Although I can understand why my fellow judges have interpreted and responded to the decision of the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces in U.S. v. Townsend, 43 MJ 205 (1995) (Townsend III), in the way they have, I do not agree with their understanding of the views provided to us by our superior court concerning extra-record material. The seeds for our difference in interpretation are planted in the multiple opinions provided in Townsend III and the somewhat varying direction provided in each of those opinions. In an attempt to clarify what I perceive to be the undertaking submitted to us by the remand of this case for a second time, I will specify what I see as the significant points of the history of the case and the specific issue presently before us for resolution.
The Court of Appeals has characterized our holding in U.S. v. Webster, 37 MJ 670 (CGCMR 1993), as a decision that Article 8-H-5, U.S. Coast Guard Personnel Manual, “was not sufficiently shown in that case to be properly promulgated by a qualified officer.” Townsend III, 43 MJ at 206. When, in U.S. v. Townsend 39 MJ 784 (CGCMR 1994) (Townsend II), we reviewed this case for the first time on remand from the Court of Appeals under an order that it be considered in light of the holding in Webster, the Court of Appeals believes we distinguished Webster and found that its holding that the regulation at issue was not sufficiently proven to be a valid general regulation, did not apply in Townsend because appellant’s counsel had affirmatively waived any issues concerning the regulatory offense during oral argument. Townsend III, 43 MJ at 206. Simply stated, the Court of Appeals, in again remanding this case, is indicating that this Court’s invocation of waiver in the remand decision is not an acceptable basis for refusing to apply our Webster holding that Article 8-H-5 is not proven to be a lawful general regulation. To uphold the identical regulation that is the basis for the remaining finding of guilty in Townsend, it must be supported by facts in the record showing it was properly promulgated.
In his lead opinion, Judge Sullivan states that after our decision not to follow Webster, the issue presented to the Court of Appeals in its subsequent review of Townsend, is
Judge Cox states that following our remand opinion the issue is simply whether or not “the regulation is a lawful general regulation issued by one empowered to make such edicts.” He indicates that his conclusion is that the answer to that question is no, but that he can join in the lead opinion’s decision to remand that question again to the Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals. Townsend III, 43 MJ at 210.
In his concurring opinion, Judge Wiss concluded our responsibility in again considering this appeal is “simply to consider whether, in light of [the Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals] decision in U.S. v. Webster, ... there is evidence that the regulation in question was issued by direction of the Commandant.” Toimsend III, 43 MJ at 212.
At the risk of undue repetition, I believe the three judges in the majority are saying the same thing in slightly varying ways; i.e., ‘[I]f the order found invalid in Webster
I continue to believe that the fact that the order under consideration stated on its face that it was a lawful general order, combined with the presumption of regularity an order such as this is generally entitled to, is sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the Commandant of. the Coast Guard directed that it be issued. However, if as the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces majority opinions in Townsend III seem to imply, this is an unacceptable basis upon which to sustain the conviction, then there are no other facts available in the record of trial to support such a finding. And there is nothing this Court can do on remand to cure that lack of proof. Even if we have the power to conduct a factual review of the case under Article 66(c), UCMJ, we are limited to the evidence of record in conducting such a review. U.S. v. Bethea, 22 USCMA 223, 46 CMR 223 (1973); U.S. v. Mason, 45 MJ 483 (1997).
My brother judges on this Court have very understandably inferred that this case would not have been remanded again unless the Court of Criminal Appeals for the Armed Forces desired that this Court attempt to
Because I find that the record in this case is sufficient to affirm the conviction, I join that part of the lead opinion that reaches the same conclusion. However, if as previously indicated in their decision remanding this case to us, the majority of the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces does not believe the existing record is sufficient, the newly developed information cannot be considered and reversal for failure of proof would seem to be the required result when this record is returned for their consideration a third time.
OPINION AND ORDER OF THE COURT IN RESPONSE TO APPELLANT’S MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION FILED WITH THIS COURT ON
25 FEBRUARY 1997
The appellant filed with this Court on 25 February 1997 a Motion to Reconsider our most recent decision in U.S. v. Townsend, 46 MJ 517 (C.G.Ct.Crim.App.1997). Relying on Rule 19, Courts of Criminal Appeals Rules of Practice and Procedures, the appellant asserts that his request is timely, being filed within 30 days of our decision, and that we have still have jurisdiction on remand because “the case has not been referred to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces” and “[n]o writ appeal has been filed in this case.”
On 3 March 1997, the government submitted a Reply to appellant’s motion, in which it opposed the reconsideration request. With its Reply, the government also moved “to attach Exhibit A, a copy of Appellant’s Petition for Grant of Review, pursuant to Rule 23, of this Court’s Rules of Practice and Procedure.” We hereby grant the government’s motion to attach, limiting our consideration of Exhibit A to this motion, as it may elucidate upon the ease’s present posture.
The government argues:
As indicated by Exhibit 1, Appellant petitioned the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (CAAF) for review on 20 February 1997 [5 days before the motion for reconsideration was filed with this Court]. Appellant’s petition was deemed filed when mailed under Rule 36 of the CAAF’s Rules of Practice and Procedure (the petition was returned as an unnecessary “duplicate” pleading because of the CAAF’s order that record shall be returned to CAAF following this Court’s review). Therefore, even if this Court were inclined to grant reconsideration in this case, it may lack jurisdiction to do so under Rule 19 of its Rules of Practice and Procedure (Reconsideration only permitted absent filing of a petition for grant of review before CAAF).
The government’s suggestion that we may lack jurisdiction at this juncture is well taken.
First of all, we note that Rule 19 does not address reconsideration of decisions made on remand from our superior court that include an accompanying order to return the record. The Rule deals with reconsideration of deci
The Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces remanded this case in the following manner:
The 1994 decision of the United States Coast Guard Court of Military Review is set aside. The record of trial is returned to the General Counsel of the Department of Transportation for remand to the United States Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals for further review in accord with our opinion. Thereafter, the record will be returned directly to this Court for further review.
U.S. v. Townsend, 43 MJ 205, 208 (1995) (emphasis added).
Appellant asserts that we continue to hold jurisdiction over this case for the reasons stated at the outset, but he does not address the Court of Appeals’ order, directing that the record be “returned directly” to that Court. This direction can be construed to mean that, once we completed our review by issuing a decision, jurisdiction over the case was immediately vested solely in the Court of Appeals. It could also mean that “returned directly” included reasonable handling time for the record of tidal to be physically transferred back to that Court. And if the latter is the case, the question then becomes whether the 18 days to file this reconsideration motion falls within the inferred reasonable time. Because of this ambiguity, some further guidance in remand orders of this nature would be helpful in addressing the question of reconsideration authority of the Service Courts.
The issue is further muddied by appellant’s 20 February Petition for Grant of Review, even though it was duplicative of his original petition. Appellant’s action could indicate that he considered the reasonable time' within which his case was to be returned to the Court of Appeals concluded February 20th. His petition, renewing his request that the Court of Appeals review his case, could also be interpreted as an abandonment of any reconsideration by us. None of these facts bearing on the question of this Court’s jurisdiction to entertain a motion to reconsider are reflected in appellant’s motion.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the absence of guidance from our superior court and since the record of trial has not yet been returned to the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, we will assume for purposes of the instant motion that jurisdiction still lies with this Court, and we will act on appellant’s motion.
On consideration of Appellant’s Motion for Reconsideration in the above-styled case, filed with this Court on 25 February 1997, it is by the Court this 12th day of March 1997,
ORDERED:
That Appellee’s Motion for Reconsideration be, and the same is, hereby denied, and that the record of trial in this ease be immediately returned to the United States Court of Criminal Appeals of the Armed Forces without further delay.
Chief Judge BAUM and Judge FEARNOW concur.
I question whether Webster is controlling precedent in this case. The Townsend trial had concluded before this Court decided Webster by holding that Section 8-H of the Coast Guard Personnel Manual was not proven to be a valid general order. The decision in Webster would have to be applied retroactively to apply to this case. Normally decisions in criminal cases are applied retroactively to cases still pending on direct appeal. However, there is an exception to retroactive application when a case establishes a new principle of law, by deciding an issue of first impression whose resolution is not clearly foreshadowed. See U.S. v. Parker, 8 MJ 584 (ACMR 1979), and cases cited therein; but cf. Griffith v. Kentucky, 479 U.S. 314, 107 S.Ct. 708, 93 L.Ed.2d 649 (1987), where it was held that a new “constitutional rule of criminal procedure" prohibiting the use of peremptory challenges to strike members of the defendant’s race from the jury, is entitled to retroactive application. The decision of this Court in Webster is one that was certainly not foreshadowed by existing precedent given the facts and the generally recognized presumption of regularity afforded to these types of orders. Likewise it is not a rule with constitutional implications. I would argue therefore, that the rule announced in Webster should not be considered in deciding the validity of the general regulation in this case.